镁合金挤压-剪切变形行为的物理和数值模拟研究

提出了基于热模拟仪的镁合金挤压-一次剪切(extrusion-shear)二步复合制备工艺(简称ES工艺),设计并制造了适合于热模拟仪Gleeble1500D的ES热物理模拟装置,进行了热模拟实验,建立了基于DEFORM软件的ES挤压有限元数值模型,并进行了有限元模拟。研究了坯料变形过程的应变率、挤压力、应变-应力等物理量。从ES热物理模拟和数值模拟过程的挤压力、应变-应力曲线的特点,发现ES工艺中镁合金发生了特有的动态再结晶过程,具有明显的两个动态再结晶阶段,被称为"双级动态再结晶"。镁合金坯料的等效应变率在正挤压阶段,累积应变的值较小,发生了少量的动态再结晶,在经过一次剪切后等效应变率急速上升,发生了第二阶段的动态再结晶,镁合金坯料的微观组织经过挤压-剪切逐步细化。     

新型镁合金大变形技术的研究与验证

研究了一种正挤压与等通道挤压相结合的新的Extrusion-Shearing(ES)变形方法。应用有限元法对ES变形过程进行了计算机模拟,表明ES技术可以大大提高累积应变和动态再结晶晶粒的体积分数。在Gleeble1500热模拟机上安装ES成形模具,对ES成形挤出的棒料进行微观组织观察,并对热模拟的数据进行处理。结果表明,ES成形可以细化晶粒并提高成形的均匀性。计算机模拟和热模拟实验表明,ES成形是一种新型的镁合金大塑性变形方法,可以有效细化晶粒、提高组织的均匀性     

应用挤压-剪切大变形工艺细化AZ31镁合金晶粒(英文)

提出一种新型的镁合金复合挤压方法,将传统的挤压和大塑性变形方法等通道挤压相结合,也就是将压缩变径挤压和剪切(一次或者连续二次)相结合(简称ES)。根据ES变形的思想,设计并制造了适合热模拟仪Gleeble1500D的ES挤压装置,进行了不同温度下的AZ31镁合金ES挤压测试,观察了ES挤压所得到的AZ31镁合金挤压棒的微观组织。结果表明:当挤压比为4时,ES挤压的累计应变为2.44,可得到平均尺寸为2μm的微观组织。动态再结晶的发生是ES挤压产生晶粒细化的主要原因。根据ES热模拟挤压过程的应力—应变曲线和挤压力曲线的特点,ES热模拟实验中镁合金发生了与一般动态再结晶过程不一样的再结晶过程,具有明显的两个动态再结晶阶段,被称为双级动态再结晶。基于热模拟的ES挤压证明了ES挤压是可行的。生产实践结果表明,不同条件下的工业ES挤压可大批量生产镁合金挤压棒材。     

挤压剪切与正挤压对AZ31镁合金塑性变形的影响

借鉴正挤压与多道次等通道挤压的特点提出了挤压(Extrusion)-剪切(Shear)复合挤压工艺(简称ES),制造了多副适合工业卧式挤压机的ES变形组合凹模,进行了ES挤压和普通挤压实验。构建了ES挤压和普通挤压的三维有限元热力耦合模型及数值模拟条件,对ES挤压过程的挤压力、累积应变演化进行了计算机模拟仿真。通过对坯料的应力状态进行了计算机模拟分析,发现ES挤压过程局部坯料受到四向压应力,ES挤压与普通正挤压相比可以显著提高镁合金变形过程的累积应变,因此可以更有效的细化晶粒。针对ES挤压和普通挤压棒料的不同位置进行了微观组织观察,发现在挤压温度为370℃、挤压比为12时ES挤压可以有效的细化晶粒,不仅可以细化棒材表层晶粒,心部也得到了细化。     

AZ31镁合金挤压板坯的二次变形行为

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对AZ31镁合金挤压板坯进行平面应变压缩实验,研究镁合金二次变形条件下的热变形行为。结果表明,AZ31镁合金挤压板坯二次变形中发生明显的动态再结晶,进一步细化了再结晶晶粒,且二次变形削弱了挤压板坯的(0002)基面织构强度。DEFORM 3D有限元模拟结果表明,当应变速率一定时,变形温度是决定再结晶晶粒大小的主要因素,而当变形温度一定时,高应变速率所引起的显著温升不利于应变累积,因而再结晶晶粒细化效果并不明显。     

Ti-1023钛合金热挤压过程应力场及组织演变模拟

针对Ti-1023钛合金,基于DEFORM-3D有限元模拟软件,分析不同坯料温度、挤压速度、模具摩擦因子等工艺参数对其挤压成形过程应力分布变化的影响,同时结合元胞自动机法(CA)模拟了挤压过程的微观组织演变规律。结果表明,挤压件在不同的挤压变形条件下,挤压出入模口位置的应力较为集中,其中挤压过程的摩擦力对应力分布的影响范围更广;微观组织模拟可知,随着挤压变形量增加,合金在稳定挤压阶段发生了动态再结晶,晶粒细化,动态再结晶产生的软化效应使挤压载荷从峰值下降并趋于相对稳定;观察不同挤压速度对微观组织演变的影响可知,在相同的挤压变形量下,随着挤压速度增加,平均晶粒尺寸减小。     

累积叠轧焊AZ31镁合金微观组织和织构演变的EBSD研究

对AZ31镁合金热轧板在350℃进行了累积叠轧焊(ARB)变形,采用EBSD技术研究了AZ31镁合金的微观组织和织构演变.结果表明,ARB可以显著细化AZ31镁合金的晶粒组织,经过3道次变形后平均晶粒尺寸为2.18μm,后续的ARB变形使AZ31镁合金的微观组织更均匀,但晶粒不会再显著细化,说明存在临界ARB变形道次,使晶粒细化和晶粒长大之间达到动态平衡.AZ31镁合金在ARB变形过程中的晶粒细化机制为连续动态再结晶,尤其还观察到了旋转动态再结晶.动态再结晶的形变储存能来源于多道次累积的剧烈应变和沿厚度方向分布复杂的剪切变形.ARB变形过程中旋转动态再结晶和剪切变形使新晶粒c轴发生旋转,导致基面织构弱化.     

模具锥角对AZ31镁合金棒材热减径挤压的影响规律

模具锥角α是影响镁合金型材热减径挤压动态再结晶行为的重要参数之一,通过建立AZ31镁合金棒材热减径挤压工艺动态再结晶预测模型,并针对模拟结果进行了挤压实验,对模具锥角α的影响规律进行了研究。结果表明:晶粒尺寸沿径向由中心向表层逐渐细化,沿轴向呈带状分布;随模具锥角α的增大,型材表层金属晶粒尺寸细化程度不断加剧;当模具锥角α从50°过渡到90°时,挤压型材表层金属平均晶粒尺寸细化程度提升25%,实验与模拟结果吻合良好。     

AZ31镁合金等通道转角挤压变形均匀性有限元分析

以AZ31镁合金为研究对象,通过对不同模具外角ECAP变形过程的有限元模拟,研究不同模具外角下AZ31镁合金ECAP变形的等效应变分布.利用微观组织观察以及硬度测试,分析等效应变分布对微观组织及力学性能影响.结果表明:当模具外角ψ为20.时,工件可以获得均匀的等效应变分布.AZ31镁合金经过ECAP挤压后,微观组织显著细化,力学性能明显改善,但平均晶粒尺寸及微观维氏硬度在工件横截面上分布不均匀,等效应变分布的不均匀性是导致材料微观组织和力学性能不均匀的主要因素之一.     

挤压态镁合金热压缩微观组织预测模型

在变形温度为250～450℃、应变速率为0.005～5 s^-1的条件下,采用热模拟压缩实验得到流动应力-应变曲线,研究了挤压态镁合金热变形和动态再结晶行为。结果表明：AZ31镁合金发生动态再结晶的临界应变随着变形温度的升高或应变速率的减小而降低;镁合金变形初期发生动态再结晶所需要的激活能为191.2 kJ·mol^-1。基于实验数据回归分析,建立AZ31镁合金动态再结晶临界应变模型,得到动态再结晶临界应变与流动应力曲线峰值应变的比值约为0.57;应用Avrami方程建立镁合金动态再结晶动力学模型,预测出镁合金动态再结晶临界应变值,与微观组织实验结果一致,验证了模型的正确性,可以用于AZ31镁合金热加工中的动态再结晶预测。     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

Rheology Feature of Simple Metal Melt

The rheology feature of Sb, Bi melt and alloys was studied using coaxial cylinder high-temperature viscometer. The results showed that the curve of torsion-rotational speed for Sb melt presents a linear relation in all measured temperature ranges, whereas for the Bi melt, the curve presents obvious non-Newtonian feature within the low temperature range and at relative high shear stress. The rheology feature of Sb80Bi20 and Sb20Bi80 alloy melts was well correlated with that of Sb and Bi, respectively. It is considered that the rheology behavior of Sb melt plays a crucial role in Sb80Bi20 alloy and that of Bi melt plays a crucial role in Sb20Bi80 alloy.     

Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of a Newly Developed Austenitic Heat Resistant Steel

The effect of heat treatment on the microstructures and mechanical properties of a newly developed austenitic heat resistant steel(named as T8 alloy) for ultra-supercritical applications have been studied. Results show that the main phases in the alloy after solution treatment are γ and primary MX. Subsequent aging treatment causes the precipitation of M_(23)C_6 carbides along the grain boundaries and a small number of nanoscale MX inside the grains. In addition, with increasing the aging temperature and time, the morphology of M_(23)C_6 carbides changes from semi-continuous chain to continuous network.Compared with a commercial HR3C alloy, T8 alloy has comparable tensile strength, but higher stress rupture strength. The dominant cracking mechanism of the alloy during tensile test at room temperature is transgranular, while at high temperature, intergranular cracking becomes the main cracking mode, which may be caused by the precipitation of continuous M_(23)C_6 carbides along the grain boundaries. Typical intergranular cracking is the dominant cracking mode of the alloy at all stress rupture tests.     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.     

The 15th Global Foundry Sourcing Conference 2014held in Qingdao China

Organized by Suppliers China Co., Ltd and co-organized by the National Technical Committee 54 on Foundry of Standardization Administration of China, the 15th Global Foundry Sourcing Conference 2014 （hereinafter referred to as FSC 2014） was successfully held on Sep. 23rd in Grand Regency Hotel, Qingdao. More than 500 delegates from home and abroad attended this conference, including over 130 purchasers from 20 countries and 380 domestic and foreign suppliers.     

Secondary Recrystallization Behaviors of Grain-Oriented 6.5 wt% Silicon Steel Sheets Produced by Rolling and Nitriding Processes

By rolling and nitriding processes, 0.23- to 0.3-mm-thick grain-oriented 6.5 wt% silicon steel sheets were produced. The core losses of grain-oriented 6.5 wt% silicon steel at frequencies ranging from 400 Hz to 20 k Hz were lower than that of the grain-oriented 3 wt% silicon steel with the same thickness by 16.6–35.8%. The secondary recrystallization behavior was investigated by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and electron backscattered diffraction. The results show that the secondary recrystallization in high-silicon steel sheets develops more completely as the nitrogen content increases after nitriding, secondary recrystallized grain sizes become larger, and the sharpness of Goss texture increases. Because more {110}116 grains in the subsurface and the central layer of the sheets have a lot of 20°–45° high-energy boundaries in addition to Goss grains, {110}116 can be the main component through selective growth during secondary recrystallization when the inhibitor quantity is not enough and inhibitor intensity is weaker. The increases in nitrogen content can increase the inhibitor intensity and hinder abnormal growth of a mount of {110}116 grains and therefore enhance the sharpness of Goss texture.     

Laser Cladded TiCN Coatings on the Surface of Titanium

Laser cladded coatings of TiCN were produced on the surface of titanium. To obtain the optimal techniques, several conditions were tested by varying the laser scanning rate. The choice of shielding gas was also studied. The cladded coatings were then evaluated from the surface mechanics point of view based on their microhardness. The microstructure of some interesting samples was investigated by optical micrographs (OM). The results showed that under the condition of fixed pulse frequency and pulse width, the laser scanning rate and the shielding gas are the main factors influencing the components of coatings. TiCN coatings were decompounded and oxidized during the cladding process in the condition of no shielding gas of N2. X-ray diffraction results indicated that the composite coatings composed of TiCN, TiC, Ti2N, and TiO2 were produced using appropriate techniques. The results indicated that the best condition in terms of the surface microhardness is obtained when the scanning rate is 1.5mm / s, the pulse frequency is 15Hz, the pulse width is 3.0ms, and N2 is chosen as the shielding gas. The microhardness of the composite coatings is about 1331kg · mm - 2, which is about 4 times that of the substrate. The optical micrographs indicated that the cladding zone is made up of TiCN, TiO2, and some interdendritic Ti, but the diffusion zone mainly consists of the dendrites phase, and the cladded depth is about 80?滋m, which is more than 2 times that of the laser nitrided sample. There were no microcracks or air bubbles in the cladded sample, which was cladded using the above optimal techniques.     

Effect of Short-Time Aging on the Pitting Corrosion Behavior of a Novel Lean Duplex Stainless Steel 2002

The effect of short-time aging in the temperature range between 400 and 1000 °C on the pitting corrosion behavior and mechanical property of a novel lean duplex stainless steel(LDSS) 2002 was investigated through the potentiostatic critical pitting temperature(CPT) tests and the Charpy impact tests. Both the pitting corrosion resistance and the toughness of aged specimens degraded due to the precipitation of detrimental secondary phases and the most significant reduction of CPT and impact energy emerged at 650 °C concurrently. The CPT of LDSS 2002 specimen aged at 650 °C decreased by 28 °C, and the impact energy dropped from 69 to 29 J/cm~2 compared with the solution-annealed sample. Transmission electron microscopy characterization showed that the main precipitates in LDSS 2002 were Cr_2N and M_(23)C_6 along the ferrite–austenite grain boundaries.     

Information for Contributors

正The Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,founded in 1991 and sponsored by The Nonferrous Metals Society of China,is published monthly now and mainly contains reports of original research which reflect the new progresses in the field of nonferrous metals science and technology,including mineral processing,extraction metallurgy,metallic materials and heat treatments,metal working,physical metallurgy,powder metallurgy,with the emphasis