微量Ca对低合金钢中夹杂物及焊接热影响区的影响

研究了添加微量Ca和未加Ca两种类型的低合金高强钢中夹杂物的特征及微量Ca对模拟焊接热影响区组织与性能的影响.结果表明,试验钢中添加0.006%Ca能够有效提高分布在钢中的含钙类夹杂物数量;使焊接热影响区形成针状铁素体,细化热影响区奥氏体晶粒,从而可提高热影响区的力学性能.     

镧对16Mn钢中夹杂物和组织的影响

在高温钼丝炉内向16Mn钢中加入不同含量镧进行脱氧。利用SEM、EDS和OM测试并研究La含量对钢中夹杂物的成分、大小分布及试验钢组织的影响,并探讨了钢中含镧夹杂物诱发晶内针状铁素体形核机制。结果表明,随钢中镧含量增加,夹杂物依次转变为LaAlO3、La2O2S和La2S3。试样经镧处理后,钢液在1600℃时保温180 s,夹杂物最为细小且弥散。钢中晶内铁素体含量随镧含量增加先增大后减小,最佳镧含量约为0.014%(质量分数)。钢中含镧夹杂物周围形成贫Mn区,促进晶内针状铁素体形核。     

脱氧方式对焊接热影响区组织与性能的影响

通过对Al,Ti两种脱氧钢母材和焊接热影响区组织和性能的对比分析,研究了两种脱氧方式下焊接热影响区组织转变和性能特点.试验结果表明,两种钢具有相近的常规力学性能和组织结构,但在160 kJ/cm大热输入条件下,Ti脱氧钢焊接热影响区的韧性高于Al脱氧钢.在光学显微镜下,Al脱氧钢热影响区呈现上贝氏体形貌,Ti脱氧钢出现针状铁素体.通过扫描电镜观察,Ti脱氧钢热影响区的针状铁素体以夹杂物为核心形核并向四周扩展.夹杂物为含Ti氧化物及其与MnS的复合物.热影响区中可能存在多种夹杂物诱导铁素体机制.     

大线能量焊接用钢模拟热影响区的组织与性能

研究了一种低碳低合金600MPa级耐大线能量焊接用钢模拟大线能量输入焊接粗晶热影响区（简称CGHAZ）的微观组织及力学性能。结果表明，大线能量模拟CGHAZ具有优良的强韧性配合（σs≥490MPa，σb≥610MPa，-20℃时AKV≥47J）。模拟热循环过程中CGHAZ中的高温稳定的复合夹杂物促使针状铁素体的形成，针状铁素体的数量与输入线能量有关。奥氏体和铁素体晶粒大小及针状铁素体数量显著影响焊接粗晶热影响区的力学性能。     

16Mn钢中Sb析出对晶内铁素体的影响

利用扫描电镜及能谱分析研究了16Mn钢中Sb的析出行为,利用光学显微镜观察钢的显微组织。结果表明:16Mn钢中Sb的析出位置主要有两种:一是沿原奥氏体晶界析出;二是在MnS夹杂物上富集析出。Sb在MnS夹杂物上的富集析出,能促进钢中晶内铁素体的形成。适当提高S含量,降低O含量,加入Ti变质钢中MnS夹杂等方式,能增加Sb在夹杂物上富集析出,促进了晶内铁素体,尤其是晶内针状铁素体形成,减少了Sb的晶界析出。     

氧化物冶金钢CGHAZ中有益夹杂物的作用

运用物理模拟技术研究了氧化物冶金钢焊接热影响粗晶区(CGHAZ)中有益夹杂物对显微组织的影响;用透射电镜观察了诱导针状铁素体形核的夹杂物,并用能谱仪分析了有益夹杂物的化学成分.结果表明,氧化物冶金钢CGHAZ的有益夹杂物为MnO,TiOx,SiO2和Al2O3的氧化物复合物,或氧化物与MnS,CuS或(Mn, Cu)S构成的氧硫复合物,有益夹杂物的直径为0.2～0.6 μm.焊接过程中,氧化物冶金钢CGHAZ的有益夹杂物诱导针状铁素体多维形核并促进感生形核,CGHAZ针状铁素体互相连锁交织,晶粒明显细小,氧化物冶金钢CGHAZ的显微组织具有自身细化的能力.     

Zr对高强度钢热影响区第二相粒子及韧性影响

研究了0.012 4%锆对低合金高强度钢焊接热影响区粗晶区第二相粒子和冲击韧性的影响.结果表明,模拟20 kJ/cm焊接线能量下无锆钢焊接热影响区粗晶区中第二相粒子为Al-Ti复合氧化物和（Ti,Nb） N析出物.而含锆钢则是Zr-Al-Ti复合氧化物及（Al,Ti,Nb） N和（Ti,Nb） N析出物.同时,定量数据分析表明含锆钢中氧化物和氮化物粒子密度更高且尺寸更加细小.这些高密度的细小的第二相粒子在焊接过程中能有效钉扎晶界移动,抑制奥氏体晶粒粗化,在焊接热影响区粗晶区中得到尺寸相对细小均匀的原奥氏体晶粒,使得含锆钢焊接热影响区粗晶区呈现韧性断裂和极好的低温冲击韧性.     

Zr对钢中夹杂物的变质作用及对热影响区组织和力学性能的影响

研究了含0.020wt%Zr和未加Zr两种低合金高强钢中夹杂物的特征.结果表明,钢中加入微量Zr对夹杂物具有明显的变质作用,夹杂物MnS依附在Zr、Ti、Al的复合氧化物上形核并生长.加入0.020wt%Zr对试验钢调质态的力学性能影响不明显,但可显著提高热影响区力学性能.热影响区中复合稳定的夹杂物促使针状铁素体的形成,减少了粗大铁素体的数量,从而提高了热影响区的力学性能.     

钢中Sb析出对晶内铁素体的影响

研究了建筑焊接钢中Sb的析出对晶内铁素体的影响。结果表明,奥氏体温度下,钢中的Sb在Mn S夹杂物处以及沿原奥氏体晶界处析出。增加在Mn S夹杂物上富集析出,可使钢的组织得到细化并提高韧性。     

33mm X80M钢母材及环焊接头的微观组织和析出物分析

采用OM,SEM,TEM等手段对33 mm X80M钢的母材及环焊接头的微观组织和析出物的组织状态进行了分析。结果表明,母材组织以针状铁素体为主,含有少量的准多边形铁素体和M/A组织,析出物主要为Nb和Ti的碳氮化物。经过环焊后,热影响区的细晶区组织为多边形铁素体和粒状贝氏体,粗晶区组织为粒状贝氏体和针状铁素体,焊缝组织为准多边形铁素体和晶内针状铁素体。通过TEM观察,焊缝中薄膜状的M/A组织分布于板条贝氏体之间,析出物主要是AlN、TiN和Al2O3复合物。     

Prospects of the Use of Synergetic Approach to Solution of Problems of the Science of Nanomaterials

A synergetic approach to solution of problems of self-controlled synthesis of nanostructures and creation of self-organizing nanotechnologies is considered in connection with the superproblem of creation of materials with functional properties resembling those of biosystems. __________ Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 7, pp. 55 – 61, July, 2005.     

Kinetics of the oxidation of metals — Influence of self-diffusion of metal

The importance of the self-diffusion of a metal during its oxidation by a gas is treated for the cases of nonstoichiometric oxides having either interstitial cation or cation vacancies. We have established a general relationship for the reaction rate when a mixed diffusion process occurs. From this relationship, we have shown that the pressure dependence can be different, according to whether the rate-determining process is the self-diffusion through the metal or through the product.     

面向零件形状的计算机图形库的开发

论述了CAD技术中参数化设计的三种建模方法，重点介绍了基于特征的参数化建模原理。在此基础上，分析机械设计中的机构结构，归纳出其零件的几何特征构成。设计了机构CAD图形库，并提出了该图形库生成步骤和人机交互界面。     

FeCrAIW电弧喷涂层组织的致密化研究

采用激光辐照对FeCrAlW电弧喷涂层的组织进行致密化处理,借助扫描电镜和X衍射对涂层的组织进行了分析.测试了涂层的显微硬度.结果表明:涂层组织致密度提高,孔隙率明显降低.随着激光扫描速度的增加,涂层的显微硬度降低.在较低的扫描速度下,涂层与基体之间形成互熔区,涂层与基体之间产生良好的冶金结合.     

Features of formation of the structure in production of blanks of disks of heat-resistant nickel alloys

Conclusions To provide a high level of mechanical properties in wrought blanks of cast ÉP741NP and ÉP962 alloys it is necessary to form controlled structures. A necklace-type structure formed in homogenizing isostatic treatment, subsequent thermomechanical working including alternation of the operations of deformation in the (+)-area and recrystallization anneals, and final heat treatment is preferable. The temperature conditions of all stages of thermomechanical working are strictly controlled, especially the final operation of deformation and heating for hardening. To eliminate hardening cracks and distortions it is necessary to use molten salts at t=600°C as quenchants. The use of multiple production operations makes it possible to significantly reduce the structural inhomogeneity related to inhertance of the original dendritic structure. However, the structure of the final semifinished product is nevertheless characterized by a difference in occurrence of the processes of polygonization and recrystallization between the former dendritic cells and the interdendritic spaces in deformation and heat treatment.To obtain structurally homogeneous blanks for gas turbine engine parts it is necessary to use basically new methods of remelting such as vacuum double electrode remelting and electron beam remelting with an intermediate vessel.Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 12, pp. 25–29, December, 1991.     

Ab-initio calculation of enthalpies of formation of intermetallic compounds and enthalpies of mixing of solid solutions

A large number of ab-initio calculations of energies of formation of intermetallic compounds have been performed in the last 15 years. The currently used methods are listed. The paper presents a review of the aluminium based compounds which have been studied. Comparisons of calculated and experimental enthalpies of formation are provided for aluminim-3d and-4d transition metal alloys at equiatomic composition. The modelling of the enthalpies of mixing of solid solutions based on a given lattice is described.     

试论洋务派教师聘任的思想

洋务派在洋务学堂的办学活动中,为了解决西学专业学科的教学困难,采用了聘请外籍教师的应急措施.他们以真才实学,合同制管理作为主导思想,并认为这种解决师资的途径只是权宜之计,并非久远.从客观上看,洋务派的教师聘任思想有深刻的历史影响.