残余应力和表面形态对60Mn疲劳性能的影响

喷丸产生的表层残余压应力使中温回火弹簧钢60Mn的疲劳极限从930提高到1010MPa,而心部的高残余拉应力又会使疲劳极限从1010降至940MPa,严重的喷丸表面损伤可以使疲劳极限从1010降至800MPa。裂纹在计入残余应力的Mises等效应力超过材料局部强度的部位萌生。喷丸产生的残余压应力可以增强裂纹闭合效应,从而降低裂纹扩展率。     

铝合金紧固孔复合强化工艺研究

目的研究激光喷丸-冷挤压复合强化工艺对7050铝合金紧固孔疲劳源、疲劳寿命的影响。方法利用ABAQUS软件进行复合强化工艺的有限元仿真,并在强化后施加循环载荷获得残余应力数据,然后在应力水平为195 MPa、应力比为0.1的条件下进行疲劳实验,并把仿真和疲劳实验的结果与激光喷丸、冷挤压进行对比。结果复合强化工艺能同时对表面和孔壁进行强化,复合强化工艺比激光喷丸表面和孔壁的残余压应力大,循环载荷下两者残余应力的差异减小。冷挤压工艺表面全部是拉应力,循环载荷下挤出面孔角附近的残余应力由-928 MPa变为300 MPa。未处理紧固孔的疲劳源位于孔角处,激光冲击强化紧固孔的疲劳源位于中间孔壁处,冷挤压紧固孔的疲劳源位于挤出面孔角附近,复合强化紧固孔的疲劳源位于中间孔壁处,复合强化紧固孔的疲劳裂纹扩展区面积最大。未处理、激光喷丸、冷挤压、复合强化的紧固孔的疲劳寿命分别为65 918、165 117、114494、225 209。结论与未处理的紧固孔的疲劳寿命相比,激光喷丸、冷挤压、复合强化的紧固孔的疲劳寿命都有所增加,复合强化的紧固孔的疲劳寿命最大,复合强化能够进一步提高紧固孔的疲劳寿命。激光喷丸和复合强化诱导的残余压应力层能够抑制疲劳裂纹萌生于表面,而冷挤压工艺则不能。     

Fatigue Crack Growth of Peened Friction Stir-Welded 7075 Aluminum Alloy under Different Load Ratios

The effect of peening on the fatigue crack growth performance of friction stir-welded 7075 aluminum alloy was investigated. The fatigue crack growth rates were assessed for laser- and shot-peening conditions at stress ratios (R) of 0.1 and 0.7. The surface and through thickness residual stress distributions were characterized for the different regions in the weld. The results indicate a significant reduction in fatigue crack growth rates using laser peening compared to shot peening and the as-welded condition. The effect of the compressive stresses obtained through laser peening was deemed responsible for increasing the resistance to fatigue crack growth of the welds.     

Coupled thermo-mechanical simulations of shot impacts: Effects of the temperature on the residual stress field due to shot-peening

Shot-peening is an industrial surface treatment used to improve fatigue life of mechanical components. This process generates a compressive residual stress field on the part's surface and offers a protection against crack initiation and propagation, corrosion, etc. Although the consequences of the process on fatigue life are well known, the physical influence of the relevant parameters is not fully understood. Few of the existing shot-peening models are thus able to reproduce the correct residual stress field obtained via the actual process. This paper presents a finite element simulation of an impact including thermo-mechanical effects to investigate the influence of temperature on the residual stress field obtained through shot-peening. The influence of parameters of the process such as velocity, radius and hardness of the shot has also been studied in relation with thermal effects. It is observed that the temperature can reach 200 °C in the material. Further, the temperature significantly affects the residual stress field for high shot velocities. It can be concluded that shot-peening is a complex combination of physical processes, including thermal effects, which should be taken into account to better master this manufacturing process.     

Effect of pitting corrosion on fatigue performance of shot-peened aluminium alloy 7075-T651

Pitting corrosion has a major influence on aging of structural elements made of high-strength aluminium alloys as corrosion pits lead to earlier fatigue crack initiation under tensile dynamic loading. A cause of fatigue crack initiation in a corrosive medium is a stress concentration at a corroded area. In order to improve material resistance to corrosion fatigue it is necessary to reduce pit-tip stresses. To eliminate or reduce pit stresses, cold surface hardening by shot peening was proposed. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of surface hardening by shot peening on electrochemical stability and corrosion fatigue properties of high-strength aluminium alloy 7075-T651 in the corrosive environment of a chloride solution. The results obtained show a favourable influence of shot-peening treatment on corrosion fatigue properties. Induced compressive residual stresses in the surface layer retard the initiation of fatigue cracks, and so the fatigue life improvement of structural elements made of high-strength aluminium alloys was observed.     

水射流喷丸对渗碳钢表层组织与裂纹扩展性能的影响

对低碳钢渗碳淬火试样进行表面水喷丸处理,研究水喷丸对渗层表面组织结构及其疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响。结果表明:添加细玻璃丸的水喷丸处理能显著细化表层亚结构,提高小角度晶界密度,并为渗层带来有效的残余压应力。在300 MPa水压及600 mm/min扫描速率工艺下,可实现100 μm左右深度,最高达1244 MPa的残余压应力,其表面粗糙度R_a=0.195 μm。疲劳裂纹速率试验结果显示,经过水喷丸处理后裂纹扩展速率da/dN有增加的趋势,这主要是因为表面压应力形成,增加了心部拉应力,且表层的变形强化降低了裂纹尖端塑性区。     

RESIDUAL STRESS CONCENTRATION AND ITS EFFECTS ON FATIGUE LIMIT AND SHORT CRACK GROWTH

Residual stress concentration at a notch depends on both notch geometry and yield strength ofthe material.It varies through the depth,and its magnitude may be higher than the theoreticalone.Compressive residual.stress concentration at the notch of shot-peened specimen of softmaterial is easily to he relaxed,with the surface damage during shot-peening results in a mi-nor contribution to the fatigue limit.Compressive residual stress increases the crack closureeffect at the notch and may lead to a non-propagating crack.     

Effect of Residual Stress on Fatigue Failure of Carbonitrided Low-Carbon Steel

The effect of residual stress on fatigue behavior and mechanisms of carbonitrided AISI 1015 steel under uniaxial cyclic loading has been experimentally studied. By progressive removal of thin surface layers using an electropolishing technique and subsequent residual stress measurements using an x-ray diffraction technique, the compressive residual stress at the surface was approximately 900 MPa. The stress decreased toward the center, and became stable tensile residual stress of approximately 20 MPa. The fatigue resistance of carbonitrided AISI 1015 steel was higher than that of AISI 1015 steel due to the presence of compressive residual stress in case layer. The fatigue limit of AISI 1015 steels with and without carbonitriding was 340 and 300 MPa, respectively. Subsurface cracks initiated at the case-core interface, i.e. approximately 400 μm from the surface. With increasing number of stress cycles, the subsurface cracks coalesced and propagated intergranularly through the case layer. After some incubation cycles, the subsurface cracks reached the surface of specimen, and became a main crack. During this stage, the stress increased, and caused the formation of voids in core material. Consequently, the crack propagated through the core material, interacted with voids, and caused complete fracture.     

表面喷丸强化处理对TC11钛合金疲劳性能的影响

目的改善TC11钛合金的抗疲劳性能。方法采用喷丸表面强化工艺对TC11钛合金进行了表面强化处理,研究了喷丸强化处理、喷丸+二次喷丸强化处理对TC11钛合金试样表面粗糙度、残余应力、显微组织及疲劳性能的影响。结果喷丸处理能够在试样表层引入厚度约230?m的残余压应力场,但同时导致试样表面粗糙度值增加。喷丸后进行表面二次喷丸,试样表面残余压应力值和残余压应力峰值提高,但残余压应力峰值的位置和残余压应力层的厚度变化不大。二次喷丸对试样表面起到一定程度的修复作用,使试样表面粗糙度值降低。喷丸后试样表层组织发生明显的塑性变形,晶粒变细,而喷丸+二次喷丸处理可使试样表层组织得到进一步细化。喷丸处理后,试样的疲劳强度由480 MPa提高至540 MPa,提高了12.5%,二次喷丸使试样的疲劳强度提高至570 MPa,在喷丸的基础上继续提高了5.5%。结论喷丸后对试样表面进行二次喷丸对表层残余应力场的影响不大,二次喷丸主要通过降低试样表面粗糙度值和细化试样表层组织,使试样的疲劳强度得到进一步提高。     

残余应力集中及其对疲劳极限和短裂纹扩展的影响

缺口根部的残余应力存在应力集中效应,应力集中值不仅取决于缺口几何形状而且和材料的屈服强度有关。残余应力集中系数是一个分布值,其数值甚至可超过理论应力集中系数。软试样喷丸后缺口处的残余应力易于松弛及喷丸时的表面损伤使其对疲劳极限的贡献小。残余压应力使缺口处裂纹闭合力增大甚至可出现非扩展裂纹。     

激光冲击强化对7050铝合金小孔结构残余应力和疲劳性能的影响

研究了激光冲击强化对7050 T7451铝合金小孔结构显微硬度、残余应力和疲劳性能的影响。结果表明:当激光能量为30 J、光斑直径ø4 mm,冲击2次时,7050 T7451铝合金显微硬度显著提高,表层硬度相对于母材提高约12%且硬化层深度可达1 mm;残余压应力幅值超过300 MPa,影响深度可达约1 mm,明显大于喷丸强化残余应力影响层深度。激光冲击诱导的残余压应力可提高疲劳裂纹的萌生抗力,其较深的残余压应力层则有利于延长裂纹的扩展寿命。激光冲击强化后小孔结构疲劳寿命相对于母材提高了4.7~17.6倍,且其疲劳寿命增益及稳定性明显优于喷丸强化。     

Effect of laser shock processing on residual stress and fatigue behavior of 6061-T651 aluminum alloy

Laser shock processing is a very new technique and an emerging modem process that generates compressive stresses much deeper into the surfaces of metals or alloys. A brief parametric study of the effect of laser parameters on fatigue behavior and residual stress state generated in 6061-T651 alloy specimens was summarized. Residual stress of 6061-T651 alloy was analyzed both before and after laser processing with multishocks. The material remains in compressive residual stress of approximate 1 mm in depth which is approximately 10 times deeper than that can be achieved with the conventional technique, and the maximal compressive residual stress at the surface of the sample is about -350MPa. Near the surface, yield strength and hardness are found to be increased by the laser shock. The ratio of fatigue crack initiation life for the laser-shocked to unshocked specimens is found to be 4.9 for specimens. The results clearly show that LSP is an effective surface treatment technique for improving the fatigue performance of aluminum alloys.     

激光冲击强化对2524铝合金疲劳寿命的影响

目的探索激光冲击工艺参数对2524铝合金疲劳寿命的影响。方法开展不同激光能量、不同冲击次数下的激光冲击强化实验,测试其残余应力和表面硬度,并进行裂纹扩展实验和显微组织观察。结果激光冲击强化能显著提高材料的表面硬度,且材料的硬度值随着冲击能量和冲击次数的增加而递增,但硬度增长率随冲击次数增多而降低。激光冲击强化在试样表层形成较大的残余压应力,使用6.25 J的激光能量冲击1次,最大残余压应力可达-222MPa,并且残余压应力随着激光能量和冲击次数增加而增加,但冲击强化次数存在阈值。相较于未冲击试样,激光冲击1次的试样的疲劳寿命提升32%,冲击2次的疲劳寿命提升41%。对试样断口进行微观形貌观察,在裂纹长度为28 mm处,未冲击试样、激光冲击1次和冲击2次试样的疲劳条带间距分别为1.06、0.628、0.488μm,裂纹扩展速率分别为1.06×10^-3、6.28×10^-4、4.88×10^-4 mm/N。结论激光冲击强化能显著提高2524铝合金的表面硬度,并在表面产生较大的残余压应力。激光冲击强化能够有效迟滞2524-T3铝合金的疲劳裂纹扩展速率,进而有效延长疲劳寿命。     

AM50镁合金孔挤压强化对其疲劳性能的影响

目的研究孔挤压处理对AM50镁合金疲劳性能的影响。方法对AM50镁合金进行孔挤压强化处理,使试样表面产生有益的残余压应力分布,并对残余应力的分布进行测定。对未处理镁合金及孔挤压镁合金进行疲劳性能测试,对比疲劳寿命及疲劳裂纹扩展速率,对疲劳断口进行扫描,分析孔挤压对AM50镁合金疲劳性能的影响。结果孔挤压处理后,孔周围残余压应力深度达到5.5 mm,且最大压应力值达-563 MPa,试样的疲劳寿命较未处理时增加了9倍,疲劳裂纹扩展速率大大降低,疲劳裂纹源由未处理时的孔表面转移到了挤压强化层内部。结论孔挤压可以明显抑制疲劳裂纹的萌生,延长疲劳寿命。     

Fatigue crack/residual stress field interactions and their implications for damage-tolerant design

Residual stress fields are now widely accepted to have significant influence on fatigue crack growth. Tensile stresses have detrimental effects on fatigue lives, whereas compressive residual stresses can be beneficial. Control of fatigue lives via residual stress is now established in many industrial applications, using techniques such as shot peening or cold expansion. However, knowledge of the processes that occur when a fatigue crack grows through a pre-existing stress field is far from complete. Although the residual stress field will clearly have an effect on crack growth, the crack will equally have an effect on the residual stress field. The determination of this effect is not trivial, and direct measurement may be the designer’s best safeguard. This article outlines the complementary effects that a growing fatigue crack and a residual stress field have on each other. Two types of residual stress field are considered: mechanically induced and thermally induced. The results are discussed in terms of the implications that residual stress interactions have for damage-tolerant-based design.     

喷丸强化对车辆传动齿轮裂纹扩展影响的研究综述

疲劳断裂是重载车辆传动齿轮的主要失效形式之一,齿轮底部疲劳裂纹的扩展将缩短车辆传动系统的服役寿命,严重时会导致车辆发生安全事故。延缓裂纹扩展的主要方法是在传动齿轮的表面引入一定大小的残余压应力。喷丸技术是一种冷加工表面强化处理工艺,该技术利用高速弹丸冲击材料表面,使零件表层产生塑性应变的同时,在表面和内部引入残余压应力,从而使裂纹闭合的能力得到强化,达到延缓裂纹扩展的强化效果。为了更好地揭示喷丸引入的残余压应力对疲劳裂纹扩展的影响,首先综述了传动齿轮表面疲劳裂纹产生的原因以及疲劳裂纹的扩展行为对重载车辆服役的影响。从强度因子、J积分以及裂纹闭合效应出发,介绍了传动齿轮表面疲劳裂纹扩展的理论以及残余压应力与疲劳裂纹扩展速率之间的关系。其次概述了目前国内外常用的新型有益于将残余拉应力转化为残余压应力的微粒子喷丸、激光喷丸、超声喷丸方法,并与传统机械喷丸技术相比较,阐述了新型喷丸表面强化技术的优缺点。此外,从数值模拟和试验结果两方面,论述了喷丸速度、喷丸角度、弹丸直径、弹丸材质和覆盖率5个工艺参数对在传动齿轮表面引入残余压应力的改善影响。最后对喷丸强化技术在传动齿轮上的多目标参数优化以及多尺度残余压应力与疲劳性能进行了展望,并结合重载车辆的使用需求,强调需要创新设计一种效率高、价格低、适用性广的喷丸技术,以进一步推动喷丸强化在延缓疲劳裂纹扩展方面的持续发展。     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of high-energy shot-peened Mg/Ti weldments

In the present work, high-energy shot-peening treatment was applied to the tungsten inert gas welded–brazed Mg/Ti weldments. The surface characteristics, residual stress distribution, microstructures and mechanical properties of HESP-treated Mg/Ti weldments were investigated. Results revealed that with the optimised peening time of 60?s and the peening pressure of 0.15?MPa, the elimination of surface voids and cracks, high compressive residual stress and surface strain strengthening of joint were introduced in the HESP-treated Mg/Ti weldments. The average tensile strength increased 24.5% to 241?MPa over the joints without HESP treatment (193.5?MPa) and fracture even occurred in the Mg alloy base metal.     

湿喷丸强化对TC4疲劳性能的影响机制

利用湿喷丸技术对TC4钛合金进行表面改性处理,显著提高了材料疲劳寿命。对疲劳断口微观组织观察发现,湿喷丸强化处理使试样疲劳裂纹萌生位置由表面转移至试样内部约1 mm深度区域。通过对湿喷丸改性层微观组织分析可知,改性层内的细晶强化和位错强化是导致裂纹萌生位置发生改变的主要因素。湿喷丸引入的残余压应力对裂纹扩展起到有效的阻碍作用。细晶强化、位错强化和残余压应力共同作用提高TC4钛合金的抗疲劳性能。     

表层强度及其对疲劳的影响

光滑试件疲劳时因表面处于平面应力状态其屈服强度比整体材料低，首先发生滑移，因而造成疲劳损伤，达到一定疲劳周次后积累的损伤导致断裂，因而表层屈服强度和疲劳极限之间存在对应关系。缺口试件引入残余压应力，由于应力集中效应，缺口根部的残余应力集中系数可能高于理论应力集中系数，因而其疲劳强度将超过最高的光滑试件疲劳强度。考虑残余应力对裂纹扩展的作用时应计及其衰减的作用。     

喷丸强化因素对Ti合金微动疲劳抗力的作用

探讨了喷丸强化（SP）三因素（残余压应力引入,表面粗糙度增大和表面加工硬化）在改善Ti合金微动疲劳（FF）性能中的作用规律和机制。结果表明,SP引入表层残余应力和导致粗糙度增大对提高Ti合金FF抗力起重要作用。前者的作用大于后者,且二者之间存在协同作用效应,即SP表面因粗糙度增大而减缓了表层残余应力的SP引入的表面残余应力主要通过增加裂纹闭合力,抑制FF裂纹早期扩展来提高FF抗力。在表面应力集中严重的接触几何条件下,裂纹扩展控制FF过程,此时SP层残余应力的作用更加显著。