含VSC换流器的交直流配网潮流算法

随着电力电子技术的发展和应用,直流技术得到了快速发展,交直流网络亦广泛应用于电力系统。建立含电压源型换流器(VSC)交直流配电系统,探讨了VSC换流器损耗及其控制方式,并针对交替迭代法和统一迭代法两种算法的不足,提出了改进交替迭代算法,该算法通过调整交流、直流子系统界限的重新界定,避免了潮流计算迭代的交替,从而大大减少潮流计算量。最后通过改进IEEE 13节点配电系统验证了所提算法的正确性和高效性。     

交直流混合电力系统快速潮流计算

针对交直流混合电力系统潮流算法计算量大、计算速度慢的缺点,提出一种基于广义特勒根定理的交直流混合电力系统快速潮流计算方法。该方法将修正方程的注入功率改为注入电流,得到基于统一迭代法的电流注入型潮流计算模型,该潮流模型既保留了统一迭代法的强收敛性,又降低了模型计算量。在此基础上,应用广义特勒根定理求解所建潮流模型,既减少修正方程求解量又提高了潮流求解速度。对22节点交直流混合电力系统进行仿真计算,仿真结果验证了该方法的正确性和快速性。     

改进的Manchester连锁故障模型在交直流混联电力系统中的应用

针对现有的多种连锁故障分析方法中Manchester模型较符合电力系统实际情况,但却只包含快动态过程、未考虑高压直流输电系统的问题,通过加入直流输电线路的故障判断、交直流潮流计算和系统慢动态过程等环节,对原始Manchester连锁故障模型的计算流程进行了改进,使之适用于交直流混联电力系统,扩大了使用范围。算例分析结果表明,改进后的模型可用于判断多种元件突发故障情况下交直流混联电力系统的连锁故障模式和结果,可为连锁故障的预防和电力系统的安全运行提供参考依据。     

基于改进型恒压控制与直流电压控制的交流微网协调控制方法研究

PQ控制、下垂控制与交流微网中光伏发电、风力发电等微电源之间存在协调性差问题,该文通过采用交流微网的直流电压控制策略,可使直流电压控制与光伏发电、风力发电之间的配合与协调更好,但当采用直流电压控制时,光伏发电、风力发电微电源的恒压控制策略就无法实现,为此改进恒压控制策略,提出基于改进型恒压控制与直流电压控制的交流微网的协调控制策略。Matlab/Simulink仿真结果验证了该文所提控制策略的有效性和可行性。     

特高压直流对同塔交流线路的过电压影响分析

随着我国电力工业的发展,特高压直流输电凭借其在远距离输电上的优势而成为我国特高压发展的重要方向。局部地区电力走廊紧缺,使交直流同塔架设输电线路成为必然。当交直流导线同塔架设时,将在导线间产生很强的电磁耦合。主要研究特高压直流线路故障对同塔架设交流线路过电压的影响。根据规划中的锡盟—上海交直流同塔多回输电线路相关数据,采用电磁暂态程序建立了详细的直流换流站模型以及交直流同塔架设输电线路模型,研究了特高压直流输电线路故障对同塔架设的超高压交流线路的影响,并分析了不同故障类型、运行工况、耦合段线路长度、耦合段位置等因素对交流感应过电压的影响。结果表明,交流线路上的感应过电压幅值在交流线路绝缘水平允许范围内;直流发生接地故障时,交流线路通过耦合作用在直流故障弧道产生潜供电流。分析了交流线路不同换位方式对直流线路潜供电流的影响,并对限制措施提出了建议。     

考虑风电不确定性的交直流混联系统同质化能量函数模型

交直流混联电网是电网发展的新形态,如何有效保障交直流混联系统安稳运行是重大而紧迫的国家需求。文章针对含大规模风电的交直流混联系统稳定性问题,提出考虑风电波动不确定性的交直流混联弱送端系统同质化能量函数模型。首先,研究含大规模风电的交直流混联弱送端系统潮流方程;其次,建立含风电的交直流混联系统支路暂态势能函数模型,研究交直流混联系统功角稳定机理,建立基于同质化能量函数模型;在此基础上,提出基于同质化能量函数的电力系统稳定性评估模型,并推导交直流混联系统稳定性判据;最后,以北方某区域交直流混联系统为仿真算例,验证所提模型的有效性,为含大规模新能源的交直流混联系统的稳定性控制提供理论依据。     

基于遗传算法的含电力电子变压器交直流混合配电网优化配置

构建了含电力电子变压器(PET)的交直流混合配电网优化模型,基于该模型,以接入PET和分布式电源的IEEE33节点系统为例,采用遗传算法以系统网损最小为优化目标,以PET的端口量为优化变量进行优化配置,分析了优化结果 PET端口功率流动情况、分布式电源的总利用率、配电网总有功损耗及系统最末端的电压水平。算例结果表明,PET具有改善交直流配电网的潮流分布的功能。     

青藏直流输电无功功率控制PSASP用户自定义建模

基于电力系统分析软件包PSASP,使用其用户自定义功能,建立了详细的无功功率控制模型。该模型为用户自定义高压直流输电模型的一部分,其参照青藏直流系统,并经适当简化而得。主要包括无功功率发生计算模块、无功功率消耗计算模块、无功功率控制模块及换流站无功功率调节控制模块,给出了每个模块的建模方法及建模原则。最后通过在WEPRI-7七节点系统,仿真验证了无功功率控制用户自定义模型对于交直流系统相互作用及稳定性分析的正确性及必要性。     

10kV交流配电电缆直流化改造供电能力研究

为满足大城市日益增长的用电需求,对10kV双回、直埋敷设电缆进行直流化改造,分析了交流电缆线路改为直流运行后的供电能力。首先确定改造后的直流接线方式为单极对称接线和双极接线;然后用ANSYS仿真软件对两种接线方式下的电缆进行热电耦合仿真,以确定电缆直流载流量和运行电压,并分析了电缆水平间距对载流量和运行电压的影响;最后以仿真结果为基础,考虑电压损失约束和线路损耗,分析了交、直流线路供电能力。结果表明,直流化改造后两种接线方式下的最大传输功率与供电距离均有一定的提升,且单极对称接线方式提升效果更加明显。     

Implementation of photovoltaic water pumping system with MPPT controls

To increase the output efficiency of a photovoltaic (PV) system, it is important to apply an efficient maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique. This paper describes the analysis, the design and the experimental implementation of the tracking methods for a stand-alone PV system, using two approaches. The first one is the constant voltage (CV) MPPT method based on the optimum voltage, which was deduced experimentally, and considered as a reference value to extract the optimum power. The second one is the increment conductance (Inc-Cond) MPPT method based on the calculation of the power derivative extracted by the installation. The output controller can adjust the duty ratio to the optimum value. This optimum duty ratio is the input of a DC/DC boost converter which feeds a set of Moto-pump via a DC/AC inverter. This paper presents the details of the two approaches implemented, based on the system performance characteristics. Contributions are made in several aspects of the system, including converter design, system simulation, controller programming, and experimental setup. The MPPT control algorithms implemented extract the maximum power point (MPP), with satisfactory performance and without steady-state oscillation. MATLAB/Simulink and dSpace DS1104 are used to conduct studies and implement algorithms. The two proposed methods have been validated by implementing the performance of the PV pumping systems installed on the roof of the research laboratory in INSAT Tunisia. Experimental results verify the feasibility and the improved functionality of the system.     

基于混合储能的并网光伏发电系统功率控制研究

针对并网光伏发电系统输出功率的波动,提出利用混合储能系统对功率进行平抑.介绍了光伏最大功率跟踪和并网逆变的控制,为实现发电和并网功率的匹配,考虑蓄电池和超级电容器各自特性的优势,对混合储能系统提出了三级式功率分配策略;通过设计相应的控制方法和以功率分配单元的输出功率作为参考值,混合储能系统控制变换器进行合理充放电.混合储能系统不仅保证了并网功率按计划运行,而且稳定了直流母线电压、满足了随机负荷供电.通过仿真验证,三级式功率分配策略有效,控制方法可行.     

Research and application of a power-flow-calculation method in multiterminal VSC-HVDC power grid

For demonstrating a multiterminal voltage-source converter (VSC)-based high-voltage DC (HVDC) (VSC- HVDC) project, this study puts forward a technical route for calculating the power flow in a 500-kV VSC-HVDC power grid in comparison with that of an AC power grid. The Jacobian matrix used in the power-flow calculation was deduced through methods such as Newton-Laphson iteration and Taylor series expansion. Further, the operation effect of power- flow calculation on a true bipolar VSC-HVDC power grid was analyzed briefly. The elements of the Jacobian matrix corresponding to VSC were studied under the mode of droop control and the control strategy of VSC-HVDC power grid was analyzed in detail. The power-flow calculation model for VSC-HVDC power grid of the master-slave control mode was simplified using the PQ decomposition method of the power-flow calculation of an AC power grid. Moreover, a four-terminal model of the Zhangbei VSC-HVDC demonstration project was established and tested on MATLAB. The simulation results under two kinds of operating conditions were analyzed and compared to the results of BPA; the deviation between the power-flow results was studied. The results show that the proposed calculation method can provide a feasible support for calculating the power flow in VSC-HVDC grids.     

交直流线路并行架设时的电磁环境横向分布监测

随着电网的不断建设,交直流输电线路同走廊并行架设已在多处出现。目前,交直流混合电磁环境监测多以单点离散测量为主,无法实现横向分布的连续实时测量。通过建立工频电场、无线电干扰、合成电场等测量设备沿同一路径的分布式实时数据采集系统,实现交直流并行线路电磁环境移动式横向分布测量及数据的动态管理,并以典型合成电场数据为例,研究了垂直于线路走廊155m的横向断面合成电场分布趋势。结果表明,实测数据与仿真计算结果趋势较吻合,为交直流并行线路合成电场研究提供了参考。     

含MMC交直流输电系统短路电流计算方法

该文基于模块化多电平换流器（MMC）的工作原理和暂态特性,对比了故障时MMC输出的短路电流与同步机电源输出的短路电流的异同,提出MMC短路电流计算模型。在分析MMC参与交流系统短路电流计算的机理后,提出采用叠加原理的含MMC电网短路电流的迭代计算方法,最后,基于PSCAD/EMTDC验证了该文所提算法的有效性。     

Impact of selection of DC base values and DC link control strategies on sequential AC-DC power-flow convergence

This paper demonstrates the convergence of the integrated AC-DC power-flow algorithm as affected by the selection of different base values for the DC quantities and adoption of different control strategies for the DC link. For power-flow modeling of integrated AC-DC systems, the base values of the various DC quantities can be defined in several ways, giving rise to different sets of per-unit system equations. It is observed that different per-unit system models affect the convergence of the power-flow algorithm differently. In a similar manner, the control strategy adopted for the DC link also affects the power-flow convergence. The sequential method is used to solve the DC variables in the Newton Raphson (NR) power flow model, where AC and DC systems are solved separately and are coupled by injecting an equivalent amount of real and reactive power at the terminal AC buses. Now, for a majority of the possible control strategies, the equivalent real and reactive power injections at the concerned buses can be computed a-priori and are independent of the NR iterative loop. However, for a few of the control strategies, the equivalent reactive power injections cannot be computed a-priori and need to be computed in every NR iteration. This affects the performance of the iterative process. Two different per-unit system models and six typical control strategies are taken into consideration. This is validated by numerous case studies conducted on the IEEE 118-bus and 300-bus test systems.     

Load flow analysis for variable speed offshore wind farms

A serial AC?DC integrated load flow algorithm for variable speed offshore wind farms is proposed. It divides the electrical system of a wind farm into several local networks, and different load flow methods are used for these local networks sequentially. This method is fast, more accurate, and many factors such as the different wind farm configurations, the control of wind turbines and the power losses of pulse width modulation converters are considered. The DC/DC converter model is proposed and integrated into load flow algorithm by modifying the Jacobian matrix. Two iterative methods are proposed and integrated into the load flow algorithm: one takes into account the control strategy of converters and the other considers the power losses of converters. In addition, different types of variable speed wind turbine systems with different control methods are investigated. Finally, the method is demonstrated using an 80-MW offshore wind farm.     

含VSC-HVDC的交直流混合系统的状态估计解耦迭代算法

针对以电压源换流器(Voltage Source Converter,VSC)为基础的新一代高压直流输电,推导了直流系统的数学模型,以状态估计为着眼点,建立了交直流混合系统的状态估计模型,并在此基础上提出了一种解耦迭代算法。该算法根据雅克比矩阵的特点,运用数学方法对交流子系统和直流子系统进行严格解耦,从而将交直流混合系统分为交流子系统和直流子系统2部分,实现了交、直流子系统的分开迭代求解。计算过程中未做任何假设,因此完整计及了交、直流子系统间的耦合性,算法精度高,同时该算法在编制程序时可以充分利用纯交流系统的状态估计程序,因此具有良好的继承性。IEEE 14、IEEE 30、IEEE 57节点测试系统的仿真结果表明了所提算法的有效性。     

A linear quadratic regulator control of a stand-alone PEM fuel cell power plant

This paper introduces a technique based on linear quadratic regulator (LQR) to control the output voltage at the load point versus load variation from a standalone proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell power plant (FCPP) for a group housing use. The controller modifies the optimal gains k _i by minimizing a cost function, and the phase angle of the AC output voltage to control the active and reactive power output from an FCPP to match the terminal load. The control actions are based on feedback signals from the terminal load, output voltage and fuel cell feedback current. The topology chosen for the simulation consists of a 45 kW proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), boost type DC/DC converter, a three-phase DC/AC inverter followed by an LC filter. Simulation results show that the proposed control strategy operated at low commutation frequency (2 kHz) offers good performances versus load variations with low total harmonic distortions (THD), which is very useful for high power applications.     

Advanced concept for dispersed power supply system using AC modules

A method of for estimating the reliability of new conceptual stand-alone dispersed power supply systems using AC modules with self-contained logic was proposed and system reliability estimated using a yearly scale simulation. The AC module is able to supply AC power on each module and has the flexibility to enable construction of a grid-connected system. Power storage devices were required when applying AC modules to the stand-alone power supply system. For these power storage devices, we used a battery with a built-in DC/AC micro bi-directional inverter known as AC battery. To maintain the flexibility of the system extension, the AC modules and AC batteries were controlled by self-contained logic. This logic performs parallel operations for the voltage control inverter and keeps supply and demand in balance.     

Coordinate control strategy for stability operation of offshore wind farm integrated with Diode-rectifier HVDC

Due to low investment cost and high reliability, a new scheme called DR-HVDC (Diode Rectifier based HVDC) transmission was recently proposed for grid integration of large offshore wind farms. However, in this scheme, the application of conventional control strategies for stability operation face several challenges due to the uncontrollability of the DR. In this paper, a coordinated control strategy of offshore wind farms using the DR-HVDC transmission technology to connect with the onshore grid, is investigated. A novel coordinated control strategy for DR-HVDC is proposed based on the analysis of the DC current control ability of the full-bridge-based modular multilevel converter (FB-MMC) at the onshore station and the input and output characteristics of the diode rectifier at the offshore. Considering the characteristics of operation stability and decoupling between reactive power and active power, a simplified design based on double-loop droop control for offshore AC voltage is proposed after power flow and voltage–current (I–V) characteristics of the offshore wind farm being analyzed. Furthermore, the impact of onshore AC fault to offshore wind farm is analyzed, and a fast fault detection and protection strategy without relying on communication is proposed. Case studies carried out by PSCAD/EMTDC verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy for the start up, power fluctuation, and onshore and offshore fault conditions.