文摘与题录

1．我国城市生活垃圾处理的现状和对策《工业锅炉》2006．3 对国外城市生活垃圾处理技术现状分成传统和新型两大类进行了综述，重点分析了我国城市生活垃圾焚烧发电技术应用现状和存在的问题，并根据可持续发展提出了有关垃圾处理的对策。     

废弃物衍生燃料(RDF-5)技术发展概述

介绍了城市生活垃圾处理RMJ型垃圾衍生燃料(RDF-5)技术工艺,分析了RDF-5燃料的特性。并从能源利用,环境污染等角度,将RDF-5燃料发电与生活垃圾焚烧发电对比,简述了RDF-5技术在各国研究及应用现状。基于对北京市生活垃圾组分、热值的分析,探讨了垃圾衍生燃料(RDF-5)技术在我国城市生活垃圾处理领域的发展前景。     

水泥窑协同处置城市生活垃圾的优势分析

通过结合城市生活垃圾处理现状,从技术、经济、环境多个方面对焚烧炉焚烧城市生活垃圾技术与水泥窑协同处置城市生活垃圾技术进行综合比对研究。得出了水泥窑协同处置废弃物的巨大发展优势,也为协同处置的发展提供了基础。     

福州市城市垃圾发电前景刍议

本文概述了我国及福州市垃圾污染和处理的现状 ,简要论述了城市生活垃圾处理方法 ,并阐明了在福州建设垃圾发电厂的技术和资金投入的可行性。     

城市垃圾处理与利用技术

本文介绍了国内外城市垃圾处理有关资料和我国城市垃圾处理现状，展望了垃圾焚烧技术在我国应用的发展前景。     

忻州市城市垃圾处置与污染防治

城市垃圾处理要减量化、无害化、资源化 ,分析城市生活垃圾的产量、特点、特性 ,结合忻州市垃圾处理现状、存在问题 ,提出了有针对性的防治对策     

我国城市生活垃圾厌氧消化处理的探讨

分析了我国城市生活垃圾处理现状及存在问题，探讨了以厌氧消化技术为主的城市生活垃圾处理方式，为解决我国的城市生活垃圾问题提供参考。     

城市生活垃圾焚烧技术发展现状

在分析比较城市生活垃圾各种处理技术的基础上，提出焚烧法能以最快的速度实现垃圾处理的无害化，减量化和资源化，比较适合我国城市生活垃圾的处理；通过分析国内外城市生活垃圾焚烧技术的发展历史与现状，比较城市生活垃圾的各种焚烧技术，对我国城市生活垃圾焚烧处理技术的发展方向及其发展过程中应解决的问题提出了建议。     

福州市城市垃圾发电前景刍议

本文概述了我国及福州市垃圾污染和处理的现状，简要论述了城市生活垃圾处理方法，并阐明了在福州建设垃圾发电厂的技术和资金投入的可行性。     

城市垃圾处理及资源化利用

介绍了我国城市垃圾处理及资源化技术的现状与发展，对我国城市垃圾处理及资源化利用带来的经济效益进行了评估，提出了我国城市垃圾处理及资源化利用的几点对策。     

城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属污染与控制

针对城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属污染问题,介绍了焚烧飞灰中重金属生成机理及来源,并重点阐述了国内外对焚烧飞灰中重金属的稳定化处理方法及控制措施,为垃圾焚烧飞灰的无害化、资源化处理提供了必要的理论参考,并提出了未来垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属污染物处理的发展方向.     

杭州市生活垃圾优化处理技术分析

对杭州市生活垃圾的特性和处理现状进行了分析时比。根据该市生活垃圾处理处置存在的问题，提出生活垃圾资源化综合优化处理技术。该技术综合了填埋、堆肥和焚烧三种处理方法优点，可以实现生活垃圾的减量化、资源化和无害化，具有很好的社会、环境和经济效益。     

能量自给型城市生活垃圾堆肥系统

城市生活垃圾已成为困扰中国大部分城市居民生存环境的一个严重问题。通常的垃圾处理方法有卫生填埋、堆肥和焚烧等。文章对现有的垃圾处理方法进行了介绍。通过对国内外垃圾成分、物化性质的比较,提出了适合中国国情的垃圾处理新思路－能量自给型城市生活垃圾堆肥系统。     

Effects of hydrothermal treatment on characteristics and combustion behaviors of municipal solid wastes

The conversion of municipal solid wastes (MSW) to energy for co-combustion with coal may be a viable MSW disposal solution from the view point of suppression of the environmental pollution as well as reduction of coal consumption. This paper describes the application of innovative hydrothermal technology on different kinds of MSW to produce powder-like solid products appropriate for co-combustion with coal. In this work, three kinds of surrogated MSW (Japanese MSW, Indian MSW and Chinese MSW) different in composition and characteristics were subjected to the hydrothermal treatment (HT) at 220 °C and 2.4 MPa for 30 min. After the HT, the combustion behaviors of the samples were determined by investigating the sample weight loss (TG) and the rate of weight loss (DTG) through the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). In addition, the effects of the HT on the characteristics and the combustion behaviors of the MSW were explored by comparing with three standard samples such as rice, cellulose and polypropylene (PP) both before and after the HT. The results obtained in this study can be drawn as the following: The HT is capable for converting MSW into uniform powder samples with low moisture content, regular shapes and high bulk density. During the HT, the hydrolysis reaction leads to the loss in volatile matter and the carbonization results in the gain in fixed carbon. The higher heating values of the three kinds of MSW after the HT are enhanced by 1.01–1.41 times (energy content per weight) and 6.39–9.00 times (energy content per volume). The combustion behaviors of the MSW in this study before the HT were dominated by the substance major in weight whereas for the ones after the HT, the intrinsic characteristics of the MSW can play an important role in determining the combustion behaviors.     

Energy potential from municipal solid waste in Malaysia

The average amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated in Malaysia is 0.5–0.8 kg/person/day and has increased to 1.7 kg/person/day in major cities. This paper highlights the MSW characteristics for the city of Kuala Lumpur. Currently, the waste management approach being employed is landfill, but due to rapid development and lack of space for new landfills, big cities in Malaysia are switching to incineration. A simple evaluation was conducted to establish the amount of energy that would be recovered based on the characteristics of the MSW if it were to be incinerated. From the characterization exercise, the main components of the Malaysian MSW were found to be food, paper and plastic, which made up almost 80% of the waste by weight. The average moisture content of the MSW was about 55%, making incineration a challenging task. The calorific value of the Malaysian MSW ranged between 1500 and 2600 kcal/kg. However, the energy potential from an incineration plant operating based on 1500 ton of MSW/day with an average calorific value of 2200 kcal/kg is assessed to be at 640 kW/day.     

我国城市生活垃圾焚烧处理的现状和发展趋势

本文通过对城市生活垃圾相关指标进行分析，对我国城市生活垃圾处理的最优的方法进行了论述，并对我国城市生活垃圾焚烧处理的现状和发展趋势进行了综述。     

上海市生活垃圾处理问题的系统动力学分析

与日俱增的人口产生了越来越多的生活垃圾.面对垃圾围城的严峻形势,城市生活垃圾处理变得越来越迫切.为了预测上海市未来的垃圾产生量,探讨合适的处置方法和调控措施,利用系统动力学的方法建立了上海市城市生活垃圾产生和处理系统的动力学模型.通过查阅大量文献并收集数据,预测未来生活垃圾的产生总量和处理总量,对各种处理方式的收益进行了对比,并利用系统动力学模型模拟软件VENSIM进行了模拟.结果表明:在调控措施下,未来上海市垃圾产生量能得到控制和更加环保的处理;同时,需要控制人口,提高环保投资占GDP比重,实行垃圾收费制度.     

生活垃圾焚烧电站烟气净化技术的应用

阐述目前我国生活垃圾的特点,提出生活垃圾焚烧的必要性,简述生活垃圾焚烧过程中所产生的烟气污染成分。根据国家对垃圾焚烧电站烟气处理的要求和排放标准,提出现阶段国内外较常运用的三种生活垃圾电站的烟气净化技术工艺,并对比其优缺点。总结出目前最受国内外欢迎的垃圾电站烟气净化技术工艺特点和应用实例,归纳出半干法烟气净化技术净化效率较高、投资和运行费用低、流程简单等优点,是一种极具发展前途的生活垃圾焚烧电站烟气净化技术工艺。     

Pilot-scale high solids thermophilic anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste with an emphasis on nutrient requirements

A pilot study was conducted to assess the biodegradable organic fraction of municipal solid waste (BOF/MSW) as a substrate in a high-solids anaerobic digestion process. Results obtained indicate that a typical BOF/MSW in the United States is deficient in most macro and micro-nutrients required for robust and stable digestion. The BOF/MSW was supplemented with nutrient-rich organic wastes such as wastewater treatment plant sludges, dairy manure, and synthetic chemical solutions to correct nutritional deficiencies. The combined addition of wastewater treatment plant sludge and dairy manure to a typical BOF/MSW significantly elevated the gas production rate and enhanced the process stability. Microbial nutrient requirements are identified and nutrient concentrations for stable operation are quantified.     

Energy from municipal solid waste: A comparison with coal combustion technology

The conversion of municipal solid waste (MSW) to energy can conserve more valuable fuels and improve the environment by lessening the amount of waste that must be landfilled and by conserving energy and natural resources. The importance of utilizing MSW was recognized in the 1991 U.S. National Energy Strategy, which sought to “support the conversion of municipal solid waste to energy.” One route to utilizing the energy value of MSW is to burn it in a steam power plant to generate electricity. Coal has long been the predominant source of energy for electricity production in the U.S.; therefore, a considerable science and technology base related to coal combustion and emissions control can be, and has been, applied with substantial benefit to MSW combustion. This paper compares the combustion of coal and MSW in terms of fuel characteristics, combustion technology, emissions, and ash utilization/disposal. Co-combustion of coal and MSW is also discussed. MSW issues that can be addressed by research and development are provided.The major environmental issues that designers of MSW combustion systems have had to address are emissions of trace organic compounds, particularly polychlorinated dioxins and furans, and trace elements such as mercury, lead, and cadmium. Emission of trace organics is generally the result of a poorly designed and/or operated combustion system; modern MSW systems use good combustion practices that destroy organic compounds during the combustion process. Proper control of air/fuel mixing and temperature, and avoidance of “quench” zones in the furnace, help to ensure that potentially harmful organics are not emitted. Computer codes and other design and troubleshooting tools that were developed for coal combustion systems have been applied to improve the performance of waste-to-energy systems.Trace element emissions from both coal and MSW combustion result primarily from vaporization of elements during the combustion process. Most of the trace elements that are vaporized condense on fly ash as the combustion products cool downstream of the furnace and can be effectively controlled by using an efficient particulate removal device. However, volatile elements, particularly mercury, are emitted as a vapor. Several mechanisms are available to capture mercury vapor and some are in use. The development of satisfactory control technology for mercury is a topic currently of high interest in coal burning.The potential for leaching of trace elements and organics from MSW residues after disposal raises issues about the classification and management of ash. Results of laboratory leaching tests, especially for lead and cadmium, have not been consistently supported by field experience. Careful interpretation of the available test protocols is needed to make sure that residues are properly managed.Because of the large scale of coal-fired boilers for electricity production, co-firing of MSW with coal in such boilers could consume large quantities of waste. Several short-term demonstrations have shown that co-firing is feasible. The issues involved in co-firing are emissions of trace elements, trace organics, and acid gases; boiler slagging and fouling; and long-term effects, such as corrosion and erosion of boiler tubes.Areas where research and development has contributed to improved MSW combustion include (a) the formation mechanisms of polychlorinated dioxins/furans, especially low-temperature, catalytic mechanisms, (b) methods of combustion air distribution in incinerators that result in better combustion and reduced emission of organic compounds, (c) the use of gas reburning to control NOx and reduce emission of organic compounds, (d) practical methods for removing organic compounds and mercury from MSW flue gas, (e) the performance of electrostatic precipitators in removing MSW fly ash, particularly when co-firing MSW and coal in existing coal-fired boilers, and (f) burning MSW in fluidized beds or of pulverizing refuse-derived fuel and firing it in suspension-fired, pulverized coal boilers.