Validation and sensitivity analysis of a two zone Diesel engine model for combustion and emissions prediction

The present two zone model of a direct injection (DI) Diesel engine divides the cylinder contents into a non-burning zone of air and another homogeneous zone in which fuel is continuously supplied from the injector and burned with entrained air from the air zone. The growth of the fuel spray zone, which comprises a number of fuel-air conical jets equal to the injector nozzle holes, is carefully modelled by incorporating jet mixing, thus determining the amount of oxygen available for combustion. The mass, energy and state equations are applied in each of the two zones to yield local temperatures and cylinder pressure histories. The concentration of the various constituents in the exhaust gases are calculated by adopting a chemical equilibrium scheme for the C–H–O system of the 11 species considered, together with chemical rate equations for the calculation of nitric oxide (NO). A model for evaluation of the soot formation and oxidation rates is included. The theoretical results from the relevant computer program are compared very favourably with the measurements from an experimental investigation conducted on a fully automated test bed, standard “Hydra”, DI Diesel engine installed at the authors’ laboratory. In-cylinder pressure and temperature histories, nitric oxide concentration and soot density are among the interesting quantities tested for various loads and injection timings. As revealed, the model is sensitive to the selection of the constants of the fuel preparation and reaction sub-models, so that a relevant sensitivity analysis is undertaken. This leads to a better understanding of the physical mechanisms governed by these constants and also paves the way for construction of a reliable and relatively simple multi-zone model, which incorporates in each zone (packet) the philosophy of the present two zone model.     

Analysis of combustion and pollutants formation in a direct injection diesel engine using a multi-zone model

A two-dimensional multi-zone model for the calculation of the closed cycle of a direct injection (DI) diesel engine is presented. The fuel spray is divided into small packages and the effect of air velocity pattern on spray development is taken into account. The calculation of swirl intensity variations during the cycle is based on hybrid solid body-boundary layer rotation scheme. Application of the mass, energy and state equations in each zone yields local temperatures and cylinder pressure histories. For calculating the concentration of constituents in the exhaust gases, a chemical equilibrium scheme is adopted for the C-H-O system of the eleven species considered, together with chemical rate equations for the calculation of nitric oxide (NO). A model for the evaluation of soot formation and oxidation rates is incorporated. A comparison is made between the theoretical results from the computer program implementing the analysis, with experimental results from a vast experimental investigation conducted on a direct injection, Lister-Petter diesel engine, with very encouraging results. Plots of temperature, equivalence ratio, NO and soot distributions inside the combustion chamber are presented, elucidating the physical mechanisms governing combustion and pollutants formation.     

涡流运动降低柴油机混合气浓度及碳烟排放的数值分析

为了揭示涡流运动对柴油机混合气形成及碳烟排放的影响规律，采用经过实验验证的喷雾及湍流模型，用CFD数值分析软件对某车用柴油机燃烧室内不同涡流条件下柴油喷雾的混合气浓度、速度矢量场、燃油液滴空间分布及油束特性进行了模拟计算．模拟结果表明，当涡流比从0到5．0依次增大时，过喷孔轴线的铅垂面内喷雾浓度场局部浓区燃空当量比逐渐降低，而过喷孔轴线且与铅垂面垂直的平面内喷雾浓度场局部浓区的燃空当量比则先降后升，而不是逐渐下降．只有合理选择剖切平面，即选择过喷孔轴线且与铅垂面垂直的平面，才能正确评价涡流运动对燃烧室内混合气浓度分布及碳烟形成区域分布的影响规律．组织燃烧室内气流运动，须兼顾与气缸轴线垂直的水平面内的涡流运动和过气缸轴线的铅垂面内的湍流或滚流运动．涡流比太大，铅垂面内的湍流或滚流太弱，会削弱喷雾射流对燃烧室底部空气的卷吸，降低燃烧室底部的空气利用率．随涡流比增大，射流顺涡流方向的弯曲度增大，不同喷孔的油束会发生相互干涉，在靠近气缸中心的区域内形成局部浓混合气，不利于降低碳烟排放．对具体的燃烧室结构和喷油系统，合理匹配涡流运动十分必要．     

船用直喷式天然气发动机喷射策略的优化

利用CONVERGE软件基于L23/30DF型船用天然气发动机建立了双天然气喷嘴、双引燃柴油喷嘴的直喷天然气发动机的缸内燃烧过程的CFD计算模型,计算了不同的柴油和天然气喷射时刻和间隔下发动机缸内燃烧和排放过程。结果表明:引燃柴油的喷射时刻及其与天然气喷射时刻的间隔,对直喷式天然气发动机燃烧和排放性能有重要影响。当喷射时刻为-25℃A时,发动机具有较高的缸内爆发压力和良好的排放性能。在引燃柴油和天然气喷射间隔为16℃A时,可获得最高的缸内爆发压力,此时soot排放降低了22%。     

正丁醇/柴油发动机燃烧排放特性及喷油、燃烧室形状影响

针对某型号直喷柴油机,建立了该柴油机中单缸完整燃烧室及气道三维模型,使用三维计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)分析软件CONVERGE对其进行模拟计算,研究了正丁醇掺混比例对柴油机燃烧排放的影响。结果表明:随着正丁醇掺混比例的提高,峰值缸压、滞燃期和燃烧速度均呈递增趋势,碳烟及CO排放量逐渐减少,NO_x排放量小幅增加。为了进一步改善缸内燃烧情况和降低污染物排放,对正丁醇掺混时喷油策略、燃烧室几何形状的综合影响进行了研究,结果表明:掺混时多次喷油及采用合适的燃烧室模型可以有效改善掺混后缸内油气混合情况,增加缸内湍动能强度,进一步降低碳烟排放量。与纯柴油工况对比,掺混并采用多次喷油策略后碳烟排放明显下降,且通过掺混能够有效简化喷油策略,但弱化了燃烧室形状对碳烟排放量的影响。     

一种基于稀扩散燃烧的BUMP燃烧室及其对柴油机碳烟和NOx排放影响的实验研究

在壁面布置限流沿 (BUMP)后 ,撞壁射流从壁面被剥离 ,形成二次空间射流 ,可大大加快空气与流体的混合速率。基于此 ,设计了带有 BUMP的燃烧室 ,采用了可灵活控制喷油规律的 FIRCRI电控共轨式喷油系统进行了发动机实验。实验结果表明 :BU MP燃烧系统能显著降低 NOx 和碳烟排放 ,在平均有效压力为 0 .6 6 MPa(原机 5 0 %负荷 )时 ,烟度只有 0 .1BSU,NOx 为 42 0× 10 - 6;由于在缸内能够形成较均匀的混合气 ,缸内平均过量空气系数在 1.3～ 2 .0的范围内时 ,烟度一直保持在 0 .3BSU以下。实验还发现 BUMP的位置以及喷油定时对排放有重要影响。BUMP燃烧系统在降低 NOx 和碳烟排放方面显示了极大的潜力。     

不同口径比和径深比燃烧室工作过程分析

不改变燃烧室体积,通过改变燃烧室的口径比和径深比,对柴油机工作过程进行了模拟计算。燃烧模型取4步简化动力学模型,湍流模型取修正k-ε模型。计算区域除气缸和燃烧室外,还包括进、排气支管。计算结果表明,随着口径比的减小,缸内挤流强度增加。对于空间雾化燃烧的直喷式柴油机,将燃烧室结构设计成油注形状,可以利用燃烧波在燃烧室内产生较大尺度的垂直涡流,有利于增强燃油喷射效应,从而提高油气与空气的均匀混合质量,提高柴油机的经济性,同时也有利于降低NO排放。     

进气预混乙醇对柴油机碳烟与NOx排放的影响参数研究

在一台自然吸气式直喷柴油机上，按照组合燃烧的要求．全面、系统地研究了不同喷嘴孔径、不同供油定时、不同喷醇的始点对发动机碳烟、NOx排放以及经济性的影响．研究结果表明，为了获得更低的碳烟和NOx排放以及优越的能量经济性，与燃用纯柴油的发动机相比，采用进气预混乙醇的组合燃烧发动机的柴油供油定时可以稍迟或保持不变，燃油喷嘴的孔径应适当减小，预混乙醇的发动机负荷起点应适中．     

柴油机喷雾夹角对缸内三维流场的影响

运用CFD软件对直喷柴油机燃烧室中的喷雾及燃烧过程进行数值计算,考察了不同喷雾夹角下缸内三维流场及NOx排放的差异,并将计算结果进行了对比分析。结果表明喷雾夹角的增加使凹坑内的空气利用率变差,并使得燃烧高温区域更加接近气缸壁面以及缸盖平面;喷雾夹角的减小使燃烧过程中生成的NOx排放增加并增加了喷油器的热负荷。     

某四缸乘用车柴油机燃烧系统的设计优化

介绍了长城汽车研发的一款高性能"2.0VGT"柴油发动机燃烧系统的设计优化过程,通过模拟计算发动机整个工作过程,对进排气系统和进气道形状、气流运动形式、喷油器喷雾特性、燃烧室形状进行多方案优化选型。研究不同工况下,喷油规律(次数、喷油间隔、每次喷油量、喷油时刻)、喷油器特性(喷孔数量、喷孔直径、喷油压力、喷油锥角)的喷雾特性(油滴细化程度、贯穿度)对发动机性能、排放和油耗的影响规律。并对发动机实现国Ⅴ排放要求,对所需要的喷油系统特性及燃烧室形状进行研究。     

小缸径直喷式柴油机喷雾,燃烧和碳粒生成过程试验研究

本介绍了作采用同步高速摄影技术和图象分析技术研究柴油机缸内碳粒生成和氧化过程的研究结果。研究结果表明：在柴油机燃烧过程中碳粒最早出现在燃烧室内有空气渗混的富油区；速燃期内高温富碳燃烧区的形状与着火前一时刻喷雾场的形状相吻合；富油区大直径油滴的燃烧裂解和活塞顶隙处外溢燃气的低温燃烧是柴油机产生碳烟微粒排放的主要原因。     

Modeling study of soot formation and oxidation in DI diesel engine using an improved soot model

Particulate emission is one of the most deleterious pollutants generated by Diesel fuel combustion. The ability to predict soot formation is one of the key elements needed to optimize the engine performance and minimize soot emissions. This paper reports work on developing, a phenomenological soot model to better model the physical and chemical processes of soot formation in Diesel fuel combustion. This hybrid model features that the effect of turbulence on the chemical reaction rate was considered in soot oxidation. Soot formation and oxidation processes were modeled with the application of a hybrid method involving particle turbulent transport controlled rate and soot oxidation rate. Compared with the original soot model, the in-cylinder pressures, heat release rate and soot emissions predicted by this hybrid model agreed better with the experimental results. The verified hybrid model was used to investigate the effect of injection timing on engine performance. The results show that the new soot model predicted reasonable soot spatial profiles within the combustion chamber. The high temperature gas zone in cylinder for hybrid model case is distributed broadly soot and NOx emission dependence on the start-of-injection (SOI) timing. Retarded SOI timing increased the portion of diffusion combustion and the soot concentration increased significantly with retarding of the fuel injection timing. The predicted distributions of soot concentration and particle mass provide some new insights on the soot formation and oxidation processes in direct injection (DI) engines. The hybrid phenomenological soot model shows greater potential for enhancing understanding of combustion and soot formation processes in DI diesel engines.     

喷孔直径对直喷式柴油机碳粒生成过程的影响

介绍喷孔直径对直喷式柴油机碳粒生成过程影响的试验研究及结果。试验在倒拖的单缸试验机上进行,采用了同步高速摄影技术。研究结果说明：喷孔直径影响着火位置。减小喷孔直径可加速碳粒燃烧扩展过程,提高碳粒燃烧速率,进而可降低柴油机的碳粒排放量。     

新型燃烧模型在柴油机燃烧模拟中的应用(下)

将每个计算单元分为燃料区、空气区和混合区3个区域,在火焰传播方向上又将每个区域分为已燃区和未燃区,建立了柴油机的三区相关火焰燃烧模型,利用该模型对超多喷孔柴油机和传统柴油机缸内燃烧过程进行三维数值模拟,不仅得到了与试验值相符的气缸压力、NOx和SOOT排放量等结果,而且获得了柴油机缸内混合气的浓度场、温度场、NOx质量...     

新型燃烧模型在柴油机燃烧模拟中的应用(上)

将每个计算单元分为燃料区、空气区和混合区3个区域,在火焰传播方向上又将每个区域分为已燃区和未燃区,建立了柴油机的三区相关火焰燃烧模型,利用该模型对超多喷孔柴油机和传统柴油机缸内燃烧过程进行三维数值模拟,不仅得到了与试验值相符的气缸压力、NOx和SOOT排放量等结果,而且获得了柴油机缸内混合气的浓度场、温度场、NOx质量...     

A coupling dynamics and thermodynamics study of diesel pilot-ignition injection effect on hydrogen combustion of a linear engine

Linear hydrogen engine is a new type of energy conversion device to supports variable compression ratio operation for clean emission. However, the new hydrogen engine using conventional spark ignition shows slow combustion speed and low thermal efficiency. This study makes a preliminary assessment to discuss the application of diesel pilot-ignition technology in linear hydrogen engine aiming to accelerate combustion and improve efficiency. A new coupling model between dynamics and thermodynamics is proposed and then iteratively calculated to give insight the interrelationship of combustion and motion in a diesel pilot-ignited linear hydrogen engine, while the effect of injection position on the hydrogen engine combustion is also investigated to make clear the feasibility of combustion optimization. The results indicate that the linear hydrogen engine is speeded by properly advancing the injection to promote combustion, and it has a positive effect on in-cylinder gas temperature, pressure and pressure rise rate, unless the injection is too early which results in higher NO emissions and aggravate the working intensity of the engine. In addition, the closer the fuel injection is to the top dead center, the incomplete combustion of hydrogen and diesel in the cylinder, the decrease of engine fuel economy and the increase of soot emissions. There is an optimal thermal efficiency of 40.7% for the LHE when it operates in the 0.8 mm injection position condition.     

燃油碰撞形成混合气在直喷式柴油机上的应用

介绍一种新型直喷式柴油机燃烧系统。在普通轴针式喷油嘴头部加装一挡块，燃油束经其撞击后，部分燃油向垂直于轴针方向四周扩展，增大燃油与空气的接触面积，加快燃油与空气的混合速率，实现了在较低涡流比条件下用单孔轴针式喷油嘴进行直喷式燃烧。实验在一台卧式单缸柴油机上进行。结果表明，该燃烧系统可行，对燃油品质要求不高、工作可靠、起动性好。     

Parametric studies for improving the performance of a Jatropha oil-fuelled compression ignition engine

A single cylinder, constant speed, direct injection diesel engine was operated on neat Jatropha oil. Injection timing, injector opening pressure, injection rate and air swirl level were changed to study their influence on performance, emissions and combustion. Results have been compared with neat diesel operation. The injection timing was varied by changing the position of the fuel injection pump with respect to the cam and injection rate was varied by changing the diameter of the plunger of the fuel injection pump. A properly oriented masked inlet valve was employed to enhance the air swirl level. Advancing the injection timing from the base diesel value and increasing the injector opening pressure increase the brake thermal efficiency and reduce HC and smoke emissions significantly. Enhancing the swirl has only a small effect on emissions. The ignition delay with Jatropha oil is always higher than that of diesel under similar conditions. Improved premixed heat release rates were observed with Jatropha oil when the injector opening pressure is enhanced. When the injection timing is retarded with enhanced injection rate, a significant improvement in performance and emissions was noticed. In this case emissions with Jatropha oil are even lower than diesel. At full output, the HC emission level is 532 ppm with Jatropha oil as against 798 ppm with diesel. NO level and smoke with Jatropha oil are, respectively 1162.5 ppm and 2 BSU while they are 1760 ppm and 2.7 BSU with diesel.     

喷油策略对自由活塞直线发动机燃烧过程的影响

研究不同喷油策略对自由活塞发动机燃烧排放性能的影响,探索了适合自由活塞发动机柴油燃烧系统的喷油策略。基于AVL FIRE仿真平台,搭建三维动网格计算模型,通过台架试验数据,对试验喷油策略为矩形的缸压数据进行标定,验证了模型的准确性。然后对4种不同曲线形状喷油策略(普通三角形、等腰三角形、矩形和梯形)下的发动机燃烧放热及排放性能进行了仿真计算。研究结果表明:压缩上止点前采用矩形喷油策略缸内油气混合速率最快,压缩上止点后采用等腰三角形喷油策略更有利于油气混合;等腰三角形喷油策略下发动机峰值燃烧压力最大,最接近上止点,而且指示热效率最大,达到0.371;等腰三角形喷油策略下,缸内峰值燃烧压力和温度最大,NO排放最高而碳烟排放最低。     

进气预混乙醇降低柴油机碳烟与NOx排放的试验研究

通过开发的控制系统在485QDI发动机上研究了不同喷嘴、不同喷油定时、不同喷醇的起点对发动机碳烟、NOx排放和经济性的影响。经过优化供油参数和喷醇起点的喷醇发动机与原柴油机进行的对比试验,证明采用进气预混乙醇发动机在碳烟、NOx排放明显优于原柴油机,经济性也好于原柴油机,并在柴油机燃用可再生的含氧燃料方面做了很多有益的探索。