考虑历史洪水时指数分布线性矩法的研究

在介绍指数分布线性矩及其参数关系的基础上,提出了可考虑历史洪水线性矩公式,通过统计试验分析了线性矩法的统计性能及历史洪水公式的适用性,并与两种不同准则适线法、矩法作了比较.统计试验结果表明,线性矩法的参数及设计值合理有效、比矩法更稳定,是一种统计特性优良的参数估计法.     

最大熵原理在P-Ⅲ型分布参数估计中的应用研究

探讨了最大熵原理在P-Ⅲ型分布参数估计中的应用,提出了一种基于线性矩的新的熵估计方法(POMELM),并对三种不同熵参数估计方法提出了考虑历史洪水信息的计算公式。统计试验结果表明,熵估计方法明显优于两种传统熵估计方法,考虑历史洪水的计算公式是有效可行的,从而拓宽了熵估计方法应用范围。通过对POM ELM法与传统估计方法包括矩法、线性矩法、适线法、权函数法的比较,新的熵估计法优于传统方法,与线性矩法相当。     

P-Ⅲ型分布参数估计方法的比较研究

应用统计试验对P-Ⅲ型分布的几种参数估计方法的无偏性和稳健性做了分析比较研究，包括矩法、概率权重矩法、数值积分单权函数法、数值积分双权函数法、混合权函数法和线性矩法。结果表明数值积分单、双权函数法的无偏性较好，线性矩法次之；线性矩法的稳健性最好，混合权函数法次之，矩法最差。     

蚁群算法在P-Ⅲ型分布曲线参数估计中的应用

针对蚁群算法具有正反馈、并行计算、较强的鲁棒性,通过对标准蚁群算法的修改,提出一种可用于P-Ⅲ型分布曲线参数估值的连续蚁群算法.以黄河循化站实测资料为例,结果表明,基于离差平方和最小准则的蚁群算法所得的P-Ⅲ型曲线参数精度优于矩法、线性矩法和适线法,收敛速度快.     

Copula分布估计算法在瞬时单位线参数估计中的应用

针对利用传统矩法估计瞬时单位线参数时还原的洪水过程与实测洪水过程之间往往存在较大差异的问题,结合Copula函数与分布估计算法的优点,以实测地面径流与还原地面径流的加权残差绝对值之和最小为准则,采用Copula分布估计算法进行流域瞬时单位线的参数估计,这样既保证了算法的全局搜索能力,又充分考虑了参数间的相关关系。实例应用结果表明,利用Copula分布估计算法估计单位线,还原后的洪水过程与实测洪水过程的吻合度较传统的矩法高,特别是对于洪峰,优势更为明显。     

短历时暴雨频率分布及暴雨公式研究

短历时暴雨频率分布及暴雨公式作为城镇雨涝和小流域设计洪水计算的重要基础模型,可为城市排水系统规划设计和小流域山洪灾害防治等提供依据。以宝鸡气象站为例,选取1981~2017年11个短历时统计时段的年最大暴雨量资料,采用线性矩法估计参数,分析常用的13种频率分布在短历时暴雨频率计算中的适应性;分别基于实测雨强和最优频率分布计算雨强,应用麦夸尔特法和遗传算法求解了四参数暴雨公式参数,并与宝鸡站现行暴雨公式进行比较分析。结果表明,对数皮尔逊Ⅲ型分布(LP-Ⅲ)在短历时暴雨频率分析计算时适应性更强;遗传算法更适宜于暴雨公式参数估计;实测雨强推求的暴雨公式精度优于最优频率分布计算雨强推求的暴雨公式;依据实测雨强基于遗传算法的宝鸡站暴雨公式相对现行暴雨公式更安全,可作为该区域防洪排涝设计的依据。     

推理公式法在复杂丘陵地貌设计洪水计算中的适用性分析

为研究推理公式法在复杂丘陵地区设计洪水计算中的适用性和误差来源，采用Morris筛选法分析了推理公式法参数的敏感性，通过与水文比拟法、历史洪水调查等结果进行对比，分析了推理公式法在不同流域面积的适用性。结果表明，面平均雨量是推理公式法主要的误差来源，误差随流域面积增大呈增加趋势，通过合理选择参数，对于面积在500～1 000 km²的流域，推理公式法仍具有适用性；以蒲江河流域为例，采用传统面雨量计算方法(不折减),当控制断面集雨面积分别为100 km²左右、100～500 km²、大于500 km²时，误差分别为5.1%～5.3%、11.2%～16.0%、25.2%～25.5%,当流域面积大于500 km²时，通过面雨量合理折减后，计算结果比历史调查资料仅小约0.2%。     

不连序系列的动态加权优化适线法

针对现行水文频率计算存在的3个问题,频率曲线各段拟合精度存在差异、采用矩法计算不连序系列统计参数前提假设及区别一般洪水与特大洪水假设的合理性,针对性地提出了解决问题的方法,即采用模糊数学原理估计适线法参数初值、根据隶属度大小区别特大洪水与一般洪水、依据洪水大小不同动态加权优化适线法。最后结合实例,采用加权的优化适线法进行频率计算。结果表明,所提方法可行,且精度较高,在工程实践上可参考应用。     

考虑历史洪水的防洪计算时历法效果分析

针对现行的防洪计算方法大多存在局限性的问题,提出了考虑历史洪水的时历法,推求了历史洪水流量过程线与历史库容重现期,分析了防洪库容序列的分布特性及防洪库容序列连续部分的线型选择,给出了适当的解决方案,并与传统防洪计算方法的统计试验进行比较.结果表明,当历史洪水流量过程线采用按峰值挑选法和按峰量值挑选法推求时,考虑历史洪水的时历法具有较好的估计精度,对防洪库容设计值的估计效果与洪水随机模拟法相当,优于设计洪水过程线法,可用于解决水库防洪计算问题.而样本容量的增长、合理考虑历史洪水信息对提高设计防洪库容估计精度均具有积极意义.     

指数Γ和P-Ⅲ型线型对洪水极值分布拟合分析比较

根据云南省六大水系24个测站的实测、调查洪水样本系列,按离差平方和最小准则适线确定统计参数,分别用指数Г型分布曲线及其特例P-Ⅲ型分布曲线进行适线拟合比较,从点线配合情况及统计参数约束条件综合分析,认为指数Г型分布曲线适应性更强,它不仅能较好地拟合地质、地形、地貌、水文气候条件及其复杂地区河流的洪水样本系列,而且曲线的数学物理特征符合洪水基本现象,推求稀遇频率的洪水成果比较合理,是类似地区工程水文分析计算的理想线型.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Economie d'énergie en trigénération

Trigeneration is defined as the production of three useful forms of energy—heat, cold and power—from a primary source of energy such as natural gas or oil. For instance, trigeneration systems typically produce electrical power via a reciprocating engine or gas turbine and recover a large percentage of the heat energy retained in the lubricating oil, exhaust gas and coolant water systems to maximize the utilization of the primary fuel. The heat produced can be totally or partially used to fuel absorption refrigerators. Therefore, trigeneration systems enjoy an inherently high efficiency and have the potential to significantly reduce the energy-related operation costs of facilities. In this paper, we describe a model of characterization of trigeneration systems trough the condition of primary energy saving and the quality index, compared to the separate production of heat, cold and power. The study highlights the importance of the choice of the separate production reference system on the level of primary energy saving and emissions reduction.     

Mineralogical characterization of the intraseam layers of Lofoi lignite deposits in Florina basin (western Makedonia,northwest Greece)

The mineralogical composition of intraseam layers from Lofoi lignite deposits (northwest Greece) is the subject of the present study. The samples were examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric (TG/DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. The clay minerals prevail in most samples, with illite-muscovite being the dominant phase, and kaolinite and chlorite being the other major clay components. No smectite was found. Quartz and feldspars, dominate in two cases. The studied materials are characterized as clays to clayey sands, showing significant similarities with the intraseam layers of the adjacent Achlada lignite deposits.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

Innovative methodologies in renewable energy: A review

This paper is concerned with innovative approaches to renewable energy sources computation methodologies, which provide more refined results than the classical alternatives. Such refinements provide additional improvements especially for replacement of fossil energy usages that emit greenhouse gas (GHG) into the atmosphere leading to climate change impact. Current knowledge gap among each renewable energy source calculation is rather missing fundamentals of plausible, rational, and logical explanations for the interpretation of results. In the literature, there are rather complicated and mechanically applicable methodologies, which require input and output measurement data match with missing physical explanations. The view taken in this review paper is to concentrate on quite plausible, logical, rational, and effectively applicable innovative energy calculation methodologies with simplistic fundamentals. For this purpose, a set of renewable energy methodological approaches is revisited with their innovative structures concerning solar, wind, hydro, current, and geothermal energy resources. With the increase in the renewable energy utilizations to combat the undesirable impacts of global warming and climate change, there is a need for better models that will include physical environmental conditions and data properties in the probabilistic, statistical, stochastic, logical, and rational senses leading to refined and more reliable estimations with application examples in the text. Finally, new research directions are also recommended for more refined innovative energy system calculations.     

Decomposition of limestone in a solar reactor

The thermal decomposition of limestone has been selected as a model reaction for developing and testing an atmospheric open solar reactor. The reactor consists of a cyclone gas/particle separator which has been modified to let the concentrated solar energy enter through a windowless aperture. The reacting particles are directly exposed to the solar irradiation. Experimentation with a 60 kW reactor prototype was conducted at PSI's 90m² parabolic solar concentrator, in a continuous mode of operation. A counter-current flow heat exchanger was employed to preheat the reactants. Eighty five percent degree of calcination was obtained for cement raw material and 15% of the solar input was converted into chemical energy (enthalpy).The technical feasibility of the solar thermal decomposition of limestone was experimentally demonstrated. The use of solar energy as a source for high-temperature process heat offers the potential of reducing significantly the CO₂ emissions from lime producing plants. Such a solar thermochemical process can find application in sunny rural areas for avoiding deforestation.