黄河下游冰凌特征变化及影响因素分析

针对黄河下游封冻河段不稳定、凌情复杂的问题,依据1950～2017年黄河下游历史冰情资料,运用线性倾向估计法统计分析了该河段冰凌特征变化,并分析了影响冰情的主要因素。结果表明,黄河下游冰凌特征变化为单个凌汛期内封、开河频次不稳定;封河长度、封河天数、最大冰量均有显著下降;封河流量、开河流量明显减小;封河气温明显上升。受多种因素共同影响,1999年小浪底水库运用后下游冰情发生了明显变化,主要表现为流凌日期推迟6d,首封日期提前1d,开河日期提前8d,封河天数减少7d,封河长度缩短140km,封冻冰量减少约77%,不封河年频率由14.3%增加到31.6%等。研究结果为黄河下游河道未来防洪最不利标准的设定提供凌汛条件。     

气温变化和水库运行对黄河内蒙古段凌情的影响

近半个世纪内,气温变化和水库运行使黄河内蒙古段凌情呈现出不同的特点。基于黄河内蒙古段1959~2013年冬季气温及水文资料,统计分析了巴彦高勒、三湖河口、头道拐3个水文站近55年平均气温及其变化过程,并结合水库冰期控流情况,分时段研究了黄河内蒙古段凌情变化。结果表明,1968年水库运行后至1987年气温突变前,封河与开河日期比基准期均推后,封冻持续时间基本不变;1987年气温突变后,封冻日期推后,开河日期提前,封冻期缩短;流凌日期、封河日期与气温转负后的降温强度有关;累积负气温与冰厚呈显著负相关,相关系数达-0.817,气温升高使得首封位置下移。     

黄河万家寨河段河冰冰厚遥感提取及年内变化特征分析

冰凌观测是防凌的前提,是冰凌研究的基础,因此全面准确的冰凌观测可为科学防凌提供可靠的依据。为此,以黄河万家寨库区河段为例,通过冰厚反演算法对其冰厚数据进行遥感反演,利用Lebedev模型对反演结果进行验证,并对结果进行年内变化特征分析。结果表明,卫星遥感反演结果与实测及模型验证结果接近,相关系数为0.8;冰厚演变总体呈成冰、流凌、初封、稳封、融冰、开河的生消演变过程。反演冰厚结果可为黄河内蒙段防凌减灾等实际工作提供参考依据。     

三峡水库蓄水后荆江河段水位变化研究

基于2003～2007年的实测资料计算了荆江河段冲刷深度,并利用河段各粒径组的冲刷量估算了其交换层厚度,得到河段达到极限冲刷状态后,在一般的年份交换层厚度不会超过蓄水初期的数值.在此基础上预测了荆江河段冲刷的最大值及相应水位变化.结果表明,与现有的研究成果相比,荆江河段极限冲刷量及中、高水位变化的幅度均较小.     

闸控河段水质多相转化机理与模型研究

由于修建闸坝等水利工程对河道内水流、悬浮物、底泥等具有强烈的扰动作用,闸控河段水质转化过程呈现出多介质、多相态、多形式的特点。基于水质多相转化机理,分析了不同调度方式下闸控河段的水质迁移转化特点;提出在"水体-悬浮物-底泥-生物体"界面内开展水质多相转化研究的总体思路,推导了能有效描述各种相态水质之间传质过程的数学表达式,进而构建了具有一定物理机制的闸控河段水质多相转化模型,为客观认识水闸调度在水资源保护中所起的作用提供科学依据。     

赣江下游外洲河段水沙特性及冲淤演变分析

为分析赣江下游外洲河段水沙特性及冲淤变化,基于实测资料采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法分析水沙变化,基于外洲水文站历年测绘资料,对外洲断面进行套绘分析,采用断面地形法计算控制断面冲淤量,并分析冲淤量与来水来沙量的相关关系。结果表明,外洲河段近年来沙系数减小,河段冲刷较为明显,主要原因为受万安水库截流与人类采砂活动的共同影响。研究成果可为赣江和鄱阳湖的开发提供指导。     

我国第三大水电站向家坝电站将诞生五个世界之最

①向家坝水电站简介 向家坝水电站是金沙江下游梯级开发中最末一个梯极，位于我省水富县与四川省宜宾县交界的金沙江下游河段上。作为我国“十一五”期间开工的第一座巨型水电站，是我国西电东送的骨干电源点。     

汉江中游仙人渡河段河道演变规律及趋势分析

针对丹江口水库建成后对汉江中游仙人渡河段河势的影响,基于历年实测资料,分析了汉江中游仙人渡河段的演变规律,进而探讨了河道演变趋势。结果表明,20世纪70年代以来,仙人渡河段深泓平面位置总体基本稳定,仅在不管洲汊道段发生主支汊易位,1977~1987年深泓位于不管洲汊道段的中汊,1987年以后深泓摆至右汊并保持稳定;河段深泓平均冲刷深度从1977~1987年的0.93m,减少至1987~2005年的0.35m以及2005~2012年的0.32m;河段高滩部分变化不大,但低滩部分冲淤较为剧烈,主要表现为郭家岗附近河岸崩塌、河道展宽导致江心滩的形成并发育,1977~2005年不管洲汊道段主支汊易位后的支汊淤积和主汊冲刷以及2005~2012年连续几场大洪水导致不管洲中汊的冲刷。据此推断,未来不管洲汊道段中汊发展成为主汊的可能性很小,河段深泓平面位置仍将维持现状,河势总体保持稳定,河段深泓平均冲刷强度均不会超过2005~2012年的均值(0.04m/年)。     

弯曲河段污染混合区几何特征参数的实用化算法

在弯曲河段中因流线弯曲和副流的存在,使其污染混合区的几何特征参数与顺直河段有很大不同。为将顺直河段污染混合区的相关理论公式拓展应用于弯曲河段,需对其进行修正,即在与顺直河段断面形状和来流流速相同的条件下,通过地表水模型系统SMS软件模拟计算了一系列不同弯曲半径、弯曲角度的河段凹岸和凸岸排污浓度分布,分别读取不同相对允许浓度升高值时的污染混合区最大长度、最大宽度和面积,在顺直河段污染混合区几何特征参数理论公式的本构关系基础上,结合量纲—分析和曲线拟合,分别给出了弯曲河段污染混合区最大长度、最大宽度和面积的修正系数,并验证了其合理性和可行性。为弯曲河段污染混合区范围的计算提供了一种快捷、有效的实用化方法。     

塔里木河流域乌斯满河段平面二维水沙数值模拟

由于新疆塔里木河流域乌斯满河段每年汛期泥沙含量及洪水流量均不相同,因此原型观测既耗时又耗力,针对该河段的泥沙特点,基于CCHE2D河流泥沙模型,对乌斯满河段汛期泥沙冲淤和河床变形问题进行二维数值模拟,首先在为期92d的汛期下对乌斯满河段泥沙形态进行数值模拟,提取W2断面泥沙形态计算结果与原型观测结果做比较从而率定泥沙参数;然后在后续28d的汛期,采用该模型对同河段进行数值模拟,得到W2和W5典型断面的水流水位、纵向水面线水位、河床泥沙淤积形态结果并与实测结果进行对比分析。结果表明,该模型计算的水流水位和河床冲淤形态与原型观测资料吻合较好,由此提取河床形变结果,通过模拟计算汛期河床冲淤深度及位置,可为该河段日后建立拦河枢纽工程及河道整治提供参考依据。     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Economie d'énergie en trigénération

Trigeneration is defined as the production of three useful forms of energy—heat, cold and power—from a primary source of energy such as natural gas or oil. For instance, trigeneration systems typically produce electrical power via a reciprocating engine or gas turbine and recover a large percentage of the heat energy retained in the lubricating oil, exhaust gas and coolant water systems to maximize the utilization of the primary fuel. The heat produced can be totally or partially used to fuel absorption refrigerators. Therefore, trigeneration systems enjoy an inherently high efficiency and have the potential to significantly reduce the energy-related operation costs of facilities. In this paper, we describe a model of characterization of trigeneration systems trough the condition of primary energy saving and the quality index, compared to the separate production of heat, cold and power. The study highlights the importance of the choice of the separate production reference system on the level of primary energy saving and emissions reduction.     

Mineralogical characterization of the intraseam layers of Lofoi lignite deposits in Florina basin (western Makedonia,northwest Greece)

The mineralogical composition of intraseam layers from Lofoi lignite deposits (northwest Greece) is the subject of the present study. The samples were examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric (TG/DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. The clay minerals prevail in most samples, with illite-muscovite being the dominant phase, and kaolinite and chlorite being the other major clay components. No smectite was found. Quartz and feldspars, dominate in two cases. The studied materials are characterized as clays to clayey sands, showing significant similarities with the intraseam layers of the adjacent Achlada lignite deposits.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

Innovative methodologies in renewable energy: A review

This paper is concerned with innovative approaches to renewable energy sources computation methodologies, which provide more refined results than the classical alternatives. Such refinements provide additional improvements especially for replacement of fossil energy usages that emit greenhouse gas (GHG) into the atmosphere leading to climate change impact. Current knowledge gap among each renewable energy source calculation is rather missing fundamentals of plausible, rational, and logical explanations for the interpretation of results. In the literature, there are rather complicated and mechanically applicable methodologies, which require input and output measurement data match with missing physical explanations. The view taken in this review paper is to concentrate on quite plausible, logical, rational, and effectively applicable innovative energy calculation methodologies with simplistic fundamentals. For this purpose, a set of renewable energy methodological approaches is revisited with their innovative structures concerning solar, wind, hydro, current, and geothermal energy resources. With the increase in the renewable energy utilizations to combat the undesirable impacts of global warming and climate change, there is a need for better models that will include physical environmental conditions and data properties in the probabilistic, statistical, stochastic, logical, and rational senses leading to refined and more reliable estimations with application examples in the text. Finally, new research directions are also recommended for more refined innovative energy system calculations.     

Decomposition of limestone in a solar reactor

The thermal decomposition of limestone has been selected as a model reaction for developing and testing an atmospheric open solar reactor. The reactor consists of a cyclone gas/particle separator which has been modified to let the concentrated solar energy enter through a windowless aperture. The reacting particles are directly exposed to the solar irradiation. Experimentation with a 60 kW reactor prototype was conducted at PSI's 90m² parabolic solar concentrator, in a continuous mode of operation. A counter-current flow heat exchanger was employed to preheat the reactants. Eighty five percent degree of calcination was obtained for cement raw material and 15% of the solar input was converted into chemical energy (enthalpy).The technical feasibility of the solar thermal decomposition of limestone was experimentally demonstrated. The use of solar energy as a source for high-temperature process heat offers the potential of reducing significantly the CO₂ emissions from lime producing plants. Such a solar thermochemical process can find application in sunny rural areas for avoiding deforestation.