关于加快发展核电站乏燃料后处理的建议

安全高效发展核电是我国改善能源结构,以及提高清洁能源供应的有效措施。为保障核能可持续发展,加快发展乏燃料后处理已成为当务之急。本文从国内外乏燃料后处理发展现状出发,分析了发展乏燃料后处理的必要性和紧迫性,并提出了有关发展建议。发展乏燃料后处理应匹配我国核电发展形势,逐步建立完善的乏燃料离堆贮存和后处理服务体系,实现乏燃料的统一规划部署、集中安全管理。     

国内外乏燃料后处理技术研究现状

随着我国核电事业的发展,乏燃料不断累积,核电乏燃料的安全管理已成为核工业持续发展不得不面临的重大难题."十四五"规划中也重点提出要建设乏燃料后处理厂的要求.针对日益严峻的乏燃料后处理要求,本文系统归纳总结了当前国内后处理技术发展现状、分析了乏燃料后处理技术发展趋势,并针对当前国内乏燃料发展中的问题,提出了相应的研究思路,为下一步乏燃料后处理发展提供指导.     

我国核电站乏燃料管理立法思考

安全高效发展核电是实现清洁能源发展目标的重要举措,而乏燃料长期安全管理一直是制约核电规模化发展的瓶颈之一。为了保障乏燃料后处理产业健康有序发展,应加快有关领域的立法工作,为我国乏燃料的科学管理提供制度保障。本文从我国乏燃料管理的现状出发,分析了该领域立法的必要性和可行性,并给出了有关建议。我国乏燃料管理领域立法应完善核法律法规体系,明确相关主体责任,进一步提高乏燃料管理基金利用效率,重视公众参与,切实保障我国核能可持续发展。     

解析中国的核能战略

分析了我国发展核电三步走的战略（第一步压水堆核电站,第二步快中子增殖堆电站和第三步核聚变堆电站）及发展核电所需要的铀资源储备（重视国内外的铀资源利用）,进而对核燃料循环中的乏燃料后处理及乏燃料处置分离和嬗变技术（加速器驱动的次临界系统ADS）进行了讨论。     

我国核电站乏燃料中碘-129和铯-137累积量预测

根据我国能源发展需求和核电发展状况的研究结果,对我国现有核电机组运行1a后乏燃料中的典型核素碘-129和铯-137的累积量做了预测,通过ORIGEN2.1程序得到了累计量的预测数据,为乏燃料的后处理及分离-嬗变研究提供参考。     

影响我国核电安全的“短板”

正在"总体国家安全观"为指导和"确保安全"的前提下,我国核电产业尚有以下几大"短板"亟须高度重视和解决:①核废料处理已成为我国核电产业最薄弱的环节。我国在建的29台机组2020年全部投入运行后,乏燃料处理压力马上凸显,大亚湾核电站到2018年就面临乏燃料无法外运的难题。据中国核能协会数据,2020年现有48台机组将使我国乏燃料数量累计达到1×10~4t,并以每年1200t的速度继续增加,且我国乏燃料运输能力仅为每年需求量的16%。②我国核电安全监管能     

我国快堆闭式核燃料循环体系的现状及展望

基于铀资源需求和乏燃料积累预测，论证了我国发展快堆闲式核燃料循环的必要性，通过国内外调研，重点对影响我国快堆闭式循环的三个关键因素：钚元素积累、快堆技术、乏燃料后处理及快堆燃料技术的现状进行分析，并提出了展望和建议。     

核电站乏燃料中Np-237和Am-243的含量预测与分析

应用ORIGEN2.1程序对1座功率为1000MW核电机组运行3年后乏燃料次锕系核素(MA)中的NP-237和Am-243的累计量做了预测;并分析核电运行3年后,该2种核素经过短期和长期衰变后的含量变化趋势。为乏燃料的后处理提供有价值的参考。     

我国核电发展中的循环经济研究

在我国核电发展的背景下,核电机组持续增加,为保障核电的可持续发展,需认真考虑我国铀资源的供应、反应堆技术革新、乏燃料处置等一系列问题。在解决经济发展与资源环境之间的矛盾提出了看法,结合循环经济的理念,得出从铀矿资源、快堆技术的应用、分离与嬗变技术在乏燃料中的利用这几方面进行研究可使我国的核电进入循环可持续发展。     

国内外乏燃料后端处理

对乏燃料进行安全环保的后端处理是核能健康发展的可靠保障,我国和国际核电先进国家都对此十分重视。分别从总体需求、储存、运输现状等方面介绍了国内外乏燃料后端处理现状和发展趋势。     

上海发展核燃料循环后端产业的路径

为更好地推动中国核电事业的发展，消除民众对核废料的担忧，完善上海核电产业链，介绍了核废料的产生和处理方法，分析了国内外核燃料循环后端产业的特点、市场空间和发展态势，以及上海市发展核燃料循环后端产业的优势和不足，提出了上海市发展核燃料循环后端产业的重要途径、重点产品以及相关政策建议，对引导上海相关企业进行合理规划和科研开发有一定的借鉴意义。     

China needing a cautious approach to nuclear power strategy

China is leading the recent revival of nuclear energy programs. The Chinese government plans to increase nuclear generating capacity to 40 GWe by 2020, while the installed capacity is 8.6 GWe in 2007. In view of the enthusiasm shown for nuclear electricity throughout the country, the actual scale of Chinese nuclear power development is expected to reach 70 GWe by 2020. However, the low cost proven uranium reverses (cost category to <130 US $/kg) in China only meet half demand of 40 GWe capacity in 2020. And overlying China's increased demand is continued political sensitivity about the uranium trade. Meanwhile, the capacity of China's spent fuel reprocessing cannot keep up with the increasing spent fuel. And the legal administrative system of radioactive waste and spent fuel management is outdated. Hence it is proposed in this paper that the accelerated development of nuclear power industry is not good, and the over-accelerated development may be harmful, without appropriately considering the uranium resources and spent fuel management.     

核电在中国中长期能源供应体系中的作用

研究核电发展问题,需要放置于能源电力的宏观体系中予以综合考量。文章研究了中国电力的供需形势,建立了电力供需平衡模型,对2040年之前的电力供需情况进行了预测分析。在综合考虑11类边界条件,并参考主要发达经济体能源发展历史的基础上,建立了中国6类一次能源消费预测模型,对2040年之前的一次能源消费情况进行了预测,给出了“核能低值”、“核能高值”两类预测结果。分析了世界核电的发展历史,对其进行了五个阶段划分,并论述了各阶段的核电发展情况、发展驱动力、影响因素等问题,还研究了美国、法国、德国等三个典型国家的核电发展历史,总结了经验教训。研究了世界铀矿资源量及储用比情况,为衡量铀资源的宏观转化效率,定义了铀资源转化比指标,并对主要经济体进行了对比研究。上述研究的主要结论为:(1)中国化石能源消费将在2030年之前见顶,一次能源消费将进入缓慢增长或维持阶段;(2)中长期来看,核能、非水可再生能源将分担新增能源消费和化石能源替代需求;(3)在电力供应严重过剩的情况下,核电的大规模开工建设预计将延至2025年以后;(4)至2040年,中国一次能源消费总量预计将达到57.4亿吨标准煤当量(tce),其中,核能消费占比在4.5%～7.5%之间,非水可再生能源消费占比在13.6%～16.6%之间;(5)总体来看,世界拥有充足的铀矿资源储备,可满足“铀基”核能的长期发展,此外,2040年之前的铀矿资源价格也将难以回到2007年的高位;(6)中国铀资源转化比仅为世界平均值的56.6%,需要在乏燃料处理及燃料循环利用方面提升技术水平和处理能力。     

China's spent nuclear fuel management: Current practices and future strategies

Although China's nuclear power industry is relatively young and the management of its spent nuclear fuel is not yet a concern, China's commitment to nuclear energy and its rapid pace of development require detailed analyses of its future spent fuel management policies. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of China's fuel cycle program and its reprocessing policy, and to suggest strategies for managing its future fuel cycle program. The study is broken into four sections. The first reviews China's current nuclear fuel cycle program and facilities. The second discusses China's current spent fuel management methods and the storage capability of China's 13 operational nuclear power plants. The third estimates China's total accumulated spent fuel, its required spent fuel storage from present day until 2035, when China expects its first commercialized fast neutron reactors to be operational, and its likely demand for uranium resources. The fourth examines several spent fuel management scenarios for the present period up until 2035; the financial cost and proliferation risk of each scenario is evaluated. The study concludes that China can and should maintain a reprocessing operation to meet its R&D activities before its fast reactor program is further developed.     

Fuel cells for low power applications

Electronic devices show an ever-increasing power demand and thus, require innovative concepts for power supply. For a wide range of power and energy capacity, membrane fuel cells are an attractive alternative to conventional batteries.The main advantages are

• &#x02022;the flexibility with respect to power and capacity achievable with different devices for energy conversion and energy storage,
• &#x02022;the long lifetime and long service life,
• &#x02022;the good ecological balance,
• &#x02022;very low self-discharge.

Therefore, the development of fuel cell systems for portable electronic devices is an attractive, although also a challenging, goal. The fuel for a membrane fuel cell might be hydrogen from a hydride storage system or methanol/water as a liquid alternative. The main differences between the two systems are

• &#x02022;the much higher power density for hydrogen fuel cells,
• &#x02022;the higher energy density per weight for the liquid fuel,
• &#x02022;safety aspects and infrastructure for fuel supply for hydride materials.

For different applications, different system designs are required. High power cells are required for portable computers, low power methanol fuel cells required for mobile phones in hybrid systems with batteries and micro-fuel cells are required, e.g. for hand held PCs in the sub-Watt range. All these technologies are currently under development. Performance data and results of simulations and experimental investigations will be presented.     

Future regional nuclear fuel cycle cooperation in East Asia: Energy security costs and benefits

Economic growth in East Asia has rapidly increased regional energy, and especially, electricity needs. Many of the countries of East Asia have sought or are seeking to diversify their energy sources and bolster their energy supply and/or environmental security by developing nuclear power. Rapid development of nuclear power in East Asia brings with it concerns regarding nuclear weapons proliferation associated with uranium enrichment and spent nuclear fuel management. This article summarizes the development and analysis of four different scenarios of nuclear fuel cycle management in East Asia, including a scenario where each major nuclear power user develops uranium enrichment and reprocessing of spent fuel individually, scenarios featuring cooperation in the full fuel cycle, and a scenario where reprocessing is avoided in favor of dry cask storage of spent fuel. The material inputs and outputs and costs of key fuel cycle elements under each scenario are summarized.     

基于固体氧化物燃料电池的高效清洁发电系统

  目的  固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC）是一种尖端技术,可通过电化学反应将碳氢燃料中的化学能转化为电和热,具有燃料来源广、发电效率高、余热品质高、运行安静、排放低、可模块化安装等优点,是实现化石能源高效清洁利用的有效途径之一。  方法  文章阐释了SOFC发电原理,介绍了国内外SOFC技术和产业化现状,分析了基于SOFC的分布式热电联供、联合循环发电以及煤气化燃料电池发电技术（IGFC）新一代发电系统应用场景。  结果  通过燃料电池发电技术路线和产业化现状研究,浅析了目前存在的问题,并结合我国资源禀赋和对高效清洁发电装置的市场需求,对该领域的未来发展趋势进行了展望。  结论  对比国内外在SOFC领域的技术差距,基于国内在SOFC电堆核心材料方面的优势,加大对SOFC系统集成技术攻关,为新一代以高温燃料电池为核心的清洁高效发电产业奠定基础。     

Transport characteristics of dehydrogenated ammonia borane and sodium borohydride spent fuels

Ammonia borane (AB) and sodium borohydride (SBH) are candidate materials for on-board hydrogen storage that can be dehydrogenated upon demand. The rheological properties of the dehydrogenated by-products are important to quantify their removal and transportability from the hydrogen storage system. This paper presents visco-elastic property (elastic stiffness and viscous damping) measurements of the spent fuels obtained from AB hydrolysis, hydrothermolysis and thermolysis; and SBH hydrolysis. Smaller stiffness and larger mobility (or smaller viscous damping) indicate better transportability of the spent fuel. In addition, flow property (dynamic angle of repose and avalanching time) measurements for the hydrolysis spent fuels of AB and SBH are also presented. Comparing with the SBH hydrolysis spent fuel, the AB hydrolysis spent fuel had a lower stiffness and larger mobility, as well as lower angles of dynamic repose and avalanche power peaks, indicating that it is more transportable. Among all the investigated AB spent fuels in the present study, those obtained from its neat thermolysis (at 120 °C) and hydrothermolysis (40–70 wt%) were found to be the most transportable, followed by-products of its hydrolysis and ionic solvent-aided thermolysis, respectively.     

A study of the probabilistic risk assessment to the dry storage system of spent nuclear fuel

Due to the large power supply in the energy market since 1960s, the nuclear power planets have been consistently constructed throughout the world in order to maintain and supply sufficient fundamental power generation. Up to now, most of the planets have been operated to a point where the spent fuel pool has reached its design capacity volume. To prevent the plant from shutdown due to the spent fuel pool exceeding the design capacity, the dry cask storage can provides a solution for both the spent fuel pool capacity and the mid-term storage method for the spent fuel bundles at nuclear power planet.