东庄水库与潼关高程

本文扼要论述渭河及泾河高含沙洪水的特性,渭河下游及潼关高程的冲淤规律,并论证得出三门峡建库后潼关高程抬升、渭河下游变为悬河的原因是三门峡枢纽高水位蓄水发电和泄洪能力低。提出通过对三门峡枢纽进行第3次改建和修建泾河东庄水库,达到有效地控制和利用泾河洪水冲刷渭河下游,降低潼关高程,并使三门峡枢纽除害兴利,长治久安。     

东庄水库与潼关高程

本文扼要论述渭河及泾河高含沙洪水的特性，渭河下游及潼关高程的冲淤规律，并论证得出三门峡建库后潼关高程抬升、渭河下游变为悬河的原因是三门峡枢纽高水位蓄水发电和泄洪能力低。提出通过对三门峡枢纽进行第3次改建和修建泾河东庄水库，达到有效地控制和利用泾河洪水冲刷渭河下游，降低潼关高程，并使三门峡枢纽除害兴利，长治久安。     

2003年渭河下游汛期洪水特性分析

以2003年临潼和华县站实测洪水资料为基础,对2003年8、9、10月份发生的渭河下游的大洪水的洪水特性进行了分析,认为渭河下游河道前期淤积萎缩、主槽过洪能力降低是这次渭河下游洪水位整体抬升、洪水演进较慢的根本原因,一号洪峰由于含沙量较高,漫滩后在滩面几乎整体停滞造成了华县站第二次洪峰水位的涨幅较高.     

渭河下游疏浚固堤初步分析

渭河下游频发洪水灾害,特别是2003年8月、2005年10月几场较大洪水,给渭河下游带来了巨大的损失。许多学者针对渭河下游出现的一系列问题,提出了近期缓解渭河下游突出问题的措施,清淤疏浚、淤背固堤是其中之一。本文从渭河下游水沙条件、淤积情况及解决渭河下游防洪问题入手,对清淤疏浚、淤背固堤进行了分析。     

渭河"05.10"洪水特性分析

渭河"05.10"洪水是自1981年以来渭河下游发生的最大洪水,临潼站洪峰流量5 270 m3/s,华县站洪峰流量4 820 m3/s.本文通过对本次洪水特性及其原因进行分析,目的是为更好的完善洪水防御对策,实现主动防洪避险,实现人水和谐,通过分析更好的了解和掌握水的自然规律,更好的服务于渭河防汛工作.     

渭河下游防洪减灾"长城工程"的建议

在考虑潼关河床高程对渭河下游成灾程度影响的基础上,按照《中国水利的理念-人与自然和谐共处》和《维持黄河健康生命的治黄新理念》的理论框架,坚持以人为根本,以渭河下游防洪减灾为核心,通过对渭河几场洪水、渭河堤防与黄河下游堤防的对比分析,提出了一个系统的、荫及子孙后代的实惠工程的框架构思,简称渭河下游防洪减灾“长城工程”。     

水库下游洪水风险分析研究

以大隆水库下游为例,综合研究了水库下游洪水风险分析技术,采用溃坝模型计算了溃坝洪水流量过程,在其他设计标准洪水下通过水库调度模型计算了相应水库下泄流量过程,通过洪水演进模型模拟洪水淹没过程,计算了淹没水深、范围、流速等多种洪水淹没要素,采用GIS叠置分析方法并结合洪水演进计算结果计算了淹没损失。获得了可信的洪水风险分析结果,为水库下游洪水风险分析提供了技术支持。     

基于Copula方法的渭河多站点洪水风险转移模拟

鉴于联合洪水风险的研究对水库建设和调度具有重要意义,基于Copula方法,建立了渭河流域的多水库联合洪水风险分布,以渭河支流的咸阳、华县、张家山站为例,每两个站点建立Pair-Copula分布,利用K-plot及Chi-plot分析两站点间的相关性,并根据咸阳和华县不同的洪水风险水平,利用Copula联合洪水风险分布,计算了张家山相应洪水风险及洪量。研究结果可为张家山水库的建设工程提供建设性建议与决策支持。     

黄河顶托倒灌渭河水流泥沙数学模型

本文根据渭河下游河道水沙及河床演变特性，建立了黄河顶托倒灌渭河一维非恒定不平衡输沙数学模型，可用于黄河顶托倒灌渭河时，渭河下游水位、流量、含沙量及河床淤积计算。     

中小河流洪水风险分析中的洪水演进计算研究

鉴于我国中小河流常因测站不足,缺乏实测水文资料,导致精细的设计洪水推求和洪水演进计算难以进行,进而影响河流洪水风险分析准确性的问题,采用推理公式分区组合的方法推求各断面设计洪水,并将其作为MIKE 11模型的输入洪水过程,进行河道内洪水演进模拟计算。以大连市复州河下游段为例,模拟计算了主河道设计洪水演进过程。结果表明,该方法可动态演示洪水演进过程,并能给出洪水风险分析的主要指标,与现场实测流量和洪痕水位相比,模拟精度良好,对中小河流洪水风险分析及防洪管理具有一定的参考和指导意义。     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Economie d'énergie en trigénération

Trigeneration is defined as the production of three useful forms of energy—heat, cold and power—from a primary source of energy such as natural gas or oil. For instance, trigeneration systems typically produce electrical power via a reciprocating engine or gas turbine and recover a large percentage of the heat energy retained in the lubricating oil, exhaust gas and coolant water systems to maximize the utilization of the primary fuel. The heat produced can be totally or partially used to fuel absorption refrigerators. Therefore, trigeneration systems enjoy an inherently high efficiency and have the potential to significantly reduce the energy-related operation costs of facilities. In this paper, we describe a model of characterization of trigeneration systems trough the condition of primary energy saving and the quality index, compared to the separate production of heat, cold and power. The study highlights the importance of the choice of the separate production reference system on the level of primary energy saving and emissions reduction.     

Mineralogical characterization of the intraseam layers of Lofoi lignite deposits in Florina basin (western Makedonia,northwest Greece)

The mineralogical composition of intraseam layers from Lofoi lignite deposits (northwest Greece) is the subject of the present study. The samples were examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric (TG/DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. The clay minerals prevail in most samples, with illite-muscovite being the dominant phase, and kaolinite and chlorite being the other major clay components. No smectite was found. Quartz and feldspars, dominate in two cases. The studied materials are characterized as clays to clayey sands, showing significant similarities with the intraseam layers of the adjacent Achlada lignite deposits.     

Innovative methodologies in renewable energy: A review

This paper is concerned with innovative approaches to renewable energy sources computation methodologies, which provide more refined results than the classical alternatives. Such refinements provide additional improvements especially for replacement of fossil energy usages that emit greenhouse gas (GHG) into the atmosphere leading to climate change impact. Current knowledge gap among each renewable energy source calculation is rather missing fundamentals of plausible, rational, and logical explanations for the interpretation of results. In the literature, there are rather complicated and mechanically applicable methodologies, which require input and output measurement data match with missing physical explanations. The view taken in this review paper is to concentrate on quite plausible, logical, rational, and effectively applicable innovative energy calculation methodologies with simplistic fundamentals. For this purpose, a set of renewable energy methodological approaches is revisited with their innovative structures concerning solar, wind, hydro, current, and geothermal energy resources. With the increase in the renewable energy utilizations to combat the undesirable impacts of global warming and climate change, there is a need for better models that will include physical environmental conditions and data properties in the probabilistic, statistical, stochastic, logical, and rational senses leading to refined and more reliable estimations with application examples in the text. Finally, new research directions are also recommended for more refined innovative energy system calculations.     

Decomposition of limestone in a solar reactor

The thermal decomposition of limestone has been selected as a model reaction for developing and testing an atmospheric open solar reactor. The reactor consists of a cyclone gas/particle separator which has been modified to let the concentrated solar energy enter through a windowless aperture. The reacting particles are directly exposed to the solar irradiation. Experimentation with a 60 kW reactor prototype was conducted at PSI's 90m² parabolic solar concentrator, in a continuous mode of operation. A counter-current flow heat exchanger was employed to preheat the reactants. Eighty five percent degree of calcination was obtained for cement raw material and 15% of the solar input was converted into chemical energy (enthalpy).The technical feasibility of the solar thermal decomposition of limestone was experimentally demonstrated. The use of solar energy as a source for high-temperature process heat offers the potential of reducing significantly the CO₂ emissions from lime producing plants. Such a solar thermochemical process can find application in sunny rural areas for avoiding deforestation.     

Constrained Optimization of Heat Transfer from an Extended Surface

Two different zero‐order optimization techniques are used to maximize the rates of heat transfer from a fin assembly of a specified cost and in the shape of several annular fins that are mounted on a central stem. The problem is formulated to account for two‐dimensional steady‐state heat transfer that is limited by several inequality constraints. The dimensionless governing equations are used to identify the relevant decision variables. The number of fins making up the assembly is treated as an input parameter. A digital computer is used to determine the required temperature distributions and to implement the optimization search algorithms. Three different fin materials are assessed—aluminum, copper and carbon steel. Design optimizations of the extended surface assembly were made over a range of operating conditions, encompassing several different convection heat transfer coefficients that are representative of free and forced convection in air, and several different overall temperature differences between the substrate surface and air. A few recommendations based on trends in the predicted results are given. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 43(6): 504–521, 2014; Published online 3 October 2013 in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj ). DOI 10.1002/htj.21093