湍流管流中柴油机微粒沉降特性的模拟研究

应用 CFD 软件对湍流管流中柴油机微粒的沉降特性及其影响因素进行了研究.分析了对柴油机微粒沉降具有重要影响的湍流管流中流场的结构特征,研究了微粒热泳沉降和湍流脉动沉降特性以及两者在微粒沉降中的相互作用,并对影响微粒沉降的各种因素进行了分析.通过研究,获得了湍流管流中柴油机微粒的沉降特性和沉降规律,研究结果可以为柴油机微粒沉降的控制以及微粒热泳净化技术的研究提供一定的依据.     

湍流通道内微粒受力对其输运特性的影响

柴油机排气过程中的微粒运动和沉降对微粒测量、排气再循环系统的正常工作以及微粒的净化捕集等具有重要的影响.利用微粒受力模型和微粒随机轨道模型,对湍流通道中微粒的输运特性以及微粒受力对其输运特性的影响进行了分析.通过研究,给出了重力、热泳力和Saffman升力在不同条件下对湍流通道内微粒输运特性的影响规律.研究结果对于加深柴油机微粒在湍流通道中运动及沉降规律的理解具有重要的意义.     

热泳力作用下柴油机微粒在冷却通道中沉降规律研究

对热泳力作用下柴油机微粒在冷却通道中的沉降规律进行了研究。推导建立了热泳沉降率数学模型，在此基础上分析了在热泳力作用下，微粒大小、排气流速、排气与壁面温差以及通道尺度等因素对柴油机微粒在冷却通道中热泳沉降率的影响规律。研究结果表明，热泳力对柴油机微粒具有一定的脱除作用，通过合理设计和控制冷却通道的结构和运行参数，可以有效地提高柴油机微粒在冷却通道中的沉降率。热泳沉降技术为柴油机微粒的净化以及柴油机微粒分布的改善提供一条有效的途经。     

管流中沉降微粒团再悬浮控制因素分析

沉降微粒再悬浮受微粒团直径、气流速度、微粒团与壁面间的黏附状况以及管道情况等多种因素的作用,是柴油机排气微粒净化捕集及微粒采样过程中的一个重要现象.以管流中的柴油机排气沉降微粒为研究对象,利用建立的沉降微粒团再悬浮静态受力模型,对管流中沉降微粒团再悬浮的控制因素进行了分析.研究结果表明,微粒团黏附角、平均流速以及管径等因素对管流中沉降微粒团的再悬浮具有重要的影响.通过研究,得到了微粒团黏附角、平均流速以及管径等控制因素对管流中沉降微粒团再悬浮的影响规律.     

影响柴油机排气微粒测量结果的若干因素

分析了影响柴油机排气微粒测量的各种因素,包括取样、排气温度、混合气温度、释稀比、系统壁面的沉积及随后粒子再入等。发现混合气温度、稀释比、微粒传输管上的热泳沉积和随后的粒子再入对微粒测量影响较大,从而提出了改进微粒测量系统的若干建议以减小测试结果的变动。     

利用文丘里管和VNT提高柴油机EGR率的研究

利用文丘里管和可变喷嘴增压器(VNT)提高柴油机的EGR率,旨在降低柴油机NOx的排放.采用试验的方法研究,对文丘里管喉口直径进行了优化,分析不同的喉口直径对发动机外特性参数的影响;对于VNT系统,分析VNT叶片开度对EGR系统的影响,并在最佳的EGR率下,进行了VNT与旁通增压器的柴油机性能对比.通过文丘里管喉口直径的合理选取和VNT喷嘴环叶片位置的调节,增加涡前与文丘里管喉口的压差及EGR率.结果表明,基于VNT的EGR系统,扩展了EGR率的范围,小负荷的EGR率能达到30%,在保证柴油机动力性、经济性不变的前提下,大大地降低了NOx的排放.     

柴油机排气微粒燃烧特性的试验研究

应用热重/差热同步分析仪,在空气、氧气两种气氛下对柴油机排气微粒进行燃烧特性试验。根据试验数据分析了微粒的失重曲线、燃烧特性曲线、着火温度、燃烧特性参数,计算了燃烧反应动力学参数。结果表明:柴油机排气微粒的燃烧分为两阶段,低温段即挥发分的燃烧用的时间比较长,高温段即固定碳的燃烧用的时间比较短。当微粒在氧气下燃烧时,这个现象更明显。在低温段,反应气氛中的含氧量对挥发分的燃烧影响不大。加大反应气氛中的含氧量可以降低微粒的着火温度和反应所需的活化能。     

柴油机DPF流场压降及微粒沉积特性数值模拟

运用AVL-FIRE软件建立柴油机微粒捕集器(DPF)三维模型,模拟柴油机微粒捕集器内部压降和微粒沉积特性.针对DPF不同排气流量、进口温度、微粒沉积量及分布类型,对DPF压降特性进行模拟,并着重研究非对称孔结构(ACT)和灰分沉积量及分布形式对DPF压降和微粒沉积特性的影响.结果表明:随着DPF排气流量、进口温度、微粒沉积量和灰分沉积量的增加,DPF的压降增大,且DPF压降变化与进口温度呈非线性关系;沿DPF轴线方向,微粒沉积量呈先减小后增大趋势;"逐渐减少"型微粒分布形式压降损失较小,且再生速率较快.灰分在壁面上的层状分布对DPF压降和微粒沉积影响较大;非对称孔结构有利于降低DPF压降和提高微粒沉积能力,从而延长DPF寿命.     

管道中亚微米颗粒热泳脱除技术的研究

通过对设计的实验系统进行测量,得到了亚微米颗粒热泳沉积效率的计算公式.由实验验证:相对于长管,短管可充分利用速度温度正在发展流,从而获得更高的热泳沉积效率.利用逐步递进原则,设计了1种将短管作为热泳除尘段,并和过渡段交替连接的除尘装置.结果表明:在采用8段热泳段的情况下,总除尘率可达到约83.24%.说明利用该原则能设计出可行的脱除亚微米颗粒的除尘设备.     

柴油机排气微粒旋流净化技术的初步研究

根据柴油机排气微粒净化的要求,研制了一台柴油机排气微粒轴流直流式旋流净化器,并对旋流净化器的净化特性进行了初步的理论分析和试验研究,研究结果表明,排气微粒旋流净化技术对净化柴油机排气微粒是有效的;柴油机运行工况及旋流子结构参数对排气微粒净化效率有一定影响;排气微粒的凝聚是微粒旋流分离净化的前提。通过对净化器结构的优化以及采取必要的微粒凝聚措施,相信会显地提高柴油机排气微粒旋流净化器的净化效率,利     

A numerical study of single-phase convective heat transfer in microtubes for slip flow

The steady-state convective heat transfer for laminar, two-dimensional, incompressible rarefied gas flow in the thermal entrance region of a tube under constant wall temperature, constant wall heat flux, and linear variation of wall temperature boundary conditions are investigated by the finite-volume finite difference scheme with slip flow and temperature jump conditions. Viscous heating is also included, and the solutions are compared with theoretical results where viscous heating has been neglected. For these three boundary conditions for a given Brinkman number, viscous effects are presented in the thermal entrance region along the channel. The effects of Knudsen and Brinkman numbers on Nusselt number are presented in graphical and tabular forms in the thermal entrance region and under fully developed conditions.     

Numerical investigation into the convective heat transfer of TiO2 nanofluids flowing through a straight tube under the laminar flow conditions

A numerical study has been performed by using both single phase method and combined Euler and Lagrange method on the convective heat transfer of TiO₂ nanofluids flowing through a straight tube under the laminar flow conditions. The effects of nanoparticles concentrations, Reynolds number, and various nanoparticle aggregates sizes are investigated on the flow and the convective heat transfer behaviour. The results show significant enhancement of heat transfer of nanofluids particularly in the entrance region. The numerical results are compared with the experimental data and reasonable good agreement is achieved.     

A simple approach for evaluating the effect of wall suction and thermophoresis on aerosol particle deposition from a laminar flow over a flat plate

A simple approach for evaluating the effect of wall suction and thermophoresis on aerosol particle deposition from a laminar flow over a flat plate is proposed. The plate considered is a cold surface. The procedure is based on the concept of high-mass transfer with a blowing parameter. The thermophoresis is treated with two parts that include a suction-like convection term and a first-order reaction-like term. The results are easily calculated and have a very good agreement with the numerical solutions for self-similar boundary flow.     

Laminar flow heat transfer from an argon plasma in a circular tube

The laminar flow of a plasma in the entrance region of a circular tube has been analyzed using an implicit finite-difference scheme. The solution is based upon the boundary-layer equations with the plasma radiation term retained in the energy equation, and the transverse convection term retained in both the momentum and energy equations. Numerical results have been obtained for an argon plasma having a linear enthalpy and cubic velocity profile at the tube entrance. At the low temperature limit of the analysis, the friction factor is in agreement with previously published results; and in all but a very small region near the tube entrance the local Nusselt number agrees with the Nusselt number for constant property, fully-developed flow to within approximately 17 per cent.     

Analysis of the heat transfer in the entrance region of optimised corrugated wall channel

In this work the analysis of the heat transfer in the entrance region of a channel composed by a corrugated profile and a flat wall is presented. The laminar and incompressible flow of a Newtonian fluid is assumed inside the channel, and an uniform heat flux is imposed on the external surface of the corrugated wall. The governing equations are solved with the help of a finite-element method, and the results are compared with the heat transfer coefficient in the entrance region of a flat channel. In order to investigate the sensitivity of the convective heat transfer coefficient to the Reynolds number under laminar conditions, the analysis have been performed for different values of the flow rate. The effect on the flowfield of the of the corrugated profile amplitude is also discussed.     

Development of a Predictive CFD Fouling Model for Diesel Engine Exhaust Gas Systems

This article presents a numerical simulation procedure for studying soot particle deposition in diesel exhaust systems, with a particular focus on fouling layer thickness evolution. In the proposed algorithm, particle transport toward the wall, adhesion, and reentrainment of particles from the surface have been modeled, including Brownian motion and turbulent diffusion, thermophoresis, adhesion, and removal. This model has been implemented in ANSYS Fluent, which makes the inclusion of local effects possible. A cross-flow device, with a tube positioned transverse to the flow, has been simulated and tested. A comparison of the predicted fouling layer at several angular positions with the experimental observation shows acceptable agreement. This model makes it possible to predict the real depth of the fouling layer and its effects on the hydrodynamics of the flow. This model represents a valuable tool for the prediction of the main aspects of the performance of heat exchangers exposed to fouling.     

Deposition of Nanosized Soot Particles in Various EGR Coolers Under Thermophoretic and Isothermal Conditions

This study investigates the performance of various types of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) coolers, that is, smooth tube, corrugated tube, and plate–fin, when subjected to particulate fouling by soot particles. Experiments were carried out for different temperature gradients of 170 and 320°C (thermophoretic) and 0°C (isothermal). Soot particles with an average diameter of 130 nm were produced by a soot generator. Experimental results showed that generally soot deposition under isothermal conditions is negligible compared to thermophoresis for any given cooler geometry, but is not universal. It may become appreciable when complex coolers with extended surfaces, that is, plate–fin type, are used due to impaction and settlement of soot particles onto the extended surfaces, which act as barrier to the flow. Contrariwise, under thermophoretic conditions, the plate–fin cooler performed best, followed by the corrugated tube and smooth tube cooler. Coolers with larger heat transfer surface area are also found to be less sensitive to the loss in effectiveness, but show a higher pressure drop.     

Laminar droplet flow in combined hydrodynamically and thermally developing region of circular tubes

Forced convective heat transfer to laminar droplet flow in the combined hydrodynamically and thermally developing region of a circular tube is studied numerically for constant heat flux conditions. The saturated liquid droplets in the vapor flow are considered as equivalent heat sinks distributed in the superheated vapor stream. Numerical calculations are performed for the variations of droplet size, mean vapor velocity, and the local Nusselt number in the streamwise direction until the single-phase fully developed condition is reached. The important roles of the liquid droplets and the developing vapor velocity on the forced convective heat transfer to droplet flow in the combined entrance region of a circular tube are clearly demonstrated.