煤的粒度对循环流化床锅炉运行的影响

介绍了原料煤的颗粒度对循环流化床锅炉的影响,如何确保入炉煤的颗粒度是保证循环流化床锅炉正常燃烧的重要环节。     

循环流化床秸秆燃烧中的碱金属迁徙转化研究

为了探索碱金属在秸秆流态化燃烧中的迁徙转化规律,在0.5MWt规模的循环流化床试验台上以稻秆为原料进行了燃烧温度较低的正常工况和作为对照的高温工况燃烧试验,试验中对各工况床料取样并进行测试分析.研究发现秸秆原料中的可溶性钾在正常工况下可部分以水溶性钾盐的形式包覆在床料颗粒表面,质地疏松,易于剥落;而高温工况中床料颗粒表面的含钾物质性质发生变化,可溶性钾盐存在相当程度的气相挥发和向复杂硅酸盐转化的趋势,形成的附着物致密光滑,呈局部熔融状态.试验表明燃烧温度对碱金属物质在床料表面迁徙转化影响显著,燃烧温度关系到流化床中能否顺利进行秸秆的持续燃烧.     

循环流化床锅炉热力计算方法探讨

循环流化床锅炉与鼓泡流化床相比 ,有许多新的特点 ,床内的燃烧和受热面的传热过程很复杂。由循环倍率决定的颗粒浓度是循环流化床锅炉的一个重要参数 ,它对传热强度、燃烧与燃尽、过热器的汽温、负荷的调节范围以及分离器的设计等都产生重要影响。以 65t/h油页岩流化床锅炉的热力计算为例 ,从循环倍率入手 ,着重讨论了循环倍率以及由它决定的飞灰浓度对床内燃烧传热及过热器传热的影响     

循环流化床垃圾焚烧锅炉炉膛设计分析

炉膛是循环流化床垃圾焚烧炉的核心,分析了生活垃圾的燃烧特点,研究了焚烧生活垃圾的循环流化床锅炉的炉膛设计的传热理论.根据对典型城市的生活垃圾的取样分析,建议设计中生活垃圾的低位发热量按着5 400～6 200 kJ/kg考虑.为了保证污染物的生成较低,应保持合理的温度分布,循环流化床垃圾焚烧炉煤的掺烧量应随时调整.由于循环流化床燃烧特点,炉膛出口过剩空气系数可取1.2.燃烧生活垃圾的循环流化床锅炉炉内传热的辐射换热份额为60%左右,颗粒辐射的贡献远远大于三原子气体的贡献,因此,垃圾水分变化引起的烟气成分的变化对辐射换热的影响很小,但是对固体空间悬浮浓度的影响非常明显.     

生物质成型燃料循环流化床燃烧试验研究

在0.15 MW循环流化床试验台上,进行了玉米秸秆和苹果树枝成型燃料燃烧特性以及排放特性的试验研究.试验结果表明,玉米秸秆成型燃料和苹果树枝成型燃料在循环流化床中能够稳定燃烧,燃烧效率达到96.8%;尾气中HCl的排放质量浓度较高,SO2的排放质量浓度随着生物质的硫含量增大而增大;使用选择性炉渣作为床料同时加入黏土作为添加剂的方法,能够有效抑制玉米秸秆成型燃料和苹果树枝成型燃料燃烧过程中床料的黏结,黏土对循环流化床的物料循环流化起到了稳定作用.     

影响循环流化床脱硫效率的因素及实例

循环流化床锅炉因其环保性能受到中小热电的青睐,但因影响脱硫的因素复杂,需要控制的因素较多,使用单位往往片面追求脱硫效率,导致运行和碱性灰渣处理增加成本以及热效率降低,下面根据循环流化床锅炉的特点具体分析影响脱硫效率的因素及具体计算实例。　　循环流化床锅炉的燃烧属于低温燃烧(燃烧温度在850～950℃),比较大的热灰颗粒在燃烧系统内循环燃烧,携带密相区的热量,把热量传递给蒸发受热面或过热受热面。正是由于热灰的循环和燃烧生成SO2在850～900℃的条件下极易与CaO结合为锅炉提供廉价的脱硫措施创造了条件。一、影响循环流…     

三菱—鲁奇循环流化床锅炉

前言循环流化床锅炉起始于六十年代中后期,其工业性开发是根据联邦德国鲁奇公司的Dr.L.Reh的理论性研究获得的循环流化床法,1968年作为氧化铝焙烧设备使用,与以往的鼓泡流化床相比,该方法的特点是:运行中较细的煤粒被高速烟气流携带,整个燃烧室形成颗粒密度很高的流化床,便于锅炉的大型化,并可获得高燃烧效率,NOx、SOx的生成也较少。自1982年第一台机组问世以来,到目前为止已有8台鲁奇循环流化     

燃煤循环流化床模型与试验研究

利用循环流化床内气－固两相流动等基础方面的研究成果,根据本文床内气固浓－淡流动模型,建立适用不同结构参数的循环流化床燃烧模型,考虑了床内气体、固体颗粒的返混、循环过程,以及煤燃烧、ＮＯ的生成和分解、颗粒磨损等因素。在循环流化床燃烧试验台上进行实验研究,模型仿真结果和实验数据吻合良好,表明气固两相浓－淡流动模型所建立的循环流化床燃烧系统模型可以正确地模拟循环流化床的燃烧过程。     

京西无烟煤流态化特征和流化床脱硫研究

京西无烟煤循环流化床燃烧表现出 2个极其特殊的现象 ,一个是自身钙硫比非常高却没有自脱硫能力 ;另一个是明显的片状结构导致锅炉必须在非常高的风室压力下运行 ,运行调节的主要手段由调节风室压力来控制运行变成放冷渣监视床温来维持锅炉运行。测试了燃烧京西无烟煤循环流化床锅炉的实际运行参数 ,分析了颗粒分布、球形度变化等特征对锅炉运行的影响以及锅炉设计上应该注意的事项。提供了煤球形度极差情况下脱硫剂颗粒度选取方法。     

褐煤在鼓泡流化床和循环流化床燃烧的汞迁移试验研究

对褐煤在小型电加热鼓泡流化床和小型电加热循环流化床中燃烧时的汞迁移特性进行了对比试验研究,重点考察了不同燃烧工况对汞迁移特性的影响。试验结果表明,炉膛温度和给煤量增加,鼓泡流化床和循环流化床的烟气总汞HgT均增加,飞灰颗粒汞含量Hg(p)均减少,并且循环流化床的烟气总汞HgT值均低于相同燃烧工况的鼓泡流化床值,循环流化床的飞灰颗粒汞含量Hg(p)值均高于相同燃烧工况的鼓泡流化床的值;流化风速增加,循环流化床的烟气总汞HgT减少,飞灰颗粒汞含量Hg(p)增加,鼓泡流化床烟气总汞HgT增加,飞灰颗粒汞含量Hg(p)减少。     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Economie d'énergie en trigénération

Trigeneration is defined as the production of three useful forms of energy—heat, cold and power—from a primary source of energy such as natural gas or oil. For instance, trigeneration systems typically produce electrical power via a reciprocating engine or gas turbine and recover a large percentage of the heat energy retained in the lubricating oil, exhaust gas and coolant water systems to maximize the utilization of the primary fuel. The heat produced can be totally or partially used to fuel absorption refrigerators. Therefore, trigeneration systems enjoy an inherently high efficiency and have the potential to significantly reduce the energy-related operation costs of facilities. In this paper, we describe a model of characterization of trigeneration systems trough the condition of primary energy saving and the quality index, compared to the separate production of heat, cold and power. The study highlights the importance of the choice of the separate production reference system on the level of primary energy saving and emissions reduction.     

Mineralogical characterization of the intraseam layers of Lofoi lignite deposits in Florina basin (western Makedonia,northwest Greece)

The mineralogical composition of intraseam layers from Lofoi lignite deposits (northwest Greece) is the subject of the present study. The samples were examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric (TG/DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. The clay minerals prevail in most samples, with illite-muscovite being the dominant phase, and kaolinite and chlorite being the other major clay components. No smectite was found. Quartz and feldspars, dominate in two cases. The studied materials are characterized as clays to clayey sands, showing significant similarities with the intraseam layers of the adjacent Achlada lignite deposits.     

Innovative methodologies in renewable energy: A review

This paper is concerned with innovative approaches to renewable energy sources computation methodologies, which provide more refined results than the classical alternatives. Such refinements provide additional improvements especially for replacement of fossil energy usages that emit greenhouse gas (GHG) into the atmosphere leading to climate change impact. Current knowledge gap among each renewable energy source calculation is rather missing fundamentals of plausible, rational, and logical explanations for the interpretation of results. In the literature, there are rather complicated and mechanically applicable methodologies, which require input and output measurement data match with missing physical explanations. The view taken in this review paper is to concentrate on quite plausible, logical, rational, and effectively applicable innovative energy calculation methodologies with simplistic fundamentals. For this purpose, a set of renewable energy methodological approaches is revisited with their innovative structures concerning solar, wind, hydro, current, and geothermal energy resources. With the increase in the renewable energy utilizations to combat the undesirable impacts of global warming and climate change, there is a need for better models that will include physical environmental conditions and data properties in the probabilistic, statistical, stochastic, logical, and rational senses leading to refined and more reliable estimations with application examples in the text. Finally, new research directions are also recommended for more refined innovative energy system calculations.     

Constrained Optimization of Heat Transfer from an Extended Surface

Two different zero‐order optimization techniques are used to maximize the rates of heat transfer from a fin assembly of a specified cost and in the shape of several annular fins that are mounted on a central stem. The problem is formulated to account for two‐dimensional steady‐state heat transfer that is limited by several inequality constraints. The dimensionless governing equations are used to identify the relevant decision variables. The number of fins making up the assembly is treated as an input parameter. A digital computer is used to determine the required temperature distributions and to implement the optimization search algorithms. Three different fin materials are assessed—aluminum, copper and carbon steel. Design optimizations of the extended surface assembly were made over a range of operating conditions, encompassing several different convection heat transfer coefficients that are representative of free and forced convection in air, and several different overall temperature differences between the substrate surface and air. A few recommendations based on trends in the predicted results are given. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 43(6): 504–521, 2014; Published online 3 October 2013 in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj ). DOI 10.1002/htj.21093     

CY6D78Ti型柴油机的开发研制

本文介绍了CY6D78Ti型柴油机的开发研制过程及现状,CY6D78Ti型柴油机能满足国内中、重型卡车和豪华客车市场对柴油机动力性、经济性、可靠性的需求。由于该机型的高档配置,保证了其排放达到欧Ⅱ标准,同时为进一步提高性能、降低排放,采用电控及高压共轨等技术手段搭建了平台。     

我国车用柴油机的技术现状及发展趋势

本文根据国内外信息和资料，分析了我国目前车用柴油机制造技术方面与国际水平所存在的差距，预测今后若千年内车用柴油机要向节能降耗、应用增压技术、提高可靠性、降低排放、采用电控技术方面发展，以尽快接近和赶上国际先进水平．