硫对煤与五氯酚混烧过程二噁英生成影响规律的试验研究

二噁英是环境中的痕量剧毒有机污染物，对人类健康极具危害。本文以垃圾中的典型成份五氯酚(PCP)为研究对象，研究了煤和PCP混烧过程中，元素硫及煤中硫对烟气中二噁英生成的影响。煤的加入(特别是高硫煤的加入)可以明显降低二噁英生成。试验结果表明：煤和PCP混烧时，只要燃料中的S／Cl的摩尔比大于0．4时就能实现对燃烧过程中前驱物生成二噁英反应超过80％的抑制效率，当S／Cl比在0．7～1范围内的抑制效果较好。本文的实验结果对于探明实际垃圾焚烧过程中二噁英的生成机理和影响因素具有重要指导意义。     

硫对煤与五氯酚混烧过程二(口恶)英生成影响规律的试验研究

二(口恶)英是环境中的痕量剧毒有机污染物,对人类健康极具危害.本文以垃圾中的典型成份五氯酚(PCP)为研究对象,研究了煤和PCP混烧过程中,元素硫及煤中硫对烟气中二(口恶)英生成的影响.煤的加入(特别是高硫煤的加入)可以明显降低二(口恶)英生成.试验结果表明:煤和PCP混烧时,只要燃料中的S/Cl的摩尔比大于0.4时就能实现对燃烧过程中前驱物生成二(口恶)英反应超过80%的抑制效率,当S/Cl比在0.7～1范围内的抑制效果较好.本文的实验结果对于探明实际垃圾焚烧过程中二(口恶)英的生成机理和影响因素具有重要指导意义.     

硫对煤与五氯酚混烧过程二英生成影响规律的试验研究

二(口恶)英是环境中的痕量剧毒有机污染物,对人类健康极具危害.本文以垃圾中的典型成份五氯酚(PCP)为研究对象,研究了煤和PCP混烧过程中,元素硫及煤中硫对烟气中二(口恶)英生成的影响.煤的加入(特别是高硫煤的加入)可以明显降低二(口恶)英生成.试验结果表明煤和PCP混烧时,只要燃料中的S/Cl的摩尔比大于0.4时就能实现对燃烧过程中前驱物生成二(口恶)英反应超过80%的抑制效率,当S/Cl比在0.7～1范围内的抑制效果较好.本文的实验结果对于探明实际垃圾焚烧过程中二(口恶)英的生成机理和影响因素具有重要指导意义.     

垃圾焚烧过程二恶英的生成机理及相关理论模型

介绍了垃圾焚烧过程中二恶英的高温气相生成机理、从头合成机理和前驱物生成机理及相关的理论模型，提出了垃圾焚烧过程中影响二恶英生成的主要因素和应采取控制方法。     

垃圾焚烧过程中二恶英的生成机理及控制研究

介绍了垃圾焚烧过程中二恶英的高温合成机理、从头合成机理和前驱物生成机理,分析了影响二恶英生成的各种因素和当前采取的各种控制方法,并指出了未来二恶英控制技术的发展方向。     

燃烧方式对塑料垃圾燃烧时PAHs和PCDD／Fs排放的影响

为了找出燃烧方式对塑料垃圾焚烧过程中多环芳烃和二恶英排放的影响,在两种不同类型试验用燃烧反应器上进行了聚氯乙烯的燃烧试验.燃烧的烟气参考GB 86-5119和USEPA1613方法采用色质联用分析仪收集分析,对烟气中多环芳烃和二恶英的分布特征进行了观察.结果显示,聚氯乙烯在流化床燃烧反应器上燃烧时生成的多环芳烃和二恶英的总量要明显低于固定床燃烧反应器上的生成量.流化床燃烧方式能够抑制多环芳烃和二恶英的某些发生机制.多环芳烃和二恶英排放特征的关联关系非常明显,可以作为塑料垃圾燃烧过程中产生的二恶英的实时监测替代物.     

城市生活垃圾_MSW_与煤混烧过程中气体污染物的排放

人者在0．2MW循环流化床上进行了城市生活垃圾与煤混烧实验。在线测量了NOx,NO,N2O,SO4,HCl和Cl2排放浓度,探讨了城市生活垃圾与煤掺煤比（R）和温度对气体污染物排放的影响。实验结果显示,在混烧过程中,随拉圾加入量的增加,NOx,NO,N2O和SO4排放量减少,Cl2排放浓度啬 。当掺烧比R不变,温度增加时,NOx,NO排放量增加,N2O排放减少,SO2,HCl和Cl2排放浓度基本不变,飞灰和底渣中二恶英含量减少。     

350～500t／d生活垃圾焚烧循环流化床锅炉技术

350—500t/d1生活垃圾焚烧循环流化床锅炉是我国首次采用外置换热器技术并投入实际运行的大型生活垃圾焚烧循环流化床锅炉。该锅炉将高温过热器布置在和流化床一体化的外置换热器内，可有效防止HCl气体对过热器产生的高温腐蚀，同时利用流化风速调节床层扣过热器之间的传热系数，能较好地实现过热蒸汽温度控制。本文介绍了该焚烧炉技术特点和建在绍兴市垃圾焚烧发电厂设计垃圾处理量400t/d，锅炉蒸发量75t/h，压力5．3MPa，温度485℃的垃圾和煤混烧循环流化床锅炉系统组成和运行特性。运行结果表明，焚烧炉实际最大处理量可超过500t/d，所有排放指标均达到我国生活垃圾焚烧污染物排放控制标准，其中二恶英排放比欧盟标准限值0．1TEQng/m^3还要小一个数量级。     

垃圾与煤流化床混烧锅炉的特点和炉型选择

本文分析了目前垃圾焚烧锅炉存在的问题，指出垃圾与煤流化床混烧技术是我国当前垃圾处理较合理的选择。提出了流化床垃圾焚烧炉的三种炉型，并对它们的技术特点和适用工况进行了分析。     

生活垃圾焚烧低NO_x燃烧技术分析

焚烧逐渐成为我国生活垃圾(MSW)处理技术中最重要的一种方式,氮氧化物(NO_x)是生活垃圾焚烧中产生的主要污染物之一,各国对生活垃圾焚烧NO_x的排放都有着严格的标准。NO_x的一次控制技术,即低NO_x燃烧技术,是基于空气分级,通过焚烧组织来控制NO_x。对于生活垃圾来说,燃料型NO_x是生活垃圾焚烧中NO_x的主要来源,低NO_x燃烧还需同时考虑燃尽和二恶英生成等问题,从这个角度出发,给出炉排焚烧炉的燃烧特点和NO_x生成特点,并分析多个焚烧炉生产商开发的先进低NO_x燃烧技术。     

Energy from municipal solid waste: A comparison with coal combustion technology

The conversion of municipal solid waste (MSW) to energy can conserve more valuable fuels and improve the environment by lessening the amount of waste that must be landfilled and by conserving energy and natural resources. The importance of utilizing MSW was recognized in the 1991 U.S. National Energy Strategy, which sought to “support the conversion of municipal solid waste to energy.” One route to utilizing the energy value of MSW is to burn it in a steam power plant to generate electricity. Coal has long been the predominant source of energy for electricity production in the U.S.; therefore, a considerable science and technology base related to coal combustion and emissions control can be, and has been, applied with substantial benefit to MSW combustion. This paper compares the combustion of coal and MSW in terms of fuel characteristics, combustion technology, emissions, and ash utilization/disposal. Co-combustion of coal and MSW is also discussed. MSW issues that can be addressed by research and development are provided.The major environmental issues that designers of MSW combustion systems have had to address are emissions of trace organic compounds, particularly polychlorinated dioxins and furans, and trace elements such as mercury, lead, and cadmium. Emission of trace organics is generally the result of a poorly designed and/or operated combustion system; modern MSW systems use good combustion practices that destroy organic compounds during the combustion process. Proper control of air/fuel mixing and temperature, and avoidance of “quench” zones in the furnace, help to ensure that potentially harmful organics are not emitted. Computer codes and other design and troubleshooting tools that were developed for coal combustion systems have been applied to improve the performance of waste-to-energy systems.Trace element emissions from both coal and MSW combustion result primarily from vaporization of elements during the combustion process. Most of the trace elements that are vaporized condense on fly ash as the combustion products cool downstream of the furnace and can be effectively controlled by using an efficient particulate removal device. However, volatile elements, particularly mercury, are emitted as a vapor. Several mechanisms are available to capture mercury vapor and some are in use. The development of satisfactory control technology for mercury is a topic currently of high interest in coal burning.The potential for leaching of trace elements and organics from MSW residues after disposal raises issues about the classification and management of ash. Results of laboratory leaching tests, especially for lead and cadmium, have not been consistently supported by field experience. Careful interpretation of the available test protocols is needed to make sure that residues are properly managed.Because of the large scale of coal-fired boilers for electricity production, co-firing of MSW with coal in such boilers could consume large quantities of waste. Several short-term demonstrations have shown that co-firing is feasible. The issues involved in co-firing are emissions of trace elements, trace organics, and acid gases; boiler slagging and fouling; and long-term effects, such as corrosion and erosion of boiler tubes.Areas where research and development has contributed to improved MSW combustion include (a) the formation mechanisms of polychlorinated dioxins/furans, especially low-temperature, catalytic mechanisms, (b) methods of combustion air distribution in incinerators that result in better combustion and reduced emission of organic compounds, (c) the use of gas reburning to control NOx and reduce emission of organic compounds, (d) practical methods for removing organic compounds and mercury from MSW flue gas, (e) the performance of electrostatic precipitators in removing MSW fly ash, particularly when co-firing MSW and coal in existing coal-fired boilers, and (f) burning MSW in fluidized beds or of pulverizing refuse-derived fuel and firing it in suspension-fired, pulverized coal boilers.     

城市固体废物焚烧过程中二恶英的生成和控制

文中综述了城市固体废物焚烧过程中二恶英的产生机理和影响因素，在此基础上介绍了垃圾焚烧过程中二恶英的各种控制技术和方法。     

我国二氧化硫污染现状与控制对策

目前我国城市大气污染严重,以煤为主的能源结构、不成熟的脱硫技术以及排污收费标准偏低等一系列原因造成我国二氧化硫污染严重的事实,对社会环境产生很大压力。通过分析认为实现我国二氧化硫减排目标应从技术及管理等多方面入手,在提高煤炭质量、采用清洁燃烧技术以及脱硫措施的同时,应加强相应的经济管理措施,严格二氧化硫的排放标准,开展二氧化硫排污交易,以实现对二氧化硫污染排放的有效控制。     

A review on thermo-chemical characteristics of coal/biomass co-firing in industrial furnace

Biomass should be considered as one of the promising sources of energy for mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Co-firing biomass with coal has become a solution for meeting the power crisis as well as to reduce the pollutant emissions. The biomass fuels typically found from woody to grassy and solid recovered fuels depending on its origin and properties. It is suggested that co-firing coal with biomass has a substantial effect on SO_x and NO_x emission level. The ashing process, fly ash quality depends on the conversion technology, capture technology and the properties of the biomass. In order to control the furnace efficiency and production, burnout, optimum injection of biomass sharing with specific information of particle ignition properties are also important. A number of small/laboratory scale and industrial scale experiments have been conducted by different researchers. Different experimental studies performed are reviewed, grouped and summarized based on the fuel processing technology, burnout performance, emission level, environmental aspect, ash information and deposit characteristics, effect of co-firing ratios and adoption of oxy-fuel co-firing. Overall, this paper will highlight existing technologies and emerging trends in co-firing of different types of biomass which will be helpful for future investigations.     

Assessing plantation biomass for co-firing with coal in northern Indiana: A linear programming approach

Tightening environmental regulations and the signing of the Kyoto Protocol have prompted electric utilities to consider co-firing biomass with coal to reduce the levels of CO₂, SO₂, and NO_x in stack emissions. This analysis examines the cost competitiveness of plantation produced woody biomass and waste wood with coal in electricity production. A case study of woody biomass production and co-firing in northern Indiana is presented. A Salix (willow) production budget was created to assess the feasibility of plantation tree production to supply biomass to the utility for fuel blending. Co-firing with waste wood from primary and secondary wood processing activities and local municipalities also is considered. A linear programming model was developed to examine the optimal co-firing blend of coal and biomass while minimizing variable cost, including the cost of ash disposal and material procurement costs. This model was used to examine situations where coal is the primary fuel and waste wood, willow trees, or both are available for fuel blending. The results indicate that co-firing woody biomass is cost-effective for the power plant. Sensitivity analysis explored the effect of waste wood prices on co-firing cost.     

城市垃圾焚烧HCI排放与脱除试验研究

HCl是城市垃圾焚烧产生的主要气体污染物之一。有机氯废物以聚好乙烯为试样,无机含氯废物以含NaCl的煤浆为试样,研究了焚烧过程中反应温度对HCl排放的影响,还研究了各碱基吸收剂、吸收剂颗粒尺寸、钙氯比等因素对HCl脱除效率的影响。     

一台58t/h城市垃圾焚烧锅炉的炉膛设计

针对采用焚烧方式处理城市生活垃圾过程中容易产生二恶英的特性,以一台58t/h城市垃圾焚烧锅炉设计为例,主要介绍炉膛设计方面可采取的有效措施,从而实现二恶英的分解.     

城市垃圾焚烧技术和二噁英排放控制

文章介绍了各种城市垃圾焚烧技术和控制二噁英排放的方法,提供了焚烧炉设计应注意的技术问题和指导意见。