连续与间歇运行工况下地埋管换热器的换热特性研究

为了研究地埋管换热器在变负荷下连续运行与间歇运行的换热性能,基于有限长线热源渗流模型建立竖直地埋管钻孔外准三维非稳态传热模型,应用叠加原理计算钻孔群中钻孔壁温度场及地埋管内流体温度场。在存在地下水水平渗流的情况下,研究了变负荷连续运行模式下不同渗流速度、不同运行工况及不同钻孔位置对地埋管换热器的换热性能的影响。结果表明,在连续运行模式下,边缘位置的钻孔及较大的渗流速度能够增强地埋管换热器的换热性能;在间歇运行模式下,地埋管换热器的运行份额越小,其制冷效果越好,反之,制冷效果越差;在间歇运行工况下,土壤温度能在系统间歇期内得到一定程度的恢复,从而更好地提高地热能的利用率。     

基于地下水渗流的地埋管土壤温度场分析

基于有限长线热源模型,考虑地下水的渗流作用,对比分析无渗流工况与渗流工况下地下土壤温度场分布,结果表明:地下水渗流有利于地下热量的扩散,渗流工况下平均温度与最高温度较无渗流情况分别下降约5℃、4℃,温度场的热量累积得到抑制和减缓;并分析长方形埋管布置形式下的土壤温度场,讨论不同方向的地下水渗流工况对地下土壤温度场分布的影响,对于横纵向埋管数量不同的管群,沿埋管数量少的方向渗流,其土壤温度降低更显著。     

土壤源热泵竖直埋管换热器钻孔外传热模型综述

介绍了土壤源热泵竖直埋管换热器钻孔外的传统的无限长线热源模型,无限长圆柱模型,有限长线热源模型以及改进后的热湿传递的线热源模型,变热流的线热源模型,土壤分层的线热源模型。分析了各种模型之间的联系、区别以及优缺点。提出了完善土壤源热泵竖直埋管换热器钻孔外传热模型需进一步研究的内容。     

基于渗流有限长线热源地埋管管群换热分析与优化

地下水运动对地埋管换热器具有重要的影响,通过对比分析渗流无限长与有限长线热源模型,指出考虑轴向传热的有限长线热源更为合理。基于温度场的叠加原理,建立渗流有限长线热源的管群换热模型,并通过耦合管内流体流动,构建管群换热的优化模型。采用位置布置优化措施后,18孔梅花布置比16孔正方形布置的面积利用率提高12.5%,承担相同的负荷其系统的COP值提高7%-10%;16孔管群采用负荷分配优化策略后,其管群的土壤温度场不平衡率大大降低,管群平均温度约降低7.6%,COP提高约10%。     

有均匀渗流的介质中螺旋埋管的传热分析

以埋设在均匀渗流介质中的螺旋埋管为研究对象,结合地源热泵工程应用背景,将地下螺旋埋管简化为连续的螺旋线热源,通过移动线热源理论与格林函数法,建立二维和三维非稳态的导热与对流联合作用的渗流传热问题的传热模型;求得无限长及有限长螺旋热源形态下渗流问题的温度响应的解析解。通过与纯导热模型的对比可知,地下水渗流会在一定程度上影响地下温度场的分布及传热达到稳态所需的时间。指出渗流速度是体现地下水流动对换热过程影响程度的重要参数,且渗流对整个螺旋管群的换热影响也被分析讨论。     

渗流对竖直地埋管换热器换热性能的影响

为了确定渗流对竖直地埋管换热器换热性能的影响,基于多孔介质传热理论与Darcy定律,利用多物理场耦合软件COMSOL建立了三维热渗耦合模型,模拟了有无渗流条件下竖直地埋管换热器周围土壤温度场的变化。结果表明,地下水渗流有助于竖直地埋管换热器换热,且渗流速度越大,竖直地埋管换热器换热效果越明显;平行于渗流方向处温度场偏向下游,垂直于渗流方向处温度场始终保持对称分布,渗流速度由0m/s增大到1.0×10-5 m/s时,对应热作用半径由0.42m减小到0.32m。     

砾砂回填条件下地埋管换热器周围温度场试验研究

为研究不同工况砾砂回填条件下土壤源热泵地理管换热器周围温度场的变化规律,通过自主设计的可模拟地下水渗流的砂箱试验台,以砾砂为回填材料,测试了多种工况下地埋管换热器周围的温度场,并利用Surfer软件绘制等温线。结果表明,饱和无渗流条件下,温度场呈圆形对称分布,随着热负荷的增加,温度场达到稳定的时间延长;稳定后的温度变化量增加;温度变化明显区域的范围增大。饱和有渗流条件下,温度场沿渗流方向向下偏移,随着渗流速度的增加,温度场达到稳定的时间缩短;上游各点达到稳定后的温度变化量减小,温度变化明显区域的范围缩小;下游各点达到稳定后的温度变化量先增大后减小,温度变化明显区域的范围扩大。研究成果提供了一种温度场测试的新方法。     

地下水流动对垂直埋管换热器土壤温度场分布的影响

为确定地下水渗流对地下埋管换热器周围土壤温度场的影响,基于内热源法建立热渗耦合作用下的数学模型,利用传热模拟得到换热器周围土壤温度场分布,结果表明地下水流动对原温度场影响明显,而且地下水流速越大影响越大。     

地下水渗流对地埋管换热器周围温度场的影响

为确定地下水渗流对土壤源热泵地埋管换热器周围温度场的影响,以U型地埋管换热器传热系统为例,构建了等效当量直径的单管圆柱换热器传热物理和数学模型,并用多物理场耦合分析软件COMSOL Multiphysics 4.2a 对夏季工况下地埋管换热器周围温度场进行数值模拟计算,通过有无渗流条件下不同导热系数、孔隙率土壤温度场变化的对比分析,确定引起温度场变化的主导因素,为下一步试验提供了重要依据。     

热力弥散对地埋管换热器所在含水层传热过程的影响

针对地埋管换热器所在含水层三维非稳态传热模型进行优化,建立涵盖热力弥散效应的含水层过余温度解析模型。结合渗流砂箱热响应实验,探究热力弥散效应对于含水层传热特性与热扩散范围的影响。研究结果表明,当考虑热力弥散效应时,各观测点过余温度解析解与实验结果相似度增强,两者均方根误差RMSE(Θ)小于3%。通过计算得到,热力弥散效应对于含水层温度场演化过程的影响具有时空非一致性特征。当含水层中传热过程趋于稳定后,随着热力弥散效应的提高,地埋管井群所在区域过余温度变化幅度增大;位于下游区域的过余温度变化幅度则逐渐下降,热扩散范围缩小。     

A moving finite line source model to simulate borehole heat exchangers with groundwater advection

Available analytical models for the thermal analysis of ground source heat pumps (GSHPs) either neglect groundwater flow or axial effects. In the present study a new analytical approach which considers both effects is developed. Comparison with existing analytical solutions based on the finite and infinite line source theory is carried out. This study shows that in general the heat transfer at the borehole heat exchanger (BHE) is affected by groundwater flow and axial effects. The latter is even more important for long simulation times and short borehole lengths. At the borehole wall the influence of the axial effect is restricted to Peclet numbers lower than 10, assuming the BHE length as characteristic length. Moreover, the influence of groundwater flow is negligible for Peclet numbers lower than 1.2. As a result for Peclet numbers between 1.2 and 10 the combined effect of groundwater flow and axial effects has to be accounted for when evaluating the temperature response of a BHE at the borehole wall and thus the use of the moving finite line source model is required.     

岩溶含水层地下水源热泵运行对地下水温度场的影响

为探究岩溶含水层水源热泵运行期间地下水温度场变化规律,以武汉市某场地地下水源热泵系统为例,基于有限元数值模拟软件FEFLOW,分别模拟了水源热泵空调制冷和制热期间抽水-回灌目的含水层中的渗流场和温度场,并对表征岩溶发育的重要参数储水系数和孔隙度进行敏感性分析。模拟结果表明,地下水源热泵运行仅影响回灌井附近地下水温度,不会对区域含水层温度产生影响;而表征岩溶发育的典型参数储水率和孔隙度,对模拟结果的影响不大。     

Heat transfer in ground heat exchangers with groundwater advection

In order to estimate the impact of groundwater flow on performance of geothermal heat exchangers in ground source heat pump systems, an equation of conduction–advection is established for heat transfer in porous media, and an analytical transient solution is obtained for a line heat source in an infinite medium by means of the Green function analysis. An explicit expression has also been derived of the mean temperature on circles around the heat source. Dimensionless criteria that dictate the process are summarized, and influence of the groundwater advection on the heat transfer is discussed accordingly. Computations show that water advection in the porous medium may alter significantly the conductive temperature distribution, result in lower temperature rises and lead to a steady condition eventually. The hydraulic and thermal properties of soils and rocks influencing the advection heat transfer are briefly summarized. The analytical solution has provided a theoretical basis and practical tool for design and performance simulation of the ground heat exchangers.     

R&D of the ground-coupled heat pump technology in China

The ground-coupled heat pump (GCHP) systems have been identified as one of the best sustainable energy technologies for space heating and cooling in residential and commercial buildings. In this paper, research on and development of the GCHP technology in China are summarized. New models are presented for efficient thermal analysis of ground heat exchangers, of which one- and two-dimensional solid cylindrical source models and their analytical solutions are devised to deal with pile ground heat exchangers. Analytical solutions are also derived for vertical and inclined finite line source models as well as for a groundwater advection model. Explicit solutions of a quasi-three-dimensional model can be used to better evaluate the thermal resistance inside boreholes. Studies on hybrid GCHP systems and the thermal response test in China are also commented.     

Validity ranges of three analytical solutions to heat transfer in the vicinity of single boreholes

In ground-coupled heat pump systems, accurate prediction of transient ground heat transfer is important to establish the required borehole length and to determine precisely the resulting fluid temperature. Three analytical solutions to transient heat transfer in the vicinity of geothermal boreholes are presented. These solutions are referred to as the infinite line source (ILS), the infinite cylindrical source (ICS) and the finite line source (FLS) models, which vary in complexity and are based on simplifications of the borehole geometry. The results of these models are compared and their validity domains are determined.     

热渗耦合的地下水源热泵抽灌井传热数值模拟

基于达西定律,分析了饱和区土壤中地下水源热泵抽灌井传热机制,构建了热渗耦合共同作用下的数学模型,研究了有无地下水渗流及渗流速度对抽灌井周围温度场变化的影响,使用COMSOL Multiphysics软件对建立的模型进行了分析模拟.实例结果表明,该模型具有较好的适用性,为系统的优化设计与参数合理匹配提供了理论支持.     

Computer simulation of borehole ground heat exchangers for geothermal heat pump systems

Computer simulation of borehole ground heat exchangers used in geothermal heat pump systems was conducted using three-dimensional implicit finite difference method with rectangular coordinate system. Each borehole was approximated by a square column circumscribed by the borehole radius. Borehole loading profile calculated numerically based on the prescribed borehole temperature profile under quasi-steady state conditions was used to determine the ground temperature and the borehole temperature profile. The two coupled solutions were solved iteratively at each time step. The simulated ground temperature was calibrated using a cylindrical source model by adjusting the grid spacing and adopting a load factor of 1.047 in the difference equation. With constant load applied to a single borehole, neither the borehole temperature nor the borehole loading was constant along the borehole. The ground temperature profiles were not similar at different distances from the borehole. This meant that a single finite difference scheme was not sufficient to estimate the performance of a borefield by superposition. The entire borefield should be discretized simultaneously. Comparison was made between the present method and the finite line source model with superposition. The discrepancies between the results from the two methods increased with the scale of borefield. The introduction of time schedule revealed a discrepancy between the load applied to the ground heat exchanger and that transferred from the borehole to the ground, which was usually assumed to be the same when using analytical models. Hence, in designing a large borefield, the present method should give more precise results in dynamic simulation.     

常温注水井对含水层热贯通的影响机理分析

为探究常温注水井对水源热泵热贯通现象的影响,利用FlowHeat1.0软件模拟了3组情景下含水层渗流场、温度场时空分布特征,并分析了常温注水井对含水层热贯通的影响机理和抽水井水温变化规律。结果表明,常温注水井通过减小回灌井、常温注水井之间的水力坡度和延长地下水渗透途径的方式达到缓解热贯通的效果;回灌井、常温注水井流量比相同时,常温注水井在抽灌井连线的位置对含水层热贯通的影响小;抽灌量不变时,常温注水井与回灌井的流量比越大,常温注水井缓解热贯通的效果越明显;在有利地下水回灌的水源热泵系统中,布设常温注水井能有效地降低含水层热贯通程度。     

岩溶地区特殊地质条件对U型地埋管换热器的传热影响研究

以南方岩溶地区地下水丰富为前提,利用多含水层渗流提高地埋管的换热能力。该文利用有限元软件建立三维单U型换热孔数值模型,利用相关指标分析有无含水层时地源热泵系统的换热效果研究。结果表明：蓄能岩土体内有无含水层多种情况时,U型管出水口平均温度呈现N1>A1>A2>AF1>AF2;AF2、AF1、A2和A1情况下的平均延米换热量分别比N1高49.87%、44.06%、39.51%、31.93%;AF2、AF1、A2和A1情况下的平均COP分别比N1高4.35%、3.93%、3.52%、2.67%。在地下水丰富区域应合理布置换热孔,提升热泵系统运行效率,对实际工程项目可提供一定的指导。     

地下水流动对地下埋管换热器影响的实验研究

为确定地下水渗流对竖直地下埋管换热器的影响,该文从实验角度出发,分别对无渗流土壤、饱和土壤中地下埋管换热器热负荷对其周边土壤温度场的影响,有渗流土壤中地下水流速、土壤初始温度以及埋管热负荷对土壤温度场的影响进行了实验,从而得出在夏热冬冷地区或亚热带地区应用土壤源热泵时,宜采用冷却塔-土壤源热泵混合系统形式或将地下埋管换热器埋设在地下水流速较大地区,以期土壤源热泵的长期良好运行。