低超载下条带式带齿加筋界面特性

在提出立体加筋的基础上,对条带式带齿加筋砂土进行了低超载下大量的拉拔试验来研究筋土的界面特性,分析了带齿筋的条带式加筋对拉拔性能的影响,探讨了不同上层覆压下筋条的拉拔力与水平位移的关系以及似摩擦系数f*的变化规律。在试验成果分析的基础上,分析了条带式带齿加筋与砂土的相互作用机理,建立了条带式带齿加筋砂土的拉拔力模型。并将试验结果与理论值比较,二者基本吻合。     

条形荷载下 H-V加筋砂土地基模型试验研究

提出了一种新的H-V立体加筋(horizontal-vertical)模式,这是一种在传统水平条带式筋条上布置竖向或空间筋材形成的组合立体形式,其显著特点是所加竖向筋材能有效地限制筋材间土体的侧向位移,在竖筋侧面产生侧阻力,而且在竖筋间将形成"土体加强区",从而有效改变加筋土的受力状况,提高土体的强度和稳定性.本文分别对水平加筋和H-V加筋两种加筋方式进行了多组的加筋地基模型试验,并将这两种加筋方式对承载力和沉降的影响进行了对比分析.试验结果表明,H-V加筋方式能明显提高地基承载力和减小地基沉降,而且其加筋效果随着竖筋高度和水平方向筋材长度的增加不断提高.在模型试验的基础上,初步分析了H-V加筋方式的作用机理.     

加筋土结构中筋材拉拔力的分布规律研究

分析了加筋材料在拉拔试验条件下,筋材所受到的拉力、剪应力、应变之间的关系,利用筋土界面间存在的抗剪刚度系数G,建立起了与材料拉伸模量E_r和G有关的拉拔影响系数α,从而推导出拉力沿筋材分布的公式和各点筋土的相对位移公式。通过与已有的试验数据相对比,证实该公式的可行性。分析了拉力在筋材上的传播规律和α对筋材拉拔力分布的影响,表明用α能综合反映压应力、摩阻力、土体性质等多种因素对筋材拉力的影响。在加筋土结构中,筋材位移不是很大时,采用该公式能较好地估算筋材各处的拉力。     

加筋土的筋土界面作用及影响因素

筋土界面作用特性直接影响着土工结构物的强度和稳定性。在总结国内5种筋土界面作用特性观点的基础上,认为加筋土的强度和稳定性主要依靠填土自重和筋土之间的摩阻力来实现,加筋作用不仅反映在筋土界面上,也发生在筋土周围的土体中,加筋土的剪切带观点是对筋土界面特性的综合性概括。加筋填土的含水率、压实度、剪胀效应、加筋材料自身特性以及试验方法等因素都不同程度地影响着筋土界面作用特性。将直剪试验和拉拔试验相结合,并辅助离心模型试验及数值分析方法,可深入研究筋土界面作用特性。     

加筋土结构中加筋与土之间的摩擦性质研究

利用拉拔试验,对不同加筋材料,不同填料的加筋土的摩擦特性、抗拔位移的变化规律进行了研究,为今后的筋材拉拔试验及工程应用提供了参考.     

单层立体加筋砂土性状的三轴试验研究

针对加筋土中传统的筋材布置特点,提出了立体加筋土的概念,并设计了采用轴对称布置的单层立体加筋砂土的试验方案,进行了48组镀锌铁皮和橡胶板两种筋材的单层立体加筋砂土的室内三轴试验,探讨了不同立体加筋方式、不同围压作用下应力–应变及强度变化规律。通过试验结果对比,分析了立体加筋砂土同传统水平加筋砂土之间应力–应变关系和强度指标的差异规律,竖向筋高度对立体加筋砂土的强度影响,单侧和双侧布置竖向筋材等两种布筋方式对立体加筋砂土强度的影响,以及不同变形模量的加筋材料对立体加筋土强度的影响。试验结果表明:立体加筋砂土的强度随竖向筋的高度增加而增大;立体加筋不仅能提高砂土的粘聚力,同时也能增加砂土的内摩擦角,尤其是双侧立体加筋砂土;在竖向筋总高度相同时,双侧立体加筋形式比单侧立体加筋能更有效提高砂土的强度。     

基于正交试验的加筋土界面摩擦影响因素分析

以河北省邢汾高速公路土工格栅加筋高填方路堤工程为背景,用正交设计表L18(37)安排了54组拉拔试验,分析了7个因素对加筋土界面摩擦特性的影响.试验结果表明,影响加筋土界面摩擦特性的因素主次顺序为上覆荷载、含水率、筋材距试验箱侧壁距离、拉拔速率、格栅类型、筋材水平埋入长度、干密度.其中,上覆荷载、含水率、筋材距试验箱侧壁距离、拉拔速率对筋-土界面摩擦特性的影响特别显著.通过分析筋-土界面拉拔摩擦系数与7个因素的关系,得到了各因素的优水平以及各因素在拉拔试验过程中的变化规律.     

网状及条带式加筋拉拔特性的试验研究

在试验的基础上,分析了网状加筋与填土的相互作用机理及其抗拔力的组成,并按筋网与土体之间相对位移的大小,将抗拔过程划分为初始阶段、发展阶段和破坏阶段;得出了网状加筋抗拔力比条带式加筋抗拔力大得多的结论;提出了网状加筋抗拔力的计算公式,对条带式加筋进行抗拔力计算时,应考虑水平和垂直两个方向的“群筋效应系数”,加筋土支挡结构的抗拔力计算,宜采用拉拔似摩擦系数．     

经编和玻纤格栅加筋粘性土的三轴试验研究

对经编格栅和玻纤格栅加筋粘性土进行不固结不排水的三轴压缩试验。试验结果表明,在粘性土体上布置格栅筋材,都能提高土体强度,但不同的筋材,其加筋效果是不一样的,经编格栅加筋土的加筋效果要优于玻纤格栅加筋土。加筋层数越多,加筋效果越好;随着加筋土应力增加,加筋土抵抗变形的作用才能得到更充分发挥,土体加筋效果更明显。不同筋材的加筋土,其粘聚力与内摩擦角的变化规律不一致;玻纤格栅和经编格栅加筋粘性土的加筋效果与砂土不同,不仅表现在粘聚力的增加上,还表现在内摩擦角的增加上。加强筋条结点连接的牢固性,能够提高加筋效果。     

加筋无黏性土斜坡地基承载力模型试验研究

 采用缩尺模型试验研究加筋斜坡地基坡高范围内,不同加筋层数、不同筋带埋深对其极限承载力及破坏形态的影响。通过对比分析试验成果可获得不同加筋层数下最优筋带埋深组合及各试验地基的变形破坏资料。研究表明,在最优筋带埋深组合下,加筋斜坡地基的首层加筋间距随加筋层数的增加有减小趋势,而极限承载力随加筋层数的增加有增加趋势。根据各试验地基的p-s曲线、筋材破坏情况及变形破坏特征,可将不同加筋条件下斜坡地基的破坏形态分为加筋带之上土体破坏、加筋带层间土体破坏、加筋带之下土体破坏3类,并由此获得对应破坏类型的破坏形态图。研究成果对加筋斜坡地基极限承载力变化特性、变形特征及破坏形态的探究具有一定理论参考价值。     

双层立体加筋砂土的强度特性

在提出立体加筋方式的基础上,对水平–竖向复合加筋和竖向加筋两种加筋形式的立体加筋砂土进行大量的三轴试验。结果表明,相对于无筋土及传统的水平加筋砂土而言,立体加筋砂土强度有大幅度提高。对比分析竖向加筋率与立体加筋砂土强度之间的关系,比较不同围压下的强度变化。在试验基础上,分析立体加筋砂土的工作机制,并利用极限平衡理论建立双层立体加筋土的强度模型,最后将竖向加筋砂土的部分试验结果与理论值进行对比,结果表明二者基本吻合。     

Evaluation of oblique pullout resistance of reinforcements in soil wall subjected to seismic loads

Pullout resistance is one of the most important factors governing seismic stability of reinforced soil walls. The previous studies on the seismic stability of reinforced soil walls have focused on the axial resistance of the reinforcement against the pullout. However, the kinematics of failure causes the reinforcement to be subjected to the oblique pullout force and bending deformation. Considering the kinematics of failure and bending deformation of the reinforcement, this paper presents a pseudo-static seismic analysis for evaluating the pullout resistance of reinforcements in soil wall subjected to oblique pullout forces. A modified horizontal slice method (HSM) and Pasternak model are used to calculate the required force to maintain the stability of the reinforced soil wall and shear resistance mobilized in the reinforcements, respectively. In addition, this paper studies the effect of various parameters on the pullout resistance of the reinforcements in soil wall subjected to seismic loads. Results of this study are compared with the published data and their differences are analyzed in detail.     

Simplified Procedure to Evaluate Earthquake-Induced Residual Displacement of Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil Retaining Walls

Based on a series of shaking table model tests, it was found that the effects of 1) subsoil and backfill deformation, 2) failure plane formation in backfill, and 3) pullout resistance mobilized by the reinforcements on the seismic behaviors of the geosynthetic reinforced soil retaining walls (GRS walls) were significant. These effects cannot be taken into account in the conventional pseudo-static based limit equilibrium analyses or Newmark's rigid sliding block analogy, which are usually adopted as the seismic design procedure. Therefore, this study attempts to develop a simplified procedure to evaluate earthquake-induced residual displacement of GRS walls by reflecting the knowledge on the seismic behaviors of GRS walls obtained from the shaking table model tests. In the proposed method, 1) the deformation characteristics of subsoil and backfill are modeled based on the model test results and 2) the effect of failure plane formation is considered by using residual soil strength after the failure plane formation while the peak soil strength is used before the failure plane formation, and 3) the effect of the pullout resistance mobilized by the reinforcement is also introduced by evaluating the pullout resistance based on the results from the pullout tests of the reinforcements. By using the proposed method, simulations were performed on the shaking table model test results conducted under a wide variety of testing conditions and good agreements between the calculated and measured displacements were observed.     

Interface pullout resistance of polymeric strips embedded in marginal tropical soils

This paper presents an experimental and analytical evaluation of factors affecting the interface pullout resistance of polymeric strips embedded in marginal soils, with a particular interest in supporting the partial replacement of natural sands by intensely weathered tropical soils in reinforced soil structures, which have often been considered marginal fills in design guidelines. Large-scale pullout tests were conducted to evaluate the soil-geosynthetic interface pullout resistance, which also provided quantitative insight into the local increases in vertical stresses acting on the reinforcements due to pullout. Based on the experiments, analytical models were developed and calibrated to establish the relationship between confinement and soil-geosynthetic interface pullout resistance. The relationship between actual and initial stresses could then be represented in terms of a linear model in which the angular coefficient corresponds to the ratio between the apparent and actual friction coefficients (f*/f). This analytical relationship was found to represent a useful design tool since it directly correlates with soil geotechnical properties. The use of lateritic soils to partially replace coarse-grained soils in reinforced soil structures was found to be feasible for mixtures involving up to 25% of lateritic soils, with higher fractions affecting the interface resistance significantly.     

Investigation of soil deformation characteristics during pullout of a ribbed reinforcement using X-ray micro CT

Steel-strip reinforced earth walls stabilize through the pullout resistance of the reinforcements. Soil dilation during the pullout of ribbed reinforcements may contribute to the evolution of pullout resistance; however, few studies have clarified this mechanism by investigating how soils behave with increasing pullout displacement. The ribs of the reinforcements enhance the pullout resistance, although the influence of the rib dimensions on the evolution of pullout resistance with increasing pullout displacement has not been sufficiently revealed. In the present study, a triaxial pullout apparatus is developed and pullout tests are conducted using ribbed reinforcements with different rib-inclination angles under isotropic stress. The displacement and strain fields in the soils during the pullout of the reinforcements are investigated by X-ray micro CT and a digital image correlation technique. It is found that larger rib-inclination angles provide higher pullout resistance at an early stage of the pullout because of the higher bearing resistance related to the more significant soil densification above the ribs. With increasing pullout displacement, the reinforcements with different rib-inclination angles come to behave as almost one in the same since a rigid soil wedge related to the passive soil failure is generated above the ribs. This tendency results in similar soil deformation characteristics and pullout resistance levels for every reinforcement beyond the soil failure state, although the rib-inclination angles are different.     

GFRP土钉拉拔特性研究

由于传统土钉材料存在易腐蚀、耐久性差等缺点,近年来以GFRP为代表的新型土钉材料得到了高度重视。针对GFRP土钉受力特性,运用双曲线模型描述其在拉拔过程中剪应力–剪应变关系,采用数值方法求解拉拔控制方程,从而确定轴力、剪应力及位移沿钉长的分布。同时,通过室内GFRP模型土钉的拉拔试验,验证了该模型预测结果的准确性。在此基础上,对土钉直径、土–钉界面抗剪强度、土–钉模量比等参数进行了参数分析,并针对GFRP土钉容许拉拔力的确定提出了按位移控制的思路。     

竖向正方形锚板水平拉拔极限承载力三维统一理论解研究

针对竖向正方形锚板水平极限拉拔力学机理和承载力理论研究存在人为区分浅埋、深埋,但界定标准不统一的问题,对其开展了破坏机制分析和极限承载力三维统一理论解的研究。通过板前四棱锥土核在垂直于板平面的竖直面和水平面投影三角形的形状演化来分别反映竖向和水平向破坏机制随土性、埋深比等因素变化的对称性;构建了竖向正方形锚板水平极限拉拔的三维统一力学模型;依次取不同受力体进行极限力学平衡分析;推导了拉拔极限承载力三维统一理论解。与其他理论方法、试验数据的对比验证表明:新的力学模型很好地实现了一个模型来反映不同埋深比范围破坏机制的连续变化规律,无需再人为区分浅埋和深埋;统一理论解计算结果不仅与室内模型试验数据符合的很好,也和现场、大尺寸室内试验数据吻合;较3种国外方法计算结果更加接近于实测值,且具有更小的离散性,平均值总体上偏于安全,在4种方法中表现最好。     

Displacement and load transfer mechanisms of geogrids under pullout condition

Reinforcing elements embedded within soil mass improve stabilization through a load transfer mechanism between the soil and the reinforcement. Geogrids are a type of geosynthetic frequently used for soil reinforcement, consisting of equally spaced longitudinal and transverse ribs. Under pullout conditions, the longitudinal ribs are responsible for tensile resistance, while transverse ribs contribute to a passive resistance. This paper describes a new analytical model capable of reproducing both load transfer and displacement mechanisms on the geogrid length, under pullout conditions. The model subdivides the geogrid into rheological units, composed by friction/adhesion and spring elements, mounted in line. Friction/adhesion elements respond to the shear component mobilized at the soil–geogrid interface. Spring elements respond to the geogrid's tensile elongation. Model parameters are obtained through tensile strength tests on geogrids and conventional direct shear tests on soil specimens. The need for instrumented pullout tests becomes therefore eliminated. Results predicted from this new model were compared to instrumented pullout test data from two types of geogrids, under various confining stress levels. The results revealed that the new model is capable of reasonably predicting load and displacement distributions along the geogrid.