Temperature- and wind-induced air flow patterns in a staircase. Computer modelling and experimental verification

The typical infiltration load for a residential building has been found to range from one-third to one-half of the total space conditioning load. However, most infiltration measurements have been made on single-family houses. Information about the role of infiltration in the energy consumption of large buildings is limited. Furthermore, the prediction of infiltration rates in high-rise buildings is a complex problem. The forces that drive this flow result from the superposition of wind pressure on the faces of the building and the stack effect across the height of the building. Infiltration models have shown the latter effect to be significant in single-family residences, particular in colder climates and, consequently, the stack effect is even greater in high-rise buildings. For this work, we performed tracer gas and fan pressurization measurements on a 30 m tall University of California dormitory in order to determine the importance of both wind and stack effect upon infiltration. Measured pressure and tracer gas distributions were compared with those from a predictive infiltration computer model for high-rise buildings. To study the influence of the air flow pattern around the building, this model uses various wind velocity profiles characteristic of urban areas and different sets of surface pressure coefficients derived from wind tunnel experiments.     

A study on the development and application of the E/V shaft cooling system to reduce stack effect in high-rise buildings

This study suggests the E/V(Elevator) shaft cooling system as a new approach to reduce the stack effect and the related problems in high-rise buildings. The basic characteristics on its application were analyzed with some simulations in this study. Moreover, the system was applied to an actual building and its performance was evaluated through the measurements.The system can reduce the stack effect itself and the related problems simultaneously and it can reduce the pressure and the air flow rate in each part of a building in the same ratio. These features were shown in the results of the simulations; for the examples, when all the E/V shafts were cooled from 22 °C to 12 °C, the stack effect and the pressure in each part of the modeled building were decreased by about 27%.In the field measurements, the wind velocity through the E/V door was decreased effectively in the whole building; its reduction ratio at the lobby floor was about 25% and at the upper floors (37F, 38F) about 10% respectively. But, the neutral pressure level at the E/V shaft was moved by the vertical temperature difference in the E/V shaft because of the inflow ducts concentrated in the lower part of the E/V shaft. This movement was also shown in another simulation on the same conditions as the measured ones. It is very important to minimize the vertical temperature difference in the E/V shaft to maximize the reduction effects on the problems.     

冬季寒冷地区超高层建筑防烟楼梯间热压效应研究

采用现场实测与数值模拟方法，研究热压作用对超高层建筑楼梯间压差分布的影响。通过对楼梯间与前室压差分布进行实测，指出由于避难层对楼梯间的分隔作用，使得压差在不同分区内，呈现错位增长的分布规律。用Fluent 模拟对实验研究进行补充，通过拟合模拟数据，对原有热压计算公式进行修正，提出适用于有一处避难层的超高层建筑的热压差计算公式。     

天井宽度及进深对火灾烟气运动的影响

采用FDS火灾数值模拟的方法，分析不同天井宽度及进深对带外廊开口天井建筑中天井底部与顶部压差、天井内温度及外廊CO浓度等参数的影响，研究高层住宅建筑开口天井宽度及进深对烟囱效应的影响。设定3种火源功率、4种开口天井宽度、4种开口天井进深，共计48组工况进行计算分析，研究发现，开口天井内由于侧面与外界连通，烟囱效应较弱，天井宽度和天井进深对烟囱效应没有明显影响。天井宽度和天井进深越大，天井内温度、外廊CO浓度均降低。     

高层建筑小区风环境的模拟研究

以某建有高层建筑的居住小区为研究对象,采用数值模拟方法对该小区春季的风速场、压力场进行了模拟。探讨了风环境对小区室内外舒适度的影响。     

采用模糊控制策略改进小区恒压供水系统

恒压变频供水技术在供水行业广泛应用,并取得了很好的经济和社会效益。对于生活小区以及高层建筑供水来说,常常由于管网的非线性、控制系统本身的结构复杂而难以用经典的控制方法来解决。为此结合某小区实例阐述了一种带模糊策略的控制方法,详细介绍了设计思路及程序。实际运行表明,改进的控制系统效果良好,克服了原系统压力不足及压力不稳等缺陷。     

低辐射玻璃窗高层住宅建筑能耗计算

在分析住宅建筑热环境模拟计算软件的基础上,以广州穗园小区高层居住建筑单元为例,用住宅建筑热环境模拟计算软件对居住建筑高层的节能情况进行全年能耗模拟计算,结果表明:夏热冬暖地区高层居住建筑中,Low-E玻璃铝合金窗的使用能大幅度降低建筑能耗,达到建筑设计节能效果。     

上海住宅建筑低能耗的可行性及技术路线研究

结合住宅建筑低能耗发展的行业背景,详细分析上海地区住宅建筑的能耗特点差异;以上海地区典型中高层住宅为例,剖析了典型中高层住宅的能耗水平、特点和现有节能设计标准的不足;基于负荷分析,提出了上海地区住宅建筑低能耗的节能技术路线方案。     

上海高层住宅夏季室内热环境研究

为了研究上海高层住宅夏季室内热环境,达到优化上海高层住宅节能设计的目的,对上海高层住宅进行了夏季问卷调查和现场测试,通过对测试结果和问卷结果的分析,显示了上海高层住宅室内热环境在不同楼层之间存在一定差异,整体来说夏季室内热环境相对恶劣,但上海居民对夏季室内炎热环境具有一定的适应性。     

超高层住宅的居住模式研究——华南区超高层住宅居民调研分析与启示

本文通过分析超高层住宅居住模式的特点,并结合华南区超高层住宅调研结果揭示超高层住宅居住模式存在的问题,针对超高层住宅居住模式提出设计上的建议。     

西安湿陷性黄土地区高层建筑物沉降分析与稳定控制值研究

通过对西安市2004年~2013年200幢高层建筑物沉降观测资料的分析,结合不同城区位置的工程地质条件,研究高层建筑物的长期沉降发展特性,采用指数函数模型预测建筑物最终稳定沉降量,经过统计归纳,分析高层建筑物不同阶段的沉降量情况,探求西安地区高层建筑物的沉降量控制值。研究结果为湿陷性黄土地区建筑物沉降安全预警值的确定提供了理论参考。     

高层和超高层建筑天然气附加压力解决方案

分析高层和超高层居住建筑天然气附加压力,结合典型案例,对高层和超高层居住建筑天然气附加压力解决方案进行对比,提出了推荐方案:使用低-低调压器,高区户内调压或全部户内调压。     

A Comparative Study on the Influence of Ventilation on Weather- and Fire-Induced Stack Effect in the Elevator Shafts of a High-Rise Building

This work assessed the impact of ventilation on both weather- and fire-induced stack effect in an 18-story high-rise office building. Elevator shafts are considered the main route of vertical air movement. Pressure distribution induced by cold weather within the elevator shafts was calculated theoretically. Computational fluid dynamics simulations of fire in the same high-rise building under different ventilation conditions were carried out with a fire dynamics simulator. It was found that ventilation exerted a more complex impact on fire than the weather-induced stack effect. For the weather-induced stack effect, the ventilation condition of the building only affected the height of the neutral pressure plane; in fire situations, it did not only affect the height of the neutral pressure plane in a similar manner to the weather-induced stack effect, but also influenced temperature and pressure distributions in the elevator shafts. The smoke movement and the distributions of temperature and pressure in elevator shafts are also learned. The smoke movement in high rises experienced four typical stages after ignition. The ventilation condition of the fire floor influences gas flow into elevator shafts, while that of the upper floors impacts the smoke rise speed in vertical shafts. When the stack effect finally reaches steady state, the gas temperature in the shaft decreases exponentially with height. Based on this assumption, a theoretical model was presented to characterize the fire-induced stack effect in typical high rises. Results showed that the model successfully predicts the pressure distribution in high-rise buildings.     

Stochastic modelling of water demand by domestic washrooms in residential tower blocks

Accurate estimates of probable simultaneous maximum demand are essential for appropriate decisions on sizing water supply plants and piping systems for high-rise residential buildings at a balance of acceptable plant reliability and construction cost. This study proposes a stochastic model of the probable maximum simultaneous water demands of domestic washrooms at some usage patterns for which the appliances in the same washroom would not operate simultaneously. The model parameters were determined from surveys of usage patterns in 597 domestic washrooms of typical high-rise residential buildings in Hong Kong. The results showed that the probable maximum simultaneous demands due to a number of domestic washrooms in a typical high-rise residential building were only about 50–60% of those estimates with an assumption of all appliances in simultaneous operation. This study is a useful source of reference in determining loadings of water supply plants and piping systems for high-rise residential buildings.     

Social consequences and mental health outcomes of living in high-rise residential buildings and the influence of planning,urban design and architectural decisions: A systematic review

Different types of high-rise residential buildings have proliferated in different countries at least since the 1940s, for a range of reasons. This paper aims to provide an overview of the current state of evidence on how planning, urban design and architectural aspects of high-rise residential buildings may influence social well-being and mental health. A systematic review following the PRISMA guidelines was conducted. Searches for peer-reviewed papers were conducted in MEDLINE, Embase, PsycInfo, Scopus, SciELO, and Web of Science; 4100 papers were assessed. 23 empirical studies published between 1971 and 2016 were included. The review found that house type, floor level, as well as spaces intrinsic to high-rise residential buildings (e.g. shared stairwells) are associated with social well-being and mental health. However, conceptual gaps and methodological inconsistencies still characterise most of the research in this field. We expect that research about and policy attention to this subject may intensify due to its strategic relevance in the face of global challenges such as increasing urbanization and loneliness. This paper concludes by highlighting a number of recommendations for future research.     

山地高层住宅造型设计的思索——以威海文峰二街改造项目为例

因山地高层住宅处于特殊的地形中,建筑叠加山地后的外部空间会产生强烈垂直感,建筑造型设计即面临如何塑造宜人空间场所的难点。本文以威海文峰二街项目为例,在高层住宅造型设计中尝试运用重构、拼贴和错位等手法,努力消减山地高层住宅的尺度感,此目的也正是山地高层住宅造型设计中需要探索的方向。     

珠三角高层办公建筑空中庭院的疗愈作用研究

高密度布局是我国中心城市的基本形态,在中心城区的CBD区域,存在大量高层办公建筑。这些办公楼内的都市白领普遍面临着巨大压力,其中高强度工作的心理压力及长时间伏案工作的生理压力使大部分都市白领处于“亚健康”状态,甚至受到生理心理疾病的威胁。而疗愈是指“压力的缓解以及环境抚慰、恢复一个人的心理和情绪健康的能力”,而非强调能够治疗疾病的能力。因此,研究办公建筑的疗愈环境具有重要意义。空中庭院作为新型的城市设计语汇被应用在高层建筑尤其是办公建筑中,其纾解生理心理压力的作用已得到初步证实。针对研究目的,借助虚拟现实技术,搭配经典情绪评价量表及实时生理检测设备构建实验,探究空中庭院的空间形式、空间界面和天空可见性对白领健康的疗愈作用。通过统计分析生理和心理两方面的实验数据,探讨空中庭院的疗愈效益及各要素对疗愈效益大小的影响,得出若干对办公建筑具有疗愈作用的空中庭院设计建议。     

高层住宅建筑消防车通道的管理探讨

随着城市化的进程不断加快,城市人口的密度越来越大,导致房屋供不应求.在此基础上,房地产行业取得了迅猛的发展,城市中高楼林立,高层建筑数量和规模不断扩大,这正是城市发展的客观表现,与此同时,也存在着严重的消防安全问题.文章主要针对高层住宅建筑消防车通道的管理进行分析,结合目前建筑设计防火方面的实际情况,对高层住宅建筑中存在的火灾危险性进行分析,总结相关的经验,提出高层住宅建筑消防车通道的有效管理方式,希望能够为其他的高层建筑消防车通道管理工作有序开展提供参考依据,保障高层建筑使用的安全性,防止火灾问题的产生.     

滨州市高层居住建筑消防安全现状及防火对策

通过对滨州市高层居住建筑消防安全现状的调查以及对高层居住建筑火灾特点的分析,提出了滨州市高层居住建筑防火对策,从而降低火灾安全隐患,促进高层建筑快速发展。     

细水雾控制高层住宅烟道火灾的有效性及参数优化

为了有效控制高层住宅厨房烟道火灾,构建细水雾控制厨房食用油火和带分支烟道的高层住宅厨房烟道油垢火的FDS数值模型,分析高层住宅厨房烟道细水雾灭火系统有效性的影响因素及最佳设计参数。结果表明,如果未能即时扑灭高层住宅底层厨房食用油火,在强烈的烟囱效应作用下,高温火焰和烟气会引燃烟道内油垢,造成火势的迅速蔓延。本文所建的30 m高厨房烟道火模型中,最佳细水雾灭火系统运行模式为关闭厨房抽油烟机,即时开启厨房灶台上方和主烟道内分段设置的细水雾喷头,雾流量分别为0.6,10 L/min,细水雾最佳参数为喷射流速10 m/s、喷射角度60°、水雾粒径500 μm。