2D numerical investigation of segmental tunnel lining behavior

The application field of shield tunneling has extended in recent years. Most shield-driven tunnels are supported by segmental concrete linings. Although many well documented experimental, numerical and analytical results exist in literature concerning the functioning of segmental tunnel linings, their behavior under the influence of joints is still not clear.This paper presents a numerical study that has been performed to investigate the factors that affect segmental tunnel lining behavior. Analyses have been carried out using a two-dimensional finite difference element model. The longitudinal joint between segments in a ring has been simulated through double node connections, with six degrees of freedom, represented by six springs. The proposed model allows the effect of not only the rotational stiffness but also the radial stiffness and the axial stiffness of the longitudinal joints to be taken into consideration. The numerical results show a significant reduction in the bending moment induced in the tunnel lining as the joint number increases. The tunnel behavior in terms of the bending moment considering the effect of joint distribution, when the lateral earth pressure factor K₀ is equal to 0.5, 1.5 and 2, is almost similar and differs when K₀ is equal to unity. It has been seen that the influence of joint rotational stiffness, the reduction in joint rotation stiffness under the negative bending moment, the lateral earth pressure factor and Young’s modulus of ground surrounding the tunnel should not be neglected. On the other hand, the results have also shown an insignificant influence of the axial and radial stiffness of the joints on segmental tunnel lining behavior.     

Buckling of cylindrical shells with longitudinal joints under external pressure

In this article, the bucking of cylindrical shells with longitudinal joint has been investigated through the experimental and numerical analysis. It was clarified that the buckling behavior of cylindrical shells with longitudinal joints under lateral external pressure is not only related to its dimension, but also longitudinal joint and an imperfection. The buckling of cylindrical shells with rigid joint buckles only once and in multi-lobe buckling, whereas one with flexible joints buckles twice and firstly in single-lobe buckling in the vicinity of the joint, secondly in multi-lobe buckling in remaining un-deformed area. And the more flexible the longitudinal joint, the lower the critical pressure, with respect to the same dimension of jointed cylindrical shells and imperfection condition. Moreover the numerical analysis approaches were also presented and verified, by which the imperfection can greatly enlarge the effect of joint on buckling has been demonstrated.     

Numerical simulation of the uplift behavior of shield tunnel during construction stage

In this study, a new 3D numerical model that considers the circumferential joint, longitudinal bolt, grout pressure, jacking force and the constraint of shield on the linings is developed to derive deeper insights into the lining uplift behavior during shield tunneling. The numerical analysis is conducted using ANSYS, which is verified by a case history in soft soils. Revealed by both the measurements and calculation results, it is found that the lining uplift due to shield tunneling in soft soils can be divided into three stages: dislocation, stretch and steady deformation stages, respectively. In the dislocation stage, the lining deformation attributes principally to the dislocation deformation between neighboring linings. In the stretch stage, the lining deformation is mainly caused by the stretch deformation of circumferential joints. The major uplift is caused during dislocation stage. Thereafter, the impacts of shield-driving parameters including gradient of grout pressure, jacking force and pre-tightening force of longitudinal bolts on the uplift behavior are investigated by a series of parametric studies. The jacking force during segment preparation and assembly shows the most significant impact on the uplift of the tunnel, while the pre-tightening force of longitudinal bolts shows negligible impact. Finally, the control criterion for lining uplift related to the allowable dislocation and opening angle of circumferential joints is proposed.     

盾构隧道在可液化场地中的地震响应分析

盾构隧道的装配式管片是其显著的结构特点,目前的抗震研究主要采用简化方法,少有能有效反映管片和接头细部特征的动力反应分析方法,对其在可液化场地中的地震响应规律也需要进一步研究。本文建立了一种精细化装配式管片结构计算模型,并基于砂土液化大变形统一本构模型,采用弹塑性有限元动力时程分析,分析了盾构隧道在可液化场地中的地震响应特征及规律。结果表明接头处响应是盾构隧道抗震的重要考虑因素。装配式管片结构相比于整体式结构柔度更大,受力较小,变形较大。在可液化场地中盾构隧道由于水平向作用力显著增加,在水平向被挤压,受力分布和抗震不利位置相比非液化场地有明显区别。     

地表超载作用下盾构隧道劣化机理与特性

对某软土地区地铁盾构隧道进行了调研与分析,发现盾构隧道在现有计算理论所允许的地表超载作用下极易发生横向变形超限,并引发管片纵缝接头破损与渗漏水,对此展开了模型试验、数值仿真及理论分析。研究表明:地表均布超载导致的隧道附加竖向土压力并不是均匀分布,且在隧道中心正上方一定范围内要大于地表均布超载;隧道的穿越土层越软弱,地表超载导致的隧道周围附加土压力对隧道结构抵抗横向变形越不利;隧道发生横椭圆变形过程中,管片纵缝接头是管片环中的最薄弱部位。最后提出了软土地区盾构隧道采用"刚性衬砌"的设计理念,并给出了加大管片纵缝接头强度与刚度的建议。     

砂土层中盾构隧道局部破坏引发连续破坏的机理研究

盾构隧道由混凝土管片拼接而成,接缝部位薄弱,在建设和运营过程中存在大量风险。国内外发生过多起因隧道管片局部损坏演变为隧道大范围破损甚至连续坍塌并导致地表沉陷等灾害。通过对隧道管片接头的受力分析,建立了接头的极限承载力M-N包络图,作为管片接头的破坏准则。以隧道联络通道施工时,隧道腰部设置洞门作为隧道局部破坏的背景,利用离散元软件PFC,通过FISH语言二次开发研究了隧道腰部管片局部破坏引发的隧道连续破坏机理。研究表明,隧道腰部局部破坏引起土体进入隧道内从而引起隧道腰部外土体松动,并且松动区外围产生的土拱的拱脚支承于隧道顶部区域,这都导致隧道内力急剧增大,直至超过管片及接头的极限承载力,隧道局部破坏发生扩展。由于隧道环间螺栓的作用,破坏环过大的变形引起邻近环横向变形增大,进而引发邻近环的破坏,破坏沿纵向传递,隧道发生大范围连续破坏。最后,初步提出并对比分析了多种隧道防连续破坏措施。     

地铁盾构隧道衬砌结构变形及破坏探讨

盾构隧道衬砌结构的变形与破坏模式受接头的力学性能控制,但目前国内地铁盾构隧道接头形式多样,不同形式的接头对整环结构受力性能的影响机理还不清晰。基于足尺试验,分别研究单环、多环的国内典型地铁直螺栓接头衬砌结构、弯螺栓接头衬砌结构、快速接头衬砌结构的受力性能,对比分析其正常运营状态的变形、周边扰动下的破坏模式与极限承载力。结果表明：①通缝拼装盾构隧道衬砌结构的性能由纵缝接头性能决定,提高纵缝接头延性可使结构破坏模式从接头处连接件脆性断裂转变为结构整体失稳;②错缝结构性能取决于环间相互作用强弱,随着环间相互作用的增强,结构首个塑性铰位置从纵缝接头向管片本体转移;③可通过环间、环内的协调设计,优化结构正常运营状态基本受力性能,提高结构极限承载力并使结构发生延性破坏。     

Experimental investigation of the ultimate bearing capacity of continuously jointed segmental tunnel linings

The serviceability of segmental tunnel linings is attracting more and more attention within the operation of urban rail traffic. Full-scale tests are herein conducted to determine the ultimate bearing capacity of continuously jointed segmental tunnel linings, considering changes of surrounding environment. The design of tested linings and loading schemes are described. The most important results are the evolution of deformations, cracking and opening of joints and forces in bolts. The bearing capacity, role of joint bolts and failure mechanism of the tested linings are analysed. It is found that failure of these linings is caused by the failure of joints. Thus, in order to optimise structural design of tunnel linings, more attention needs to be paid to maximise the joint strength. It is also found that circumferential joint bolts could take action and offer the safety margin in connection with the response of segmental structures. What’s more, a comparison of different experimental loading conditions has shown that segmental lining structures are more vulnerable to lateral unloading than to overload conditions.     

广州地铁二号线EPB盾构隧道研究综述

本文在分析、总结国内外相关文献和材料的基础上 ,结合广州地铁二号线首期工程 ,着重分析了盾构隧道掘进机的选型 ;盾构隧道衬砌接头刚度的确定和优化设计 ;盾构隧道衬砌结构的抗震设计分析 ;土压平衡 (EPB)盾构隧道工程信息化施工现场监测技术 ;EPB盾构隧道动态施工全过程三维有限元模拟等急需解决的问题 ,所得到的结果与结论可用于指导盾构隧道的设计和施工     

Design of shield tunnel lining taking fluctuations of river stage into account

Fluctuations of river stage are expected to induce changes in loads acting on the tunnel linings and cause readjustments of member forces in the segmental linings subsequently. Therefore, the evaluation of impacts of time-dependent river levels on the loads acting on the tunnel linings is of great importance in design of shield tunnel linings situated beneath the rivers. However, the loads acting the tunnel linings are generally considered as constant in most design methods available, taking no account of the influences of constantly changing river stage. In this study, the influences of river stage on design of shield tunnel linings are evaluated with respect to two common ground conditions: (a) impermeable overburden strata of low permeability and (b) permeable overburden strata of high permeability. Two earth pressure calculation models are correspondingly established. In addition, field observations in the Hangzhou Qiantang River Tunnel are described in detail to present the responses of tunnel linings to fluctuations in river stage and validate the established design model for the former case.     

盾构施工引起地面长期沉降的理论计算研究

 对盾构施工引起的隧道轴线上方地面工后沉降进行研究,结果表明,土体开挖卸荷引起应力释放,产生初始超孔隙水压力,其分布呈三角形。假定衬砌不排水、土体为单面排水、压缩层厚度为隧道覆土厚度,采用太沙基一维固结理论,得到地面工后固结沉降的理论计算公式。假定地面长期沉降主要由施工期间沉降和工后固结沉降组成,进而得到地面长期沉降的理论计算公式。算例分析结果表明：该方法的预测值与实测值非常吻合;上海软土地区盾构隧道施工引起的地面长期沉降相当显著,最终地面沉降量在80 mm以上,固结沉降占总沉降量的80%～90%;按最小覆土深度5 m计算,需要2 a以上地面沉降才能最终稳定。     

Life-cycle reliability analysis of shield tunnels in coastal regions: emphasis on flexural performance of deteriorating segmental linings

In contrast to reinforced concrete (RC) structures on land, RC shield tunnels in coastal regions deteriorate rapidly after their construction because of the combined effects of multiple mechanical and environmental stressors. In this paper, by considering the coastal hazards associated with chloride and the impacts of hydrostatic pressure, a novel approach is presented to estimate the life-cycle structural performance of a shield tunnel that has undergone deterioration due to chloride-induced steel corrosion. Deterioration processes in segmental linings are investigated via corrosion-accelerated experiments on individual segments, and the combined effects of corrosive agents and loads are emphasized. Monte Carlo simulation is used to estimate the time-variant failure probability of shield tunnels in a marine environment. In an illustrative example, the effects of structural location, hydrostatic pressure and material properties on the life-cycle reliability of shield tunnels are investigated.     

软土地层中的圆形隧道载荷模式研究

对圆形隧道作用荷载的影响因素，如隧道埋深、施工工艺以及计算方法等作了系统分析。通过对作用在上海软土地层中的3条隧道上的土压力实测值的分析表明，作用在隧道上的土压力值及其分布规律不仅由于隧道的施工方法（挤压盾构或者EPB盾构）有较大差异，而且在隧道的施工阶段和正常使用阶段也不同。在隧道施工阶段，挤压盾构法隧道衬砌呈现“竖鸭蛋”变形，而EPB盾构隧道衬砌则呈现“横鸭蛋”变形。根据经典的主动土压力理论和静止土压力理论计算出的隧道侧压力小于现场的实测值，且二者的偏差较大。根据本文提出的圆形隧道土压力的余弦变化规律理论对3条隧道的荷载进行计算，计算结果与实测值吻合得很好。     

考虑管片接头渗流的盾构隧道流固耦合模型研究

管片接头是盾构隧道衬砌的渗漏水多发区域,长期渗流导致荷载分布和受力模式变化,危及结构安全。针对现有研究难以对接头渗漏下盾构隧道力学特性准确模拟的现状,提出一种新的模拟分析思路,基于开发的接头联接单元模拟盾构衬砌接头位置的力学变形响应,采用有限元软件二次开发数值实现接头渗流,要点在于密封垫张开引起的接触应力和外水压力动态变化的迭代分析,进而建立管片接头渗流下的盾构隧道流固耦合数值模型。结合上海地铁盾构隧道工程实例,对不同接头渗流、渗流量、接头刚度和防水性能等因素影响下的隧道力学变形机理和地表沉降规律进行分析。研究发现：管片接头位置与渗流量对于衬砌结构的内力存在一定影响,具体表现为弯矩明显增加而轴力略微减小,拱腰接头发生渗流对结构内力的影响最大。隧道结构的变形随着渗流量的增加而增加,且基本呈正比关系;拱腰、拱底和拱顶接头发生渗流时对结构侧向移动和变形的影响依次减小。隧道结构和地表沉降随着管片接头渗流量增加而增加,且基本呈正比关系;拱顶接头发生渗流时,地表沉降最大但隧道沉降最小;拱底接头发生渗流时,地表沉降最小但隧道沉降最大。研究成果对完善盾构隧道流固耦合分析模型有一定参考价值。     

Zum Gültigkeitsbereich der Bemessungsformeln für Druckschachtpanzerungen unter Außendruck

Scope of the design assumption for pressure tunnel steel linings under external pressure. The buckling design check of pressure tunnel steel linings under external pressure – caused by external infiltration water or cement injection pressure – is conventionally performed by using different sets of equations, which were either developed analytically or through the evaluation of test results. In this paper, the range of validity of the commonly employed semi‐empirical design formula developed by Montel [1] is investigated by comparing it with an analytical design concept based on the assumptions of Amstutz [2], [3] and Jacobsen [4], which was formulated in terms of an elastic snap‐through buckling mechanism with a first yield failure criterion, as well as with numerical calculations using the Finite Element Method. The initial objective of this study was to verify the applicability of the Montel formula to higher‐strength steel grades. However, the analytical approach was shown to be more accurate in describing known test results and better applicable to high‐strength steels and cylindrical linings of high slenderness.     

上海越江隧道渗漏现状调查与分析

上海黄浦江越江隧道具有直径大、接缝长、埋藏深、水压高等特点,隧道周围软土又极易引起隧道结构变形,从而造成隧道结构防水的复杂性。上海越江隧道防水理论和防水技术在实践中不断提高,盾构法隧道管片自防水能力和接缝防水技术均取得了卓有成效的进步。通过对当前隧道渗漏情况的调查表明,新建的盾构隧道渗漏量较好地控制在0.1L/m²/d以下,矩形段渗漏量相对较大。调查还表明越江隧道的渗漏主要集中于圆形隧道段管片的环缝、纵缝、注浆孔、螺栓孔及管片裂缝、圆形隧道与竖井的井圈部位、竖井与矩形段连接部位、矩形暗挖段的变形缝(施工缝)、结构裂缝等。分析还表明越江隧道渗漏量与沉降累积值并无直接的联系,隧道沉降量大的地方渗漏反而不是最严重的。     

Enlarging a large-diameter shield tunnel using the Pile–Beam–Arch method to create a metro station

It is an effective approach to enlarge a large-diameter shield tunnel using the Pile–Beam–Arch (PBA) method to construct a metro station, especially when traditional excavation methods cannot be used because of the narrow roads and dense buildings. Based on the structural characteristics of a metro station, FLAC^3D is used to build a three-dimensional model and to analyse the mechanical performance of structurally critical joints and their effect on the settlement of the ground surface. The critical joints include segment joints, connections between blocks of key segments, connections between longitudinal beams and segments, and connections between primary linings and segments. The results show that the calculated stress in the structure does not exceed the strength during the enlarging process. A control standard for the project is also presented based on a comparison between the results of the numerical simulation and the control reference of a Beijing metro station. The numerical analysis result is used to guide the construction. Based on the in-situ monitoring data, the feasibility of the expansion method is verified, as is the accuracy of the numerical simulation.     

接头抗弯刚度非线性及渗水影响下盾构隧道力学行为分析

盾构隧道在运营过程中会出现局部渗漏水,对结构的长期安全性有较大影响。目前渗漏水研究中,难以对局部渗漏及盾构隧道的力学特性同时进行准确的模拟。针对该现状,提出一种组合模拟方法,即渗流计算时,管片结构采用均质圆环模型,在局部接头处设置相应的渗流路径;而在力学计算时,关闭渗流场,将管片结构的均质圆环模型替换为考虑接头抗弯刚度非线性的壳–弹簧–接触–地层模型,迭代计算达到平衡。采用该方法对不同渗流量及渗漏位置情况下,隧道周围孔隙水压力分布规律及结构的力学行为进行了对比分析。分析结果表明:渗漏量越大,孔隙水压力降低越明显,结构内力变化越显著,且拱腰附近接头渗水对结构内力的影响程度大于拱顶与拱底附近接头渗水;各接头渗水时,影响区域的划分表现出一致性,即以渗水接头为中心,两侧各36°的区域为严重影响区域;与严重影响区域相连,两侧各48°,60°区域为一般影响区域,剩余区域为微弱影响区域。复合地层情况下,与静水压力工况相比,上半部分渗水导致结构上侧正弯区域增加,下半部分渗水导致结构下侧正弯区域增加,且轴力沿全环分布不均,渗漏侧轴力平均值小于非渗漏侧轴力,对管片结构受力不利。     

Effect of joint stiffness on the stability of cable-braced grid shells

Bolted joints used in cable-braced grid shells are typically semi-rigid joints, and the joint stiffness has a significant effect on the stability of cable-braced grid shells. The effect of joint stiffness on the stability of cable-braced grid shells is studied in this paper. Based on the experimental results of improved bolted joints, finite element models of elliptic paraboloid cable-braced grid shells with bolted joints are established, and spring elements are used to simulate the joint stiffness. The effect of the joint stiffness on the nonlinear buckling load is studied by changing the joint stiffness. The main conclusions are as follows. First, the joint rotational stiffness has a significant effect on the failure mode. When the joint rotational stiffness is small to a certain extent, the failure mode of cable-braced grid shells changes from overall buckling to local buckling. Second, the nonlinear failure mode is similar to the first-order eigenvalue buckling mode and the maximal compression stress distribution. The structural integrity is weakened, and the maximal steel tube compression stress decreases with the decrease of the joint rotational stiffness. The smaller the joint rotational stiffness, the lower the utilization rate of steel strength. The results suggest that the joint stiffness of elliptic paraboloid cable-braced grid shells should not be less than 20% of the rigid joint stiffness.     

地表堆载对既有盾构隧道纵向变形影响

临时基坑开挖弃土和建筑垃圾引起的地表堆载将对盾构隧道产生不利影响,威胁盾构隧道运营安全,因此有必要评估地表堆载作用下盾构隧道的变形。利用非线性Pasternak地基模型,考虑地基非线性变形特点,通过接头非连续盾构隧道计算模型反映盾构隧道环间接头的影响,利用两阶段法,推导得到地表堆载作用下盾构隧道纵向变形简化计算方法。首先,通过Boussineq解求得地表堆载下盾构隧道所受附加荷载; 其次,将附加荷载作用于盾构隧道,结合接头非连续盾构隧道模型推导得到盾构隧道在地表堆载作用下的纵向变形方程,并使用有限差分法对方程进行求解,最后结合2个工程案例验证了所提方法的合理性。结果表明:增加盾构隧道环间接头的转动刚度对减小隧道沉降的作用较小,但可以有效减小接头张开量; 增加堆载长度会同时增大盾构隧道沉降量和沉降范围,而增加堆载宽度只会导致隧道沉降量缓慢增加,但不会引起隧道沉降范围增大; 增大堆载边界线到隧道轴线的距离会有效减少堆载引起的沉降量。