Village Centre Internal Resources Used for New Development

Villages historically have been founded around agriculture but farm land has greatly changed, mainly in the areas of the centralised conception of agriculture from the 1950s. Original parcelling, homestead composition and functional layouts have stopped being useful for current village inhabitants. The Czech Republic is an example of an area where this problem has appeared. According to the Czech Statistical Office, the number of inhabitants working in agriculture is now only 1%. Therefore, we need to concentrate on the village historic centre： the possibilities of restructuring and the definition of its potential and possibilities for new development. The internal resources of the village mentioned in this paper refer to the buildings, structures and land of the village centre core. The case studies worked out by the students of architecture in the Faculty of Civil Engineering of Czech Technical University in Prague from the 1990s were used for the research. Comparing designs can define these basic approaches to the new historic centre＇s use： a spatial solution--urban （non-invasive and invasive） and architectonical （reconstruction, traditional form with modern detail or completely modern design） and a functional solution. The research shown in the original historic village core offers enough opportunities for new usages and non-agricultural functions which are suitable for this area.     

Underground space planning in Helsinki

This paper gives insight into the use of underground space in Helsinki,Finland.The city has an underground master plan(UMP) for its whole municipal area,not only for certain parts of the city.Further,the decision-making history of the UMP is described step-by-step.Some examples of underground space use in other cities are also given.The focus of this paper is on the sustainability issues related to urban underground space use,including its contribution to an environmentally sustainable and aesthetically acceptable landscape,anticipated structural longevity and maintaining the opportunity for urban development by future generations.Underground planning enhances overall safety and economy efficiency.The need for underground space use in city areas has grown rapidly since the 21 st century;at the same time,the necessity to control construction work has also increased.The UMP of Helsinki reserves designated space for public and private utilities in various underground areas of bedrock over the long term.The plan also provides the framework for managing and controlling the city's underground construction work and allows suitable locations to be allocated for underground facilities.Tampere,the third most populated city in Finland and the biggest inland city in the Nordic countries,is also a good example of a city that is taking steps to utilise underground resources.Oulu,the capital city of northern Finland,has also started to ‘go underground'.An example of the possibility to combine two cities by an 80-km subsea tunnel is also discussed.A new fixed link would generate huge potential for the capital areas of Finland and Estonia to become a real Helsinki-Tallinn twin city.     

Improving Conviviality in Public Places： The Case of Naples, Italy

Under the umbrella concept of conviviality in public spaces, a research project on the rehabilitation of urban areas for commercial and retail uses---as engine of a complex process of production of places for social and cultural mixit6--has been defined. The aim of this research has been to produce useful tools for coping with the abandonment of public spaces in former commercial urban areas, without generating anonymous and globalized commercial districts. Through involving local stakeholders in a participatory process, the first phase of the research here presented needs to demonstrate the possible effectiveness of a pilot action plan in dealing with both isolation and gentrification processes of historical centres. The main hypothesis is that traditional retailers should be considered an essential element to ensure effective public use of urban public spaces. The research methodology is based on a qualitative approach. Focussing on the process of impoverishment within local commercial districts, the research group started working with local stakeholders in order to identify priorities and criticisms for enhancing a regeneration process. The case study to be carried out in Naples is the historical market place of Piazza Mercato in the Citth Bassa of Naples （Italy）.     

Urban Utopia and Building Experimentations： The Rural Villages of the Sicilian Latifundium

The colonization of Sicilian latifundium was an attempt of regeneration of the rural areas. It was carried out by Benito Mussolini, called II Duce, who governed Italy by a regime with an absolute and conservative approach for 20 years since 1922. According to this plan, there were some rural villages （with a school, a church, a police station and a doctor＇s surgery） and a number of rural homes, spread in the landscape, that formed one of the most important achievements of the agrarian reform in Italy. The author has been conducting scientific research on this topic for several years. He started with the archive ＂Ente per la Colonizzazione del Latifondo Siciliano＂ （now called Ente Sviluppo Agricolo） to review the original designs and contracts with companies, ledgers and other administrative documents. Lately, he has been reviewing the personal archives of designers involved in the building program, where he has found original drawings, letters, sketches, etc.. He has also conducted some architectonic and technical surveys of the sites. We have to consider that nowadays the mentioned rural villages are a strategic resource for the development of the neighboring areas, as it may become a network for the sustainable tourism and the promotion of the local agro food specialties. On this purpose, the local authority is going to promote some plans for the requalification of these sites. The particular achievement of this article is to show a number of possibilities for the reuse of these places.     

Glossary

Editor’s Note:During the rapid urbanization of China in the past 30 years,the development of new urban areas and new cities and the renovation of old cities are two key factors.Generally speaking,the urban renewal in China mainly refers to the redevelopment of the industrial areas and the renovation of the residential quarters in the built-up areas of a city.As an     

Social Participation in the Context of the Urban Public Space Renewal： The Case of Lagarteiro Neighborhood in Oporto

In 1980, Giancarlo de Carlo wrote in the Perspecta： Yale Journal, ＂An Architecture of the Participation＂. Carlo, proposed a sequence of procedures： the problem definition, the solution and the results evaluation, in all the three steps, the social communities should be integrated in as part of a share and dynamic process. This text corresponds to a new way of understanding the importance of the social communities in the architecture definition. From de Carlo＇s text, the main goal of this paper is to present the results of an intervention in public space renewal of the Lagarteiro neighborhood （in Oporto city） and the relation of this process with the participation of the resident population. The urban context of Lagarteiro＇s neighborhood presented before the intervention the typical and classic signs of disqualification of environmental and urban peripheral areas of resettlement. The term ＂disadvantaged areas＂ is associated with these areas in urban or peri-urban case, was framed in a specific Portuguese policy, called Initiative Critical Neighborhoods. Being a recent intervention, the renewal of the public space in Lagarteiro is a complete case study that allows comprehending the participation phenomenon in nowadays, at the same time that seduces a reflexion about technical and architectural solutions for ＂critical＂ neighborhood.     

Cultural Heritage and the Three-Position Theory——Respect for Tradition and the Future of Landscape Design Methodology

In the era of globalization, the inheritance issue of regional culture should by prudentially faced by each type of cultures, especially the non-mainstream ones. As to the development of modern Chinese landscape architecture cause, a lot of unavoidable century tasks are in the face of the landscape architecture designers in China, such as: how to inherit and develop Chinese outstanding garden     

格里高里作品欣赏

Catholic Theological College, Melbourne The design evolved through an extensive exploratory dialogue with the client. The resultant brief was to clarify the Colleges' role for the 21st Century and how its deeper aspirations could be given living expression in the architecture. There was a desire for the architecture to respond to and act as inspiration for the unfolding identity of the College in the urban context of Melbourne. The College complex comprises an existing 19th century biuestone building (the Parade Building) and the new College building which includes a 1000sqm library.     

Challenges of Structure in Today＇s Architectural,Economic and Social Context

The recent establishment of a digital culture and society, together with current financial crisis and urgent energetic and climatic needs, has radically changed the architectural scene from the optimism of some years ago to a situation of uncertainty and huge social demands and challenges. In this context, it is suggested to rethink the role of structure in architecture, such as an enabler, a guide and a catalyst. The purpose of this paper is to present the economic, cultural and social context in which architecture develops nowadays. The method, to suggest a discussion on which role the structure may adopt in the architecture to come. The achievement, to highlight its potential to face current requirements and challenges.     

Why High-Speed Railway Stations Continue China’s Leapfrog Urbanization:Institutional Parameters of Urban Development

An ambitious program of High-Speed Railway (HSR) is under construction in China and already soon the network will overtake its counterparts in Europe. Reflecting on experiences in Europe, the authors explore the conditions for place making qualities of six new HSR station areas in China. The superb inter-city connectivity of the new infrastructure nodes raises a lot of expectations about the economic and social potential of the station areas, but the experiences in Europe thus far are very differentiated. With regards to the attraction of economic activities usually the existing differences between different economic regions are reproduced rather than shaping completely new conditions. Also the expectations of developing completely new integrated urban centers around stations in the urban periphery are rather ambitious. The paper questions the planning responses to HSR development in Chinese cities and investigates the institutional conditions that frame these responses. The authors explore how the plans for Chinese HSR station development account for their objectives and reflect on the potential of the station area planning by investigating the institutional parameters of urban development.     

Underground space planning in Helsinki

This paper gives insight into the use of underground space in Helsinki, Finland. The city has an undergroundmaster plan （UMP） for its whole municipal area, not only for certain parts of the city. Further, the decision-making history of the UMP is described step-by-step. Some examples of underground space usein other cities are also given. The focus of this paper is on the sustainability issues related to urbanunderground space use, including its contribution to an environmentally sustainable and aestheticallyacceptable landscape, anticipated structural longevity and maintaining the opportunity for urbandevelopment by future generations. Underground planning enhances overall safety and economy efficiency.The need for underground space use in city areas has grown rapidly since the 21st century; at thesame time, the necessity to control construction work has also increased. The UMP of Helsinki reservesdesignated space for public and private utilities in various underground areas of bedrock over the longterm. The plan also provides the framework for managing and controlling the city＇s underground constructionwork and allows suitable locations to be allocated for underground facilities. Tampere, the thirdmost populated city in Finland and the biggest inland city in the Nordic countries, is also a good exampleof a city that is taking steps to utilise underground resources. Oulu, the capital city of northern Finland,has also started to ＇go underground＇. An example of the possibility to combine two cities by an 80-kmsubsea tunnel is also discussed. A new fixed link would generate huge potential for the capital areasof Finland and Estonia to become a real Helsinki-Tallinn twin city.
2014 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting byElsevier B.V. All rights reserved.     

The Idea of ＂Architecture Stage＂： A Non-material Architecture Theory

The purpose of this study is to find ＂the new theory＂ in the process of having quality ＂form＂ in architecture field which is usually visualized by the ruler through his ideology of his architectural work which is created by his architects. The study is about an urban design in architectural field related with space-power-knowledge. To reveal the meaning of the architecture objects is need to analyze the architectural object ＂form＂ as the culture-material, and to reveal the meaning of the objects through the hidden things related to the presence of the metaphysical data. To find ＂the new theory＂ used ＂grounded theory research＂, the method is part of qualitative research which refers to Glaser and Strauss. The achievement study is finding the idea of＂architecture stage＂ of the ruler, represented by Soekamo as the first Indonesian President. Through visual observation and spatial experiences in his several architectural works concerning the ＂Project＇s Lighthouse＂ as his architectural work in Jakarta in the 1960s the idea of connectedness was found. He composes his architecture＇s work by inserted the ＂architecture drama analogy＂ as metaphor for representing himself and his ideologist by exploring the Javanese Ancient＇s as the basic design in the modem architecture at that time the east meet west.     

Informal Settlements： A Shape Grammar Approach

Informal urban development is seldomly covered in academic studies or professional architectural training. This article sets forth the first stage of a novel study that observes the informal city using the methodology of analysis of architecture called shape grammars. The idea is to recognize peculiarities in the occupation of the land and the volumetric features of the buildings. Rocinha favela, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is taken as a case study with the primary aim of extrapolating a set of rules for its morphological features so that these rules can be used to generate new shapes, whilst bearing in mind the issues of adaptation and transformation which are so characteristic of informal settlements. There is some expectation that this study may help improve the housing and public space in the favela and enable new housing programs to observe the way the buildings and different architectural elements combined, forming a new channel of interchange with the spatial organization of the favela.     

Practice on Urban Regeneration Planning for Traditional Industrial City of Wuhan

Amid the transitional period of rapid urbanization,Wuhan,as a traditional industrial base for decades,is exploring a regeneration way for its industrial areas,which should be in line with its current development and local characteristics.Taking the urban industrial parks as example,this article summarizes the regeneration modes of the traditional industrial base of Wuhan,and proposes suggestions to the regeneration of old urban industrial areas,as well as the conservation of urban industrial heritages,from the perspective of integral urban development strategy.     

An Exploration of the Thinking and Method of the Revision of Beijing''''s Master Planning

This article introduces the new thinking andmethod of the revision of Beijing's master plan.The plannersmade new exploration and breakthroughs in such aspects asthe involvement of the general public in planning,the intro-duction of value concept,unified planning of both urban andrural areas,how to link with the future goals of development,etc.     

The Theory of Multiple Intelligences and Its Implication for Conceptualizing Content

The paper aims to build a good combination between the theory of Multiple Intelligences and the new technique of conceptualizing content since MI theory has great influence not only in identifying the individuality of the learner but also provide new idea for conceptualizing the content which indicates to reconstruct the teaching content such as the text in intensive reading class. In spite of some regulations and limitations from national administration and schooling, in the light of MI theory, teachers has the liberty to give free play to their talent in conceptualizing the content, which works as a realm where the printed text content becomes vivid and acceptable for learners.     

Solar Architecture - indoor - climate design for the 21 st century

Energy-efficient construction - intelligent solutions for tomorrow‘s architecture For the first time, a comprehensive treatment of all aspects of solar construction in a single volume - from urban-planning to passive and active energy systems and the development of new insulating materials. Solar Architecture presents an over-view of planning instruments and techniques that allow the assessment and implementation of the appropriate measures The book contains a wide range of innovative solutions,     

Strengthening of the Territorial Position of Valladolid through Planning Strategies： Networks,Patterns and Centralities

The urban condition of the European territory requires new approaches to explain the current development of cities and to propose new planning tools. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that we can support an innovative perspective based on intermediate geographical scales, more useful for outlining the specific features of territory. While we analyze the territory, we should overcome the strictly local scale of the administrative boundaries and create new relationship between contemporary urban concepts （metropolization of territory and metapolis） and the regional ecological patterns. In the case of Valladolid （E） urban/metropolitan area, we focus on both causes and process of city growth. We have understood that it could be inefficient for planning forgetting the real spatial configuration （the city is located in an intersection between two territorial corridors） and misunderstanding the territorial role of the city at different scales （the double centrality in the emerging urban area and in the region）. The significance of this case is to reveal the inter-scalar condition of places as generators of constraints in the contemporary urban fabric and, at the same time, to show the quality and the potential of places in the future urban realm.     

Glenn Murcutt,Pritzker Prize Laureate for 2002:an introduction

The award of the Pritzker Prize for architecture to Glenn Murcutt recently may have come as a surprise to some architects internationally, but it was a decision received with some sense of inevitability in Australia. Australians constantly monitor their status worldwide, and have been conscious for some time that Murcutt has replaced Harry Seidler as our most visible architect internationally.     

Improving Planning Mechanism to Upgrade the Planning Level of Old Cities

Before 1980,in the development ofChina's cities,emphysis was laid on theconstruction of new cities and expansionof new urban districts.As for old citiesand old urban districts,the principle of“full utilization and gradual transforma-tion”was adopted.Therefore,accordingto general comprehension,old cities main-ly refer to the areas which were formed inhistory and need to be maintained andtransformed now,and they usually in-clude inner city and areas built before