贫铀表面脉冲电镀镍层的腐蚀机理研究

利用扫描电镜、X射线能谱仪及电化学测试技术对贫铀表面脉冲电镀镍层的腐蚀机理进行了研究。结果表明：在含50μg／g Cl^-的KCl溶液中，首先，在铀表面镍镀层的孔隙处发生腐蚀并逐渐扩展到铀／镍界面；腐蚀产物在界面的积累导致镍镀层开裂；镍对铀是一种阴极性镀层，铀镍接触发生电偶腐蚀，镍对铀的保护作用基于镍镀层对腐蚀介质的物理屏障，提高镀层的致密性可改善镍镀层对铀基体的抗腐蚀能力。     

铀表面磁控溅射镍镀层的电化学腐蚀行为研究

采用磁控溅射离子镀膜技术在贫铀表面制备金属镍镀层,利用电化学测试技术研究了镍镀层在Cl^-溶液中的电化学腐蚀行为。结果表明：在含50 μg/g Cl^-的KCl溶液中,镍镀层的腐蚀电位-100.8 mV高于贫铀的腐蚀电位-641.2 mV,相对于贫铀是阴极性镀层,对贫铀的保护基于对腐蚀介质的物理屏障;镀镍贫铀样品的极化电阻和电化学阻抗幅值远大于贫铀,其腐蚀电流远小于贫铀;约70 h的连续腐蚀实验中镍镀层未出现镀层破裂、剥落现象,且腐蚀电位、电流保持稳定。说明镍镀层对贫铀基体具有良好的防腐蚀性能。     

Ta离子注入Ti6Al4V合金的抗腐蚀性能

用注量为1.2×1016、3×1016、1.5×1017、3×1017、4.5×1017/cm2的Ta离子对Ti6Al4V合金进行表面改性,加速电压为146.5 keV。Ta离子注入后,用动电位极化曲线研究其抗Hank’s溶液腐蚀性能,用小角掠射X射线衍射研究其表面物相结构,用X射线光电子能谱分析其腐蚀样品的表面元素化合态。结果表明,Ta离子注入改善了Ti6Al4V合金抗Hank’s溶液腐蚀性能,但试样的腐蚀电流密度并非随Ta离子注量增加而单调减小,试样表面合金层、单质Ta和氧化物,共同形成腐蚀阻挡层,提高其抗腐蚀性能。     

铀表面脉冲偏压MSIP铝镀层的电化学腐蚀行为

采用脉冲偏压磁控溅射离子镀（MSIP）技术在贫铀表面制备铝镀层，利用电化学测试技术、扫描电镜（SEM）及X射线能谱（EDS）对铝镀层在50μg/gCl－水溶液中的电化学腐蚀行为进行研究。结果表明：铝镀层的腐蚀电位－534.8mV高于贫铀的腐蚀电位－641.2mV，它对贫铀是一种阴极性镀层；镀铝贫铀样品的极化电阻和电化学阻抗幅值远大于贫铀，腐蚀电流远小于贫铀，铝镀层对贫铀基体具有良好的防腐蚀性能；镀铝贫铀样品的腐蚀特征为局部腐蚀，并出现镀层破裂、剥落，抗腐蚀性能变差；铝/铀界面伪扩散层具有一定的抗腐蚀能力。     

V-5Cr-5Ti在AlCl3-EMIC离子液体中的阳极活化及表面铝沉积

钒合金表面获得性能优良的Al涂层是在其表面制备V-Al/Al₂O₃阻氚涂层的重要基础。针对聚变堆候选结构材料V-5Cr-5Ti,本文采用电化学方法研究了其在AlCl₃-EMIC（摩尔比为2∶1）离子液体中的阳极行为,比较分析了恒电位极化模式下不同电位、极化时间对表面阳极活化的影响。在此基础上,采用恒电流沉积（16 mA/cm²）模式研究了阳极活化电位、沉积时间和温度对镀层的影响。结果表明：阳极氧化电流在1.25 V（参比Al的电位）电位时出现峰值,在该电位下极化15 min,V-5Cr-5Ti基体可获得腐蚀均匀的可再生表面。16 mA/cm²下铝沉积,活化表面为（111）和（200）方向择优生长的纯铝涂层,与基体结合良好,室温下沉积75 min,可获得20 μm厚性能良好的铝涂层。     

脉冲偏压对贫铀表面磁控溅射离子镀铝结合强度的影响

采用磁控溅射离子镀技术在不同偏压下于贫铀表面制备铝镀层，用扫描电镜和俄歇电子能谱仪对镀层形貌和界面元素分布进行分析，用拉伸法对镀层的结合强度进行测定。结果表明：在-900V脉冲偏压下所得镀层与铀基体结合良好，镀层与基体之间存在较为明显的“伪扩散区”；与直流偏压相比较，脉冲偏压所得镀层结合强度明显增强，镀层的致密性显著改善。     

铀表面纳米铌镀层的组织结构与界面特性

采用磁控溅射离子镀技术在贫铀表面以不同偏压制备了铌镀层,利用X射线衍射仪和扫描电镜对镀层的组织结构进行了表征,利用扫描电镜与俄歇电子能谱仪对镀层与基体的界面特性进行了研究。结果表明：铌镀层平整致密,但存在靶材飞溅颗粒形成的镀层缺陷,铌镀层为体心立方结构,存在择优取向、内应力以及晶粒细化等特性且为纳米镀层;铌镀层沿基体表面的法线方向生长且为典型的柱状结构,其表面为均匀的条状颗粒组织;铌镀层与铀基体结合紧密,且存在“伪扩散层”。     

U-Mo合金与Al扩散反应特征研究

采用扩散偶方法研究了U-Mo合金与Al扩散反应特征.扩散偶以热压方式实现持续贴合.实验在真空热压炉中完成,热压温度550-570℃,时间5～21 h.结果表明:U-Mo/Al扩散层界面形貌和成分与扩散层厚度有关;在扩散层界面处U、Mo和Al的含量突变;U-Mo侧扩散层产物主要为(U,Mo)Al3,Al侧产物为(U,Mo)Al4和UMo2Al20.U-Mo/Al扩散反应是Al越过U-Mo/Al原始界面向U-Mo侧扩散并发生固体反应和扩散层向Al层生长的过程.     

中子辐照后B_4C/Al材料断裂机理分析

为评价辐照对B_4C/Al中子吸收材料力学性能的影响,测试了B_4C/Al中子吸收材料辐照前后的硬度、拉伸性能,并采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)进行断口观察和显微组织分析,探讨断裂机理。结果表明:辐照后B_4C/Al中子吸收材料洛氏硬度升高,屈服强度上升37 MPa,抗拉强度上升32 MPa,断裂伸长率下降3.6%;辐照前后B_4C/Al中子吸收材料拉伸试样均为脆性断裂;辐照后Al基体的位错增殖以及B_4C颗粒与Al基体界面变化是导致B_4C/Al中子吸收材料力学性能提高的主要原因。     

低富集U-Mo弥散型燃料小板RERTR-6辐照试验结果——Si对U-Mo／Al弥散燃料辐照行为影响的初步分析

辐照时Al基体中弥散的U-Mo燃料颗粒表面形成包覆的反应物。在一些辐照试验中,反应物和舢基体交界面处有气孔产生。受辐照条件的影响,气孔可能会长大并彼此连接形成连通的大气孔,严重时形成连续网络结构使燃料板出现不可接受的枕形肿胀。在美国和其他国家的辐照实验中都观察到了这种现象。冶金学和热动力学分析表明,Al基体中加入Si以及U-Mo燃料中添加Zr或Ti都可以提高U-Mo／Al弥散型燃料反应产物的稳定性。本文介绍了添加Si辐照试验的初步结果,即将适量的Si添加到Al基体中能有效降低U-Mo／Al燃料扩散反应和消除气孔形成。     

Pulsed laser deposition of corrosion protective Yttrium Oxide (Y2O3) coating

Among ceramics and oxides, Yttria (Y₂O₃) films have been widely investigated as potential corrosion protective coatings largely on account of their wear resistant and non-wettable properties. Results presented here describe successful use of pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique for deposition of thin film Yttria coating on stainless steel substrates. Deposited Yttria coatings have been characterized in terms of their microstructure, crystalline phase and hardness using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scratch test techniques, respectively. Characterization tests of these coatings of thickness up to 50 μm have shown strong bonding with substrate surface and a high degree of homogeneity and compaction. Resistance of these PLD based Yttria coatings to molten uranium have also been studied via Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA). Our results on DTA tests evaluating compatibility of the Yttria coatings with molten uranium have established the excellent corrosion resistance property of such Y₂O₃ coatings when exposed to molten uranium.     

Ion beam modification of metals

Energetic ions beams may be used in various ways to modify and so improve the tribological properties of metals. These methods include: — ion implantation of selected additive species; — ion beam mixing of thin deposited coatings; — ion-beam-assisted deposition of thicker overlay coatings.

The first of these techniques has been widely used to modify the electronic properties of semiconductors, but has since been extended for the treatment of all classes of material. Tool steels can be strengthened by the ion implantation of nitrogen or titanium, to produce fine dispersions of hard second-phase precipitates. Solid solution strengthening, by combinations of substitutional and interstitial species, such as yttrium and nitrogen, has also been successful. Both ion beam mixing (IBM) and ion-beam-assisted deposition (IBAD) use a combination of coating and ion bombardment. In the first case, the objective is to intermix the coating and substrate by the aid of radiation-enhanced diffusion. In the latter case, the coating is densified and modified during deposition and the process can be continued in order to build up overlay coatings several μm in thickness. The surface can then be tailored, for instance to provide a hard and adherent ceramic such as silicon nitride, boron nitride or titanium nitride. It is an advantage that all the above processes can be applied at relatively low temperatures, below about 200° C, thereby avoiding distortion of precision components. Ion implantation is also being successfully applied for the reduction of corrosion, especially at high temperatures or in the atmosphere and to explore the mechanisms of oxidation. Ion-assisted coatings, being compact and adherent, provide a more substantial protection against corrosion: silicon nitride and boron nitride are potentially useful in this respect. Examples will be given of the successful application of these methods for the surface modification of metals and alloys, and developments in the equipment now available for industrial application of ion beams will also be reviewed.     

Corrosion of single layer thin film protective coatings on steel substrates for high level waste containers

Single-layer thin film coatings have been deposited on steel substrates and tested for their corrosion resistance. These coatings include TiN, ZrO₂, TiO₂, Al₂O₃, and MoS₂, and it is proposed that they will act as barriers to provide protection to the steel canisters that are part of the dry cask storage system for high level nuclear waste. Corrosion testing was completed using electrochemical potentiodynamic polarization techniques in aerated 1 M NaCl solution. Results show an exponential increase in corrosion rate with increasing temperature and an exponential decrease in the passive breakdown overpotential, which is directly related to the ability of a material to form and sustain a corrosion-inhibiting passive film in a given environment. Additionally, kinetic activation parameters have been experimentally determined for each material, leading to predictive equations for corrosion rates. The bare and coated samples corrode analogously, indicative of pores allowing the coating and substrate to corrode simultaneously. The samples were also placed in circulating salt brines of varying pH as a supplementary corrosion testing mechanism to explore their corrosivity over extended time. Negligible weight change was experienced by the bare and coated steel samples over a period of 5 months. Increasing the coating thickness and the number of layers may provide higher resistance to uniform and localized corrosion.     

321不锈钢在低酸度硝酸铀酰溶液中的腐蚀特性

用称量法和电化学法研究了321不锈钢在不同浓度和pH值的硝酸铀酰溶液中的高温均匀腐蚀和电化学府蚀行为。均匀腐蚀试验结果表明．在选定的腐蚀条件下，321不锈钢样品在960h内，其表面光洁度无明显变化．腐蚀速率小于0．04mg/m^2.h，在低酸度的硝酸铀酰溶液中耐蚀。用腐蚀电入学法研究了321不锈钢在有溶解氧的硝酸铀酰溶液中的腐蚀电化学特性，测量了电极的腐蚀电位、腐蚀电流密度。经AES分析表明，电化学腐蚀后的样品在腐蚀膜中有一定量的铀．深度剖析含铀腐蚀膜的厚度为10—15nm。     

316L不锈钢基材功能梯度Al涂层残余热应力分析

涂层材料的功能性和可靠性在很大程度上受残余热应力的影响,为降低残余热应力防止涂层开裂以及提高其热机械性能,利用有限元方法对Al/316L系梯度功能材料在制备过程中产生的残余热应力分布进行分析,详细讨论了成分分布指数、涂层厚度和梯度层数目对应力大小和分布的影响.分析结果表明成分分布指数的增大不但影响涂层和基体界面的应力大小,还影响涂层中热应力峰值所处位置;涂层残余应力随着梯度层厚度的增加而减小;梯度层数的增多,有利于涂层中残余热应力的缓和,但当梯度层数达到9时,缓和效果并不明显.     

α/γ相比率调控对超音速等离子喷涂Al2O3阻氚涂层微结构及性能的影响

采用超音速等离子喷涂技术在中国低活化马氏体钢表面制备不同α/γ相比率的Al₂O₃阻氚涂层，研究了α/γ相比率调控对Al₂O₃涂层微观结构、力学性能和耐电化学腐蚀性能的影响。利用掠入射X射线衍射（GIXRD）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）表征Al₂O₃涂层的微观结构、粘结拉伸试验法和纳米压痕仪表征涂层的力学性能、动电位极化曲线法测试涂层的耐电化学腐蚀性能。研究结果显示：通过调控特征喷涂参数（CPSP），Al₂O₃涂层中α相含量从78.6%至24.4%可控调节，且孔隙率从2.8%降低至1.5%；α相含量为78.6%的Al₂O₃涂层硬度为(11.500±0.575) GPa，约为高γ相含量(75.6%)涂层的2倍；且高α相含量(78.6%)涂层的腐蚀电流密度较高γ相含量(75.6%)涂层的腐蚀电流密度低1个数量级。以上结果表明，高α相含量(78.6%)的Al₂O₃涂层具有更优异的力学性能、耐电化学腐蚀性能以及耐Cl^-扩散穿透能力，具有应用于聚变堆结构材料表面阻氚涂层的潜能。     

Compatibility of erbium oxide coating with liquid lithium–lead alloy and corrosion protection effect of iron layer

Li–Pb compatibility of Er₂O₃ and Er₂O₃-Fe two-layer coatings has been explored for an understanding of corrosion behaviors and effects of the protection layer. The coatings were peeled off after static Li–Pb immersion test at 600 °C due to the degradation of adhesion between the coating–substrate interface. A loss of Er and then subsequent corrosion of Er₂O₃ were shown after immersion at 500 °C for 500 and 1505 h. However, the outer Fe layer played a role to decrease corrosion rate of the coatings by comparing with the results of Er₂O₃ single layer coatings. Deuterium permeation measurements after corrosion tests at 500 °C showed that the Er₂O₃ coatings kept permeation reduction factors of 10²–10³ after 500 h immersion, but seriously degraded after 1505 h immersion. Corrosion mechanisms suggest that corrosion protection properties will be modified by an optimization of the outer Fe layer and a control of oxygen concentration in Li–Pb.