鄂尔多斯盆地西南部致密砂岩储层微观裂缝特征及控制因素——以红河油田长8储层为例

以鄂尔多斯盆地西南部红河油田长8致密砂岩储层为例,根据铸体薄片、扫描电镜分析,结合岩心和测井资料,采用地质学统计的方法,对微观裂缝的发育特征及控制因素进行系统分析,在此基础上,分析典型区块Q1井区的微观裂缝分布特征。结果表明:从地质成因上,该区致密砂岩储层的微观裂缝可以分为构造、成岩、构造-成岩和异常高压成因4种类型,其中以构造成因的微裂缝和构造-成岩成因的微裂缝为主,该区微观裂缝大部分为有效裂缝,少量无效裂缝被方解石、石英及炭质等充填。该区微观裂缝的发育程度受沉积作用、成岩作用、构造作用及异常高压作用控制。云母、岩屑等塑性成分含量越高,杂基含量越多,岩石颗粒越细,微裂缝发育程度越差;压实作用越强,越有利于构造-成岩成因的粒内缝、粒缘缝发育;随着胶结强度增强,粒内缝和粒缘缝发育程度降低,利于发育构造成因的微裂缝。典型区块Q1井区,在细砂岩强压实方解石强胶结相中,微观裂缝发育程度最强;其次为细砂岩强压实相和中-细砂岩方解石中胶结相;在细砂岩高岭石胶结相和绿泥石胶结中溶解相中,微观裂缝发育程度较弱;在泥岩中微观裂缝发育程度最弱。     

腰英台地区青山口组储层物性特征及影响因素分析

通过岩心观察、薄片鉴定、录测井资料分析、物性分析等方法,研究了松辽盆地长岭凹陷腰英台地区青山口组储层的岩石学特征、孔喉特征和物性特征,分析了影响储层物性的主要因素。结果表明：储层岩石为细-粗粒长石砂岩．砂岩成分成熟度较低、结构成熟度中等-较低。储层为低孔-特低渗储层。孔隙类型为粒间孔隙、粒内溶孔、粒间溶孔和微裂缝,以粒间孔隙为主。砂岩面孔率在10％～15％之间,平均喉道半径、视孔喉比小。影响储层物性的因素主要为微观方面的岩石结构及填隙物特征、成岩作用和宏观方面的沉积微相。     

低渗透稠油微波原位加热开采数值模拟研究

针对低渗透稠油油藏开采过程中储层注入能力低、热损失高、水资源消耗大等问题,采用数值模拟对微波加热稠油开采技术进行研究,通过建立电磁-传热-流动多物理场模型,明确了微波加热稠油的降黏作用和传热机理。研究结果表明:稠油油藏微波加热后可分为电磁穿透区、多孔介质传导区和未加热区3个区域;最佳辐射频率为2 450 MHz,增加功率可快速提高地层温度;为了避免井筒附近出现过热现象,应采用降功率的阶梯式加热模式;水力压裂裂缝可有效改善低渗透油藏的渗流通道,可与微波加热协同开采稠油油藏。该研究可为低渗透及高黏度稠油的开发提供借鉴。     

东濮凹陷三叠系裂缝性砂岩储层微观孔隙结构特征

通过扫描电镜、岩石薄片、铸体薄片、荧光薄片、常规压汞等技术方法,对东濮凹陷北部三叠系裂缝性砂岩储层的微观孔隙结构特征进行研究.结果表明,东濮凹陷三叠系砂岩储层裂缝、微裂缝发育,裂缝性砂岩储层孔隙由岩石基质孔除与缝洞孔隙两部分组成,缝洞孔隙是油气储集的有效孔隙,孔隙类型主要为原生粒间孔隙、粒内孔除,碎屑颗粒之间以点-线式...     

苏里格气田西区储层微观特征研究

利用岩心观察、薄片鉴定和多种分析测试资料对苏里格气田西区储层微观岩石学特征和孔隙结构进行系统研究,结果表明该区盒8段、山西组储集砂岩岩屑含量较高、长石含量低、石英含量高,岩石类型主要为岩屑砂岩,成分成熟度低;储层经深度成岩改造,主要发育溶孔、晶间孔、粒间孔和微裂缝4种孔隙类型,其中,岩石中孔径较大的粒间孔和溶孔提供了油气赋存空间,微裂缝能有效沟通储层提高气井产能;气田整体孔喉组合为细-微孔、细-中喉型,其中主产层盒8下段、山1段孔隙结构整体偏好,对油气富集有利。     

鄂尔多斯盆地镇北油田延长组低渗透储层成因及油气运移特征

低渗透储层具有孔隙结构复杂和毛细管阻力大等特点,油气在其中运移的动力、路径以及运移方向是低渗透储层油气成藏研究的关键。以鄂尔多斯盆地镇北油田为例,通过岩石显微薄片分析、扫描电镜能谱分析、原油含氮化合物油气运移示踪分析、砂岩含油饱和度变化特征等,分析了延长组低渗透储层的成因、油气运聚时期的储层物性以及油气在低渗透储层中的运移特征。结果表明,该区延长组储层受沉积和成岩作用的影响在油气大规模运移之前就已经形成低渗透储层,岩石中存在的大量软颗粒以及特殊的同生软颗粒是形成低渗透储层的根本原因;油气侧向运移距离短,裂缝、微裂缝为主要运移通道,在异常压力作用下油气具有幕式快速运移的特征。     

浅析低渗透砂岩储层特征与形成机理

综合利用岩心、薄片等资料,对低渗透砂岩储层的特征与形成机理进行了研究。低渗透砂岩储层具 有成分和结构成熟度低、孔隙结构差、物性差、压力敏感性强、裂缝发育和非均质性强的特点。在概括沉 积、成岩和构造作用对其控制的基础上,通过分析储层的形成机理,认为：沉积作用是形成低渗透砂岩储 层的最基本因素;成岩作用对其影响具有双重性;构造作用形成的裂缝可作为裂缝性低渗透砂岩储层的 主要渗流通道。     

一种新型泡沫压裂液在油页岩微波开采中的应用

为了进一步证明微波加热原位开采油页岩的可行性，提出将含纳米颗粒的新型压裂液作为微波原位开采油页岩技术的工作液，并对工作液性能进行了研究，对热解产物进行了分析。结果表明:通过对油页岩温度场测量，氧化铁纳米颗粒可以有效提高微波加热效率；泡沫压裂液在节约能量方面比水基压裂液更合适。通过半衰期和泡沫微观结构分析，氧化铁纳米颗粒在一定程度上可以提高泡沫压裂液的稳定性。采用体视显微镜和环境扫描显微镜，发现该压裂液的注入会对油页岩造成轻微伤害，但由于加热后表面活性剂的热分解、干酪根的转化以及微波加热诱导生成的微裂缝，油页岩岩心中的孔隙不会被氧化铁纳米颗粒所堵塞。用元素分析、四组分分析、气相色谱-质谱联用和X射线衍射等实验分析了热解产物，实验表明微波的非热作用促进了轻烃的产生，同时更多的含硫含氮化合物以气体的形式释放。     

吐哈盆地巴喀西山窑组致密砂岩储层特征及主控因素

为揭示巴喀西山窑组致密砂岩储层的发育规律和主控因素,根据岩石薄片、铸体薄片、扫描电镜及物性资料分析,研究了储层的岩石学特征、孔渗特征、成岩作用类型、孔隙结构及孔隙类型。结果表明:该区储层主要以中砂岩为主,粗砂岩和细砂岩次之;储集空间主要是粒内溶蚀孔、粒间溶孔、残余粒间孔隙、微孔隙和微裂缝,属于典型的低孔低渗致密砂岩储层。在此基础上,综合分析了致密储层与成岩作用的关系认为:压实作用和胶结作用导致储层致密化,溶蚀作用是储层次生孔隙发育的主要因素;西山窑组未充填的中等尺度裂缝发育,可以改善储层物性;非渗透性致密砂岩层的存在有利于保护储层孔隙。     

台北凹陷第三系油气储层特征及影响因素

台北凹陷第三系含油储层岩性以细砂岩为主．岩石学类型以岩屑长石砂岩和混合砂岩为主，含气储层岩性以砂砾岩为主，岩石学类型为岩屑砂砾岩。储层微观储集特征发育剩余原生粒间孔、粘土矿物杂基内的微孔隙及微裂缝等储集空间类型。孔隙结构以中孔、细喉道为主。为中高孔、中—低渗型储层。通过对储层物性影响因素的研究认为，岩石组构、沉积微相、成岩作用是影响该区储层物性的主要因素；碳酸盐胶结物及自生粘土矿物导致储层物性变差；粘土矿物在转化过程中释放的酸性水对碎屑颗粒和胶结物的溶蚀作用及烃类的后期注入在一定程度上起到了对储层原生孔隙的改善和保存作用。     

加热过程中页岩储层改质效果研究进展

中国陆相页岩油资源潜力巨大,但因成熟度偏低、油质重、粘度大、地层流体压力低且孔渗条件差而难以有效开发.原位加热技术可显著提高其采收率,储层改质是该技术的重要目标之一.基于前人对页岩孔隙演化的研究以及对油页岩原位加热过程中储层物性改质的探索,通过理论分析,明确了储层改质效应由孔隙演化和热致裂两种机制控制.孔隙演化主要由有...     

Coke deposition during electromagnetic heating

The thermal methods consist of furnishing heat to the oil, reducing its viscosity. The electromagnetic heating for oil recovery is based on the transformation of electric energy into thermal energy. It happens through a direct interaction between the electromagnetic field and the electrically sensitive particles of the medium. The physical model applied to a reservoir is based on the principles of conservation of mass, conservation of energy, and conservation of movement in porous mediums, applied to the fluids and the solid phases. This study was based on reservoirs with characteristics similar to those found in the sedimentary basins of the Brazilian Northeast. The purpose of this work is to analyze the influence of the distinct cracking reactions and the coke formation of the different models during electromagnetic heating.     

珠江口盆地白云凹陷原油半开放条件下裂解成气模拟实验

为深入研究珠江口盆地白云凹陷原油裂解机制及产物变化特征，选取了白云凹陷渐新统珠海组原油样品，利用高温高压模拟实验，模拟了地下压力、地下流体介质及半开放条件下、不同升温速率的原油裂解过程，分析了气产率和气体组分特征。研究表明，原油样品在365℃开始裂解，裂解产率随温度增加而增加，在20℃/h的升温速率下，最终（550℃）裂解气体产率、烃气产率和非烃气体产率分别为580.13，394.25，185.88 mg/g；而在60℃/h的升温速率下，最终（550℃）裂解气体产率、烃气产率和非烃气体产率分别为707.68，485.77，221.91 mg/g。不同升温速率下最终产率的差异和烃气的组分差异均与不同温度下原油裂解机制差异有关。从原油裂解成气模拟实验的组分特征来看，大部分原油裂解气具有较高的重烃气含量，而较高重烃含量可作为判识原油裂解气和干酪根裂解气的辅助指标。      

原油及源内残余沥青裂解成气差异及地质意义

为了研究不同类型原油和源内残余沥青在高演化阶段的甲烷产率,明确天然气成因类型,系统整理了不同类型原油及源岩的金管模拟实验结果,统计了甲烷产率随模拟温度的变化,发现原油性质对生气过程和生气量都有明显控制,重质油起始生气温度低于轻质油和正常油,在原油裂解成气初期,甲烷产率变化为重质油>正常原油>轻质油,重质油对天然气成藏贡献较大;在原油大量裂解过程中,轻质油的甲烷产率很快超过正常原油和重质油,最终成为天然气成藏的主力。重质油产气早是因为其富含非烃和沥青质,裂解活化能低,产气率低与H/C值（原子比）低有关,轻质油产气晚是因为其富含饱和烃,裂解活化能高,产气率高与H/C值（原子比）高有关。轻质油开始裂解对应成熟度约为Easy% R_O=1.5%。干酪根及源内分散沥青生气与原油裂解受相同的因素控制,H/C值高低控制了不同类型干酪根的生气量,在各成熟阶段上甲烷产率始终是Ⅰ>Ⅱ>Ⅲ型有机质。源内分散沥青在化学组成上接近重质油,但比重质油更容易裂解,除活化能低外,还受到黏土矿物催化的影响,其起始裂解成熟度大体为Easy% R_O=1.0%。这种差异对热演化程度极高的四川盆地天然气成因类型确定和潜力评价有非常重要的地质意义。     

Influence of cracking reactions during electromagnetic heating

The electromagnetic heating for oil recovery is based on the transformation of electric energy into thermal energy. It happens through a direct interaction between the electromagnetic field and the electrically sensitive particles of the medium. There are different types of electromagnetic heating and the choice of the heating type depends on factors such as reservoir depth, geological heterogeneities, and electrical characteristics of the reservoir constituents. This study was based on reservoirs with characteristics similar to those found in the sedimentary basins of the Brazilian Northeast. The purpose of this work is to analyze the influence of the cracking reactions using electromagnetic heating and the influence of the fractures geometries in the reservoir model proposed.     

新型重油催化裂化催化剂RCC-1的研究开发

A novel heavy oil catalytic cracking catalyst RCC-1 was developed by using the ultra-stable zeolite, which washydrothermally treated and modified through cleaning its pores to serve as the active component. The chemical compositionand physicochemical properties of RCC-1 catalyst were studied by XRF, BET, pore volume analysis, attrition indexanalysis, and particle size distribution determination methods, and its catalytic cracking performance was also evaluated bya microreactor for light oil cracking and the ACE device. The test results showed that the new type of heavy oil catalyticcracking catalyst RCC-1 had good physicochemical properties and heavy oil cracking ability, strong anti-metallic contaminationcapability, good product distribution, good coke selectivity and gasoline selectivity, and excellent reduction of gasolineolefin content characteristics.     

植物油催化裂解生成低碳烯烃和轻芳烃的研究

使用含择形分子筛的催化剂在固定流化床（FFB）装置上开展了对以棕榈油为代表的植物油及三种烃类原料的催化裂解试验研究,结合氢转移反应探讨了植物油催化裂解制取低碳烯烃和轻芳烃的优势。结果表明,植物油中的烃基部分具有很好的可裂化性,可生成与烃类原料相当的低碳烯烃及远高于烃类原料的轻芳烃,汽油重芳烃、柴油、重油等低价值、难利用产物的产率较低;植物油中的烃基部分极易发生芳构化,且容易进入择形分子筛孔道,选择性生成C6~C8的轻芳烃;植物油及脂肪酸催化裂解时通过氢转移反应以水的形式脱除了一部分氧,同时避免了烯烃被饱和,有利于兼顾低碳烯烃和轻芳烃的产率。     

EVALUATION OF OIL YIELD LOSSES DURING THE RETORTING OF OIL SHALE AT LOW VOID FRACTIONS. PART 1. THE EFFECTS OF PARTICLE SIZE AND RESOURCE GRADE

ABSTRACT

The economics of vertical modified in situ (VMIS) retorting of oil shale can be improved by decreasing the quantity of oil shale which is mined and transported to the surface. However, decreasing the quantity of oil shale removed from the retort also decreases the void fraction in the shale bed and this can affect the retorting process. The Western Research Institute has completed a series of experiments designed to investigate the effects of different experimental parameters on retorting oil shale at low void fractions. The effects of changes in the experimental parameters, oil shale particle size and resource grade, on oil yield losses have been evaluated using previously described oil yield loss diagnostic methods. These methods show that cracking–plus–combustion losses are the major and more variable source of chemically related oil yield losses. In experiments investigating changes in oil shale particle size, these losses correlate with the temperature differential between thermocouples in the rubble and in the interior of the oil shale particles. The data from the experiments investigating the effects of changes in resource grade on oil yield losses do not follow this correlation because of additional combustion of the produced oil during the lean resource grade experiment. Coking losses from experiments investigating both parameters were found to decrease with increased heating rate of the oil shale when significant differences in the heating rate were observed.     

CHANGE OF PHYSICAL AND THERMAL DECOMPOSITION PROPERTIES OF IN SITU HEAVY OIL WITH STEAM TEMPERATURE

Ikiztepe crude oil was subjected to four different steam temperatures during steam injection which was applied as an enhanced oil recovery process on a linear limestone model saturated with oil. Produced oils were characterized using density, viscosity measurements, pyrolysis experiments utilizing TGA and elemental analysis runs. Results showed that produced crude oils change in measured characteristics as compared to the original oil. These changes include an increase in H/C, and cracking activation energy, decrease in density, viscosity and amount of residue remaining after cracking (coke). Also, decrease in asphaltene amount, changes in the elemental composition of asphaltenes and increase in the cracking activation energies were observed at 225 °C run. These measurements show that the produced oils get lighter and differ compositionally from the original oil as steam temperature increases. Decrease in elemental sulphur amount is one of the major changes when environmental considerations are concerned. Residual oil left in the limestone pack on the other hand shows an increase in the low temperature oxidation (LTO), fuel deposition (FD) and high temperature oxidation (HTO) activation energies as determined from TGA combustion experiments on the samples taken from the pack after steam injection experiments.     

河南油田超稠油复合催化降粘体系效果评价

河南油田创新地进行了稠油热采地下复合催化降粘技术研究。本实验考察了无水体系、含水体系、水热催化裂解体系、乳化降粘体系、乳化水热催化裂解复合体系（即复合催化降粘体系）对特超稠油作用后物理化学性质的变化以及对特超稠油的降粘效果,探讨了乳化水热催化裂解降粘的作用机理。结果表明,在催化剂作用下,特超稠油中重质组分发生部分裂解,原油物化性能得到明显改善,乳化水热催化裂解复合体系对河南油田超稠油的降粘率达98.7%。