溶剂萃取法脱除灯用煤油芳烃制取无芳烃煤油

用溶剂萃取法以环丁砜、二甲基亚砜、Ｎ－甲基吡咯烷酮等不同性能的溶剂进行试验。结果表明，二甲基亚砜选择性好，是较理想的溶剂。以此为萃取剂对大庆原油炼制的灯用煤油（称大庆灯用煤油）进行串级萃取试验。当溶剂比为４，经５级萃取，煤油中芳烃总含量由１０．６％可降至０．５％。     

磺化渣油用作油溶性稠油降黏剂YCJ的研制

用正交法设计合成实验，用气态鼢磺化胜利炼油厂常压渣油（芳烃含量48．8％，50℃黏度632mPa·s），所得磺化渣油与煤油以质量比10：1混合作为降黏刺，加入实验用胜剞稠油（芳烃含量35．6％，50℃黏度2672mPa·s）中，在70℃加热后降温至50℃测定黏度，计算降黏率，求得磺化渣油作为油溶性稠油降黏刺的最佳合成条件如下：渣油、SO3质量比100：8，反应温度50℃，反应时间90min。此降黏剂代号为YCJ。在实验胜利稠油中，YCJ的降黏率起初随加量增大而增大，加量2、5g／kg时达到最大值-15％，此后持续下降，加量〉5/kg时低于等加量煤油的稀释降黏率。在YCJ中加入煤油可大大提高实验稠油的降黏率，降黏率～加量关系曲线上先后出现最大值和最小值，最大值对于10：1和10：3的YCJ＋煤油分别为36％和52％，对应的加量分别为3和3．5g／kg。将10：3的YCJ＋煤油用于另外5种稠油的降黏，加量3．5g/kg发现高芳烃含量稠油的降黏率也高，降黏率／芳烃含量数据如下：57．2％／34、3％；52．0％／26．3％；34．6％／28、2％；14、5％／19、0％；10．3％／18．1％。图1表3参5。     

ZnHZSM-5上丙烷芳构化反应自身氢气气氛的影响

ＺｎＨＺＳＭ－５上的丙烷芳构化反应是一个包含原料脱氢、中间物脱氢、芳构化脱氢以及副产物加氢的复杂过程。热力学分析表明丙烷芳构化反应中产生的氢气会抑制丙烷脱氢生成烯烃。反应结果表明，随着芳烃收率的增加，丙烯的收率下降，丙烷脱氢处于准平衡状态。丙烷芳构化反应中产生的氢气致使乙烯加氢生成乙烷。在ＺｎＯ／ＨＺＳＭ－５上，随锌含量的增加，乙烷／乙烯比增加；产物的氢碳比开始减小，后又增大；反应产生的氢气分压开始增大，在锌含量大于０．６％后保持基本不变。这一切说明了低锌含量有利于脱氢生成氢气，提高芳烃选择性；而高锌含量时不仅脱氢过程加速，而且乙烯加氢生成乙烷也加剧，氢又在产物中重新分配，降低了芳烃的选择性，这是丙烷芳构化反应中芳烃选择性存在一个极限值的根本原因。     

生产低硫低芳烃高十六烷值环保柴油燃料的Synsat技术

标准催化剂公司和ＡＢＢ公司为了适应现在和未来市场对燃料的需求,联合开发了Ｓｙｎｓａｔ工艺技术,生产低硫、低芳烃和高十六烷值的经济环保型燃料。该技术原料适用性强,目前已有６套装置在欧美运行,另有１２套正在建设中。Ｓｙｎｓａｔ的技术特点是在加氢反应器中气、液相并流与逆流相结合,反应与分馏汽提相结合。此工艺设计可以有效地脱除硫并进行芳烃饱和,为该工艺开发研制的催化剂具有选择性开环和芳烃饱和性能,确保Ｓｙｎｓａｔ工艺具有较高的柴油收率和十六烷值。对于疏含量为２１００μｇ／ｇ,芳烃含量为２１．３％的柴油,…     

用二氧化氯煤油脱硫

用强氧化性的稳定性二氧化氯溶液，对煤油中的硫醇、硫醚氧化［１，２］，使有机硫氧化成无机硫，再通过洗涤除去，达到降低煤油总硫含量，生产无臭煤油。研究了ＣｌＯ２溶液的加入量、ｐＨ、反应时间和ＣｌＯ２酸性活化剂对脱硫的影响。在常温下，当煤油中ＣｌＯ２溶液加入量为２０％（ｍ）、ｐＨ为５．５—６、反应时间３０ｍｉｎ、用草酸作酸性活化剂，煤油中总硫含量可从５８．６４ｍｇ／Ｌ降至５．０４ｍｇ／Ｌ，脱硫率达９３％。     

延迟焦化侧线油加氢精制生产灯用煤油

我厂加工的鲁宁管线混合原油(含濮阳、任丘、胜利和弧岛原油)因含芳烃及硫、氮化物均高,用干点不高于280℃的常二线油生产灯用煤油,其主要质量指标——点灯试验不合格(八小时点灯后灯罩有棕色或深褐色附着物).即使用干点不高于240℃的常一线油生产灯用煤油,点灯试验也很难保证合格,给我厂生产灯用煤油带来很大困难.因此,加工鲁宁管线原油的炼厂生产灯用煤油时,一般控制其干点不高于240℃,甚至有的煤油还需酸、碱精制.     

低熟油的富硫大分子早期降解生烃机制──以临清坳陷德南洼陷低熟原油和烃源岩为例

以临清坳陷德南洼陷的低熟原油和烃源岩为例，探讨了半咸水－咸水沉积体系中低熟油的富硫大分子早期降解生烃机制。德南洼陷的低热源岩以藻类微生物生源为主，原油和源岩的芳烃馏分均含有丰富的含硫化合物，它们对应的可溶有机质族组成具有非烃和沥青质含量高的特征。依据源岩的非烃演化、干酪根硫碳原子比（Ｓ／Ｃ）和芳烃馏分中含硫化合物的含量与有机质转化率的关系，对硫与烃类生成的关系进行了初步探讨，结果表明，硫的存在有利于烃类的早期生成，富硫大分子早期降解生烃是一种重要的低熟油成因机制。在此基础上建立了富硫大分子早期降解生烃模式，富硫大分子降解生烃阶段的Ｒｏ值为０．２１％～０．６％，生油的高峰位于０．３５％～０．４０％之间。     

紫外分光光度法测定石油产品中芳烃含量

介绍了紫外分光光度法测定芳烃含量，在等吸光点２１２ｎｍ波长处，以间二甲苯为标准物，不经分离，直接测定。试验结果表明，芳烃含量在１～１５μｇ／ｍｌ内遵从比耳定律，回收率达９６．５％～１０２．５％，相对标准偏差小于０．８％，灵敏度和选择性优于其它方法。该法用于石油产品中芳烃的测定，结果令人满意，并与经典的色谱法分析结果吻合。     

延吉盆地白垩系未熟油的生成与特征

吉林省延吉盆地白垩系未熟油目前主要见于德新凹陷大拉子组，埋深小于１０００ｍ，与同盆地的成熟油相比，芳烃和沥青质含量相似，而饱和烃含量低、非烃含量高，组分碳同位素轻（小于－３０‰），Ｃ２９２０Ｓ／（２０Ｓ＋２０Ｒ）值小于０．３５，Ｃ２９ββ／（ββ＋αα）值小于０．２５，烃转化率相近或略低。认为该盆地未熟油生成阶段的Ｒｏ值为０．３％～０．６％。建立了未熟油的生油模式。根据油源对比，德新凹陷未熟油主要来源于大三段和大一段油源岩。从原油γ蜡烷含量推断，未熟油源岩可能形成于咸水—半咸水环境；据原油∑Ｃ２７甾烷／∑Ｃ２９甾烷的值判断，未熟油的湖相生物贡献多于成熟油。盆地的未熟油重点勘探地区应是东部的德新凹陷和清茶馆凹陷。图５表２参４（梁大新摘     

丙烷在Mo/HZSM-5上的芳构化 Ⅰ.催化剂制备条件及反应性能间的关系

采用浸渍法、机械混合法和水热法制备Ｍｏ／ＨＺＳＭ－５分子筛催化剂,考察了Ｍｏ含量、催化剂预处理气氛、在线反应时间及催化剂再生对丙烷芳构化反应的影响。结果采用水热法制备的催化剂能显著提高丙烷转化率和芳烃选择性,在５５０℃、６００ｈ－１条件下,转化率和选择性分别达到８９．７％、７８．６％;该催化剂具有较高的活性稳定性,经２４ｈ反应后,仍能保持较高的芳构化活性。对Ｍｏ含量影响的考察表明,浸渍法和水热法制备的催化剂分别在ｗ（Ｍｏ）＝２％、６％时芳构化活性最高。     

SPECTROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF CARBON IN AROMATIC RINGS IN PETROLEUM KEROSENES

ABSTRACT

On the basis of the composition of aromatic carbon in the petroleum kerosenes being exclusively mono and di-ring systems; which absorb UV light in a distinct region; the slope of the plot of the total absorbance in the region 250 to 290 nm Vs known concentration of authentic model kerosene mixture, may be utilized to determine the percentage of carbon in aromatic rings in a sample kerosene.

The area under the aromatic envelope curve ; whether expressed as a function of direct instrumental measurements of the total absorbance at = 250, 260,270,280 and 290 nm, or actually traced and evaluated; of a 1 ml kerosene sample dissolved in 500 ml iso- propyl alcohol, enables the estimation of the percentage of carbon in aromatic rings ( %CA ) using a mathematically derived expression for this purpose. This spectroscopic method was applied to determine % CA in Libyan kerosene samples, sequentially subjected to aromatic carbon depletion by adsorbents.     

SPECTROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF CARBON IN AROMATIC RINGS IN PETROLEUM KEROSENES

On the basis of the composition of aromatic carbon in the petroleum kerosenes being exclusively mono and di-ring systems; which absorb UV light in a distinct region; the slope of the plot of the total absorbance in the region 250 to 290 nm Vs known concentration of authentic model kerosene mixture, may be utilized to determine the percentage of carbon in aromatic rings in a sample kerosene.

The area under the aromatic envelope curve ; whether expressed as a function of direct instrumental measurements of the total absorbance at = 250, 260,270,280 and 290 nm, or actually traced and evaluated; of a 1 ml kerosene sample dissolved in 500 ml iso- propyl alcohol, enables the estimation of the percentage of carbon in aromatic rings ( %CA ) using a mathematically derived expression for this purpose. This spectroscopic method was applied to determine % CA in Libyan kerosene samples, sequentially subjected to aromatic carbon depletion by adsorbents.     

变色灯用煤油的色谱分离

应用硅胶柱色谱、薄层色谱、气相色谱等分离技术对变色灯用煤油进行了分离，并与合格灯用煤油进行对比，发现两者在微量组成上存在差异。采用ＧＣ－ＭＳ、ＧＣ－ＩＲ联用技术，对不同的微量成分进行了鉴定。     

NAPHTHALENE AND ITS PRECURSORS IN IOMEX

Iomex, an aromatic rich concentrate from kerosene feedstock is a potential source for production of naphthalene which has a variety of industrial applications. Four analytical procedures were standardized for compositional study of iomex according to chemical class wise. Hydrocarbon group type separation ( saturates, mono-and diaromatics ) and quantitation was reported using column chromatography, gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Data generated by these techniques are in good agreement with each other. A diaromatic fraction containing naphthalene and its precursors was studied in detail by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Capillary GC could resolve each and every component of the diaromatic fraction, whereas quantitation and characterization of 27 components were obtained by mass spectrometry.     

NAPHTHALENE AND ITS PRECURSORS IN IOMEX

ABSTRACT

Iomex, an aromatic rich concentrate from kerosene feedstock is a potential source for production of naphthalene which has a variety of industrial applications. Four analytical procedures were standardized for compositional study of iomex according to chemical class wise. Hydrocarbon group type separation ( saturates, mono-and diaromatics ) and quantitation was reported using column chromatography, gas chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Data generated by these techniques are in good agreement with each other. A diaromatic fraction containing naphthalene and its precursors was studied in detail by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Capillary GC could resolve each and every component of the diaromatic fraction, whereas quantitation and characterization of 27 components were obtained by mass spectrometry.     

Gas chromatographic analyses of kerosene bioremediation displayed distinctive pattern of n-alkane degradation

Abstract

Kerosene, being one of the most commonly spilled petroleum products, needs to be removed from the polluted areas before it spreads over large habitats. Bioremediation is an environmental friendly approach for the cleanup of contaminated sites and exploits the potential of naturally occurring microbial populations or microorganisms with a known ability to degrade the contaminants. Therefore, it is important to get bacterial isolates with high kerosene degradation abilities for their potential use in kerosene bioremediation. For this reason, twenty previously identified hydrocarbon degraders were further analysed for their potential to degrade kerosene. Primary selection of kerosene degraders was done by using conventional enrichment culture containing 1% kerosene as a sole source of carbon. Gas chromatographic (GC) analyses of 17 pre-selected kerosene degraders displayed distinctive degradation pattern of n-alkanes including C₁₁-C₁₅, C₁₇ and C₁₉ fractions. The bacterial isolates Staphylococcus aureus Ba01, Delftia acidovorans Cd11, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus Fe10, Pseudomonas koreensis Hg11 and Acinetobacter johnsonii Sb01 sharing this distinctive degradation pattern displayed 70–84% degradation abilities in 21-day incubation. Among them, the isolates D. acidovorans Cd11 and A. johnsonii Sb01 with almost 81–84% degradation abilities and 0.08–0.09?mg/mL/day degradation rates showed the highest potential for kerosene bioremediation, respectively.     

国产费-托合成燃料用于喷气燃料馏分的试验研究

通过对国产煤F-T合成燃料的组成和性能进行研究,探讨了国产煤F-T合成燃料用于我国喷气燃料馏分的可行性,并为其作为喷气燃料组分使用提供基础研究数据。结果表明,从国产煤F-T合成燃料中截取的煤油馏分主要由链烷烃和一环环烷烃组成,油样中只含有极少的单环芳烃,没有双环和三环芳烃存在。该馏分的密度、冰点等理化指标不符合3号喷气燃料规范要求,虽然尚不能作为喷气燃料使用,但通过改进加工工艺可作为现用喷气燃料的搀兑组分,其低硫、低氮、低芳烃含量以及热安定性好等特点,有助于改善喷气燃料的热安定性,降低污染物排放。     

深度加氢馏分油制取铝箔铝板轧制油基础油研究

轧制油是铝加工生产三大要素之一,对不同生产方案下的异构脱蜡副产航煤产品分析表明,异构脱蜡副产航煤的硫和芳烃含量小且铝箔、铝板轧制油的馏分含量高,是生产铝箔、铝板轧制油的优质原料。文章利用实验室精馏装置对选定的航煤原料确定分离精度和切割方案后,考察了铝箔、铝板轧制油产品收率,结果表明,即使控制很窄的馏程范围条件,总收率也能达到45%;最后对硫含量高的部分异构脱蜡航煤原料进行了加氢脱硫实验,实验结果表明,加氢脱硫后原料的硫含量完全可以达到第三代轧制油产品硫含量指标。     

低压加氢喷气燃料中残留氮化物的类型及其对喷气燃料色度的影响

针对由于低压加氢精制喷气燃料（LPHJF）中氮化物残留引起的色度不合格问题,对残留氮化物的类型及其对喷气燃料色度的影响进行分析。采用酸萃取方法对低压加氢喷气燃料中残留氮化物进行浓缩分离,同时采用酸性白土对LPHJF进行补充精制并通过索氏抽提法分离并富集酸性白土吸附物;采用FT IR、GC MS对氮浓缩物和白土吸附物进行分析表征;考察了不同化合物对喷气燃料色度的影响。结果表明,选用3%HCl为酸萃取剂,剂/油体积比为1/10时,对氮化物的萃取效果较好;低压加氢喷气燃料残留氮浓缩物主要是喹啉类、吡啶类、苯胺类、异喹啉类和酰胺类化合物,白土吸附物的类型和相对含量与之一致;对喷气燃料色度的影响大小顺序为：喹啉＞吡啶＞苯胺＞异喹啉和酰胺。白土补充精制能够有效脱除吡啶、喹啉、苯胺等残留氮化物,保证喷气燃料产品色度合格。     

劣质煤油芳烃饱和催化剂的制备及其性能评价

采用磷元素对载体进行改性,以等体积浸渍法制备了煤油芳烃饱和催化剂,并用BET、XRD、H_2-程序升温还原、漫反射紫外可见光谱手段对催化剂进行表征。考察了不同反应温度、反应压力下的催化剂芳烃饱和活性,并与未改性催化剂和参比剂进行了对比。结果表明:反应压力为6.0 MPa左右较为适宜,调整反应温度是装置工艺条件优化的主要手段,磷改性后催化剂的芳烃饱和活性与未改性催化剂及参比剂相比有明显的提高。