秸秆与微生物协同修复石油污染土壤

选择小麦秸秆协同Alcaligenes spJ 1和 Arthrobacter spJ 2混合菌进行石油污染土壤修复,研究秸秆与微生物协同修复石油污染土壤的效果。设计腐解实验,考察秸秆腐解对微生物吸附的影响;设置秸秆固定化微生物（IMM）、秸秆 游离菌（STM）2组修复实验,以游离菌（CP）为对照,考察秸秆、微生物的2种协同修复方式IMM、STM对石油污染土壤修复效果的不同和秸秆腐解的差异。结果表明,随着秸秆腐解程度的加剧,秸秆对微生物的吸附性能变差,可能与腐解过程秸秆的结构变松散有关;IMM组石油烃降解率较高,秸秆腐解较快,比STM组石油烃降解率高10%,腐殖酸质量分数多30 g/kg;石油烃降解率与腐殖酸含量的相关关系比较显著,相关系数为0906;IMM对土壤的修复效果更好。     

秸秆载体腐解对微生物修复石油污染的影响

以一种农作物秸秆(简称MG)为载体,采用高效石油烃降解菌群制备固定化微生物,在花盆中模拟石油污染土壤的原位修复。在污染土壤中分别加入秸秆（MG）、游离菌、秸秆（MG）+游离菌、秸秆（MG）固定化微生物,并以只含土著菌的土壤样品为对照,定期测定不同修复方式下土样中石油烃、腐殖质、胡敏酸含量和微生物数量,考察微生物对石油污染土壤的修复作用及MG腐解对修复的影响。结果表明,随着修复的进行, MG在土壤中逐渐腐解,土壤中腐殖质和胡敏酸质量分数明显增高,加入固定化微生物的土样中腐殖质和胡敏酸质量分数增长率最高,分别增加了4458%和3927%;加入固定化微生物的土样修复35 d的石油烃降解率最高,达到4178%,且微生物数量最多,其次为添加MG+游离菌的土样,石油烃降解率为 3175%,均高于只含游离菌土样的石油烃降解率2783%。载体MG腐解产生的腐殖质和胡敏酸对石油污染土壤的修复起到了明显的促进作用。     

固定化微生物对石油污染土壤生物学特性的影响

在固定化微生物对石油污染土壤修复35d的过程中,考察了土壤脱氢酶、过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶、脲酶活性及细菌数量几种生物学特性的变化规律,进一步分析其石油烃降解率变化与酶活性、细菌数量之间的相关性,并以添加游离菌、秸秆及土著菌的土壤对照。结果表明,固定化微生物修复石油污染土壤的各个阶段,细菌数量、酶活性均高于对照组,石油烃降解效果最好,降解率高达40.8%;土壤的脲酶活性与其石油烃降解率的相关性最显著,相关性系数为0.994,可以作为固定化微生物降解石油污染土壤效果的指标。     

SDBS残留对微生物修复石油污染土壤的影响

为探究表面活性剂清洗对微生物修复石油污染土壤的影响,模拟实际石油污染土壤微生物修复,考察不同十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)添加量的土壤修复过程中总石油烃降解率的变化情况,探究了SDBS对微生物修复石油污染土壤效果的影响;比较了不同微生物法修复石油污染土壤的实验方案,确定了最佳微生物修复方式。结果表明：少量的SDBS残留对后续微生物修复有促进作用,但SDBS残留质量分数大于1 mg/g时,则不宜于石油污染土壤的生物修复;土著菌+秸秆固定化微生物和土著菌+游离高效降解菌+秸秆2种修复方式,启动快,降解率的增速大,修复效率高,可以实现石油污染土壤快速和持续修复。     

应用SPSS软件分析石油污染土壤微生态环境

为了对石油污染土壤进行更加有效的生物修复,应用统计分析软件SPSS分析石油污染土壤微生态环境构成要素间的典型相关性,优化提高微生物生长代谢的环境条件,并运用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术考察石油污染对土壤微生物群落结构及多样性的影响。结果表明,土壤中有效的氮、磷质量分数,含水率和石油污染程度是石油降解菌生长繁殖的限制因素,因此在生物修复过程中,投加适量的氮、磷营养,适当地提高土壤含水率会增加降解菌数量,可以提高石油污染土壤的修复效率;石油污染土壤中存在常见的石油烃降解菌;石油污染一定程度上使微生物种群趋于单一化和功能化,微生物种群多样性降低。通过上述研究可为调控和优化石油污染土壤的微生态环境以及识别优势群落提供客观可靠的技术依据。     

陕北石油降解菌的筛选及培养基的优化

本文从陕北油区被石油污染的土壤中筛选出3株高效石油降解菌(分别为NS-1、NS-3、NS-5),利用比色法测定了试验菌株对石油的降解率,其中NS-1在石油初始浓度为4 g/L时对石油的降解率达89.63%。利用Minitab软件通过PB试验筛选、Box-Behnken中心组合设计和响应面分析,在发酵培养基的基础上,对NS-1的培养基进行了优化。在硫酸铵、硫酸镁、氯化钠、葡萄糖4种培养基成分中,硫酸铵、硫酸镁、氯化钠3个因素是影响菌株NS-1生长的关键因素,优化后的培养基配方为:葡萄糖2.0%、硫酸镁0.9%、硫酸铵0.1%、氯化钠0.4%。与LB培养基相比,优化后的培养基可使菌株NS-1在培养20 h时增产38.7%。     

PD-1菌株的原油降解能力研究

应用微生物法,对中国石油抚顺石化公司石油三厂隔油池附近被石油污染的发黑土壤试样进行了筛选处理,培养出了PD-1菌株,并考察了其对大庆原油的降解能力。结果表明,PD-1活细胞对质量浓度为2.0 g/L的原油显示出了较强的降解能力,随着培养时间的延长,OD610(培养液光密度值)先增大后减小,η(原油降解率)逐渐增大并趋于平缓,OD610值在培养第6天达到最大值8.383,η在第9天接近40.1%;PD-1休止细胞提高了原油降解酶的浓度,并减小了原油代谢产物对降解酶的抑制作用,从而具有更高效的原油降解能力,正交实验中的η高达95.5%。结合生产实际,最终选择的PD-1休止细胞降解原油的最佳条件为:反应时间为24 h,培养基中的原油质量浓度为4.0 g/L,OD610为50,反应温度为20~30℃。PD-1菌株能在常温下及较短时间内高效地降解原油,推广应用的潜力较高。     

固定化微生物对石油污染土壤理化性质的调控作用

选取粒径为40目秸秆DG为载体,采用吸附法固定高效石油降解菌SJ-1,制成固定化微生物。调节石油污染土壤样品的C、N、P质量比为100∶10∶1、含水率为18%、pH值为7.2,采用秸秆、游离菌、固定化微生物于室内花盆中进行模拟修复实验,并与土著菌对照,考察35d修复过程中石油烃降解率,土壤pH值,土壤中速效磷、有机质、全氮含量的变化规律,研究固定化微生物对石油污染土壤理化性质的调控作用。结果表明,在采用秸秆、游离菌、固定化微生物和土著菌修复石油污染土壤的4种方法中,采用固定化微生物修复的方法对土壤具有一定的保水性,对土壤pH值有缓冲作用,并可提高土壤营养物质含量,对有机质、全氮和速效磷的利用率高,而且三者下降速率快,从而得到40.8%的最高石油烃降解率。     

石油降解混合菌群的降解特性研究及群落结构分析

从新疆克拉玛依油田石油污染土壤中分离获得石油降解菌群KO5-2,该菌群在30°C条件下培养7 d对10 g/L总石油烃（TPH）的去除率为56.9%,并且培养3 d ,7 d和9 d后能分别去除100%的芴、98.93%的菲和65.73%的芘。从KO5-2分离得到的来自6个不同菌属的12株可培养单菌,其中只有8株具有降解原油的能力。运用变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）分析不同碳源条件（包括TPH、饱和烃、芴、菲和芘）下KO5-2的群落结构,结果表明,在分别以原油和饱和烃为碳源的培养条件下菌群组成大致相同,在三种不同多环芳烃（PAHs）为碳源的培养条件下,混合菌群的群落结构存在差异。红球菌属（Rhodococcus sp.）和假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas sp.）在五种不同的碳源中均能生存,芽孢杆菌（Bacillus sp.）、鞘氨醇单胞菌属（Sphingomonas sp.）和苍白杆菌（Ochrobactrum sp.）分别是降解饱和烃、PAHs和菲的关键菌。该研究表明,生物修复过程中,混合菌群的群落结构与不同的污染物和单菌株之间的相互作用有关。     

石油污染土壤中喹啉降解菌Q5的筛选及其喹啉降解性能

 从胜利油田石油污染土壤中筛选分离到一株喹啉高效降解菌Q5，初步鉴定为革兰氏阳性芽孢杆菌。本文在好氧条件下对菌株Q5进行喹啉生物降解实验。实验结果表明：菌株Q5在30℃、碱性环境、适当的接种量和底物浓度下对喹啉有较高的降解率，不同的碳氮源条件对菌株Q5的降解效果有影响。菌株Q5在生物修复被喹啉及其衍生物污染的水体及土壤具有较高的潜在应用价值。     

负载型超强酸催化剂ZS-SiO2的研究

研究了载体SiO2对催化剂ZS-SiO2中ZrO2结晶过程的影响，考察了催化剂ZS-SiO2的结构、酸性和比表面积以及对正己烷异构化反应的催化活性。XRD实验结果表明，SiO2对ZrO2结晶过程的影响是复杂的。未经高温焙烧的SiO2(a)与负载在其表面的ZrO2存在着较强的化学作用，延迟了ZiO2结晶；经过高温焙烧的SiO2(b)对ZiO2的晶相有较大影响，它使ZS-SiO2(b)中四面体晶相与单斜晶相组成比例明显不同于ZS。NH3-TPD结果表明，ZS-SiO2(b)与ZS有相类似的NH3脱附谱图，它们具有相同类型的酸中心，但酸量有所不同；ZS-SiO2(a)没有明显的高温NH3脱附峰。活性评价结果表明，ZS-SiO2(b)对正己烷异构化反应有催化活性，对比无SiO2载体的催化剂ZS，其催化活性明显下降，而ZS-SiO2(a)则无催化活性。     

In vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essentials oils obtained from Egyptian aromatic plants

The aim of this work was to (i) determine the chemical composition of the essential oils (EOs) of five spices widely cultivated in Egypt as: Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), parsley (Petroselinum crispum), lavender (Lavandula officinalis), black cumin (Nigella sativa) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris); (ii) determine the total phenolic compound (TPC) content (iii) determine the antioxidant activity of the Egyptian essentials oils by means of three different antioxidant test and (iv) determine the effectiveness of the Egyptian essentials oils on the inhibition of the growth of some indicators of spoilage bacteria strains. There is a great variability in the chemical composition of EOs obtained from the five Egyptian aromatic plants. Thyme EO had the highest content of total phenols (913.17 mg GAE/L). Black cumin (highest % of inhibition of DPPH radical: 95.89% and highest FRAC values 3.33 mmol/L Trolox) and thyme (highest % of inhibition of TBARS: 80.76) essential oils presented the best antioxidant profile. Only the essential oil of thyme showed inhibitory effects on the three tested bacteria at all added doses.     

塔中地区中深1C井寒武系原油低聚硫代金刚烷含量分析

中深1井、中深1C井在塔里木盆地寒武系盐下获得油气突破,中寒武统阿瓦塔格组（∈₂a）和下寒武统肖尔布拉克组（∈₁x）原油在地球化学特征上存在较大差异。对中深1井 ∈₂a原油和中深1C井∈₁x原油进行银盐离子柱色层分离,获得含硫非烃,使用气相色谱—质谱方法在中深1C井原油含硫非烃检测出完整的低聚硫代金刚烷系列,包括硫代单金刚烷、硫代双金刚烷和硫代三金刚烷系列,分析了26个化合物的质谱特征,并与文献质谱特征进行对比。除了含有[M-SH]和[M-CH ₃+]特征离子外,硫代金刚烷具有较强的分子离子,分子离子为硫代双金刚烷和硫代三金刚烷的基峰。使用D₁₆-单金刚烷作为定量内标,中深1井、中深1C井寒武系原油中低聚硫代金刚烷含量分别为7.36μg/g、8 758.02μg/g,表明中深1C井肖尔布拉克组原油为强烈硫酸盐热化学还原作用(TSR)的残余油,而中深1井阿瓦塔格组原油基本未受TSR作用。中深1C井原油极高的金刚烷和二苯并噻吩系列化合物含量分别为83 872.20μg/g和57 212.5μg/g,而中深1井原油中金刚烷和二苯并噻吩系列化合物含量仅为2 180.27μg/g和421.3μg/g,进一步支持中深1C井寒武系原油经历了强烈的TSR作用。中深1C井肖尔布拉克组油气藏温度大于160℃,地层水中丰富的SO^2-₄、Mg²⁺为油气藏中的原油发生强烈TSR提供了条件。     

Chemical composition and in vitro antimicrobial,antifungal and antioxidant properties of essential oils obtained from some herbs widely used in Portugal

The aim of this study was determine (i) the chemical composition (ii) the antimicrobial activity (antibacterial and antifungal) and (iii) the antioxidant activity by means of four different antioxidant tests (DDPH, FIC, FRAP and TBARS) of the EOs of three aromatic herbs, Coriander (Coriandrum sativum), celery (Apium graveolens) and bush-basil (Ocimum minimum) widely used in Portugal.There is a great variability of the compounds presented in the three tested essential oils. Bush-basil EO had the highest total phenolic content (794.9 mg GAE/L) while coriander EO had the lower total phenolic content (52.3 mg GAE/L). Since bush-basil had the highest TPC it was expected to present a very high antioxidant profile, which was verified in 3 of the 4 assays (DPPH inhibition of 95.9%; FRAP values of 2.7 mmol Trolox/L; TBARS inhibition of 87.2%); coriander, despite the low TPC showed the highest inhibition in the FIC assay (94.1%).The bush-basil EO showed the highest antimicrobial activity, with MIC ranging between 0.6 and 5 μL/mL against bacteria and 0.04–2.5 μL/mL against yeasts. Both celery and coriander EO had a very similar antimicrobial activity against all the tested strains. The antifungal activity was higher in the bush-basil EO against Mucor racemosus and Penicillium chrysogenum since it was the only EO that showed growth inhibition on all the tested concentrations. Alternaria alternata showed great resistance against all the tested essential oils.     

2-叔丁基-5-环氧十五烷基酚型抗氧剂的合成与性能

基于生物质资源腰果酚的结构特点,设计环境友好型生物质基润滑油抗氧剂的分子结构;通过对腰果酚进行环氧化、叔丁基化反应,合成了新结构的酚型抗氧剂;通过傅里叶变换红外光谱、¹³C核磁共振波谱等手段表征了合成抗氧剂的结构,并考察了合成产物在不同基础油中的抗氧化性能及其与胺型抗氧剂的配伍性能。结果表明：合成的酚型抗氧剂分子结构为2-叔丁基-5-环氧十五烷基酚,在不同类型的润滑油基础油中,特别是在酯类基础油中,合成产物具有较好的抗氧化性能;在癸二酸二辛酯中,合成产物与胺型抗氧剂具有良好的配伍性和协同效应,适宜用作润滑油脂添加剂。     

The Enhanced Biodegradation of Petroleum Lubricant by Bacterial Strains Harvested From Oil Contaminated Soil

Up to now, little information has been available on biodegradation of petroleum lubricant oils by microbial inoculation. Understanding the abilities of microorganisms in biodegrading petroleum lubricants is imperative for optimum use of bacteria in bioremediation of lubricant-contaminated environments. In the study, three bacterial strains of genera Pseudomonas sp., Ochrobactrum tritici, and Bordetella petrii, which were previously isolated from oil-contaminated soils, were inoculated into a lubricating oil culture medium. The abilities for the three bacterial strains to biodegrade a petroleum lubricating oil were evaluated by determining the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the inoculated oil culture mediums. Effect of pH on degrading abilities of the bacterial isolates and impact of temperature on microbial growth were also explored. Results showed that the CODs of the inoculated lubricating oil culture mediums were much lower than that of the oil medium without bacterial inoculum, indicating that the three bacterial strains effectively enhanced biodegradation of the mineral lubricating oil, of which the member of genus Ochrobactrum was the most excellent enhancer. Furthermore, the abilities for the strains to biodegrade lubricating oil were different at different pH values. They provided excellent oil-degrading ability in the pH range from 6.0 to 7.8. On the other hand, the microbial populations of the bacterial strains markedly increased with increasing incubation durations in an exponential phase at the temperatures ranging from 28°C to 35°C.     

Promotion effect of biosurfactant on heavy-oil biodegradation

Biosurfactants have received considerable attention in the field of heavy-oil remediation processes. Heavy oil was used to isolate biosurfactant-producing and oil-degrading bacteria. According to 16S rRNA, the isolated bacteria was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the produced biosurfactant was 100 mg/L. Biosurfactant could greatly improve the properties of heavy oil and significantly improve the biodegradation. The viscosity reduction rate was from 24 to 47% over the temperature range of 30–90°C. Biodegradation rates of saturated hydrocarbon (C₁₃–C₃₃) were from 21 to 85%. The biodegradation accelerating rate of biosurfactant for different aromatic hydrocarbon series was 9.89%, 9.60%, 29.71%, 16.75%, and 10.04%. These findings demonstrate that the produced biosurfactant could be useful in environmental remediation processes.     

氧化偶合絮凝剂ZS的开发和应用

针对油田污水富含还原腐蚀性的铁、硫等物质,研制开发出一种新型高效氧化偶合絮凝剂ZS。实验和现场应用表明,它能有效解决油田污水净化处理难、细菌繁殖快和腐蚀性强的问题,使处理后的水质稳定,是一种应用前景良好的多功能污水处理剂。     

酚类抗氧剂在润滑脂中的热稳定性及抗氧化性应用研究

文章采用压力差示扫描量热法(PDSC),分别以动态法和静态法两种方式,研究了加入3种典型的酚型抗氧剂T501、L135和L115后,复合锂基润滑脂氧化安定性的改善效果;以及不同的抗氧剂含量对复合锂基脂的氧化安定性的影响。结果表明:加入这3种抗氧剂后,复合锂基脂的起始氧化温度和氧化诱导时间均有不同程度的提高,其中加入硫代双酚型抗氧剂L115的抗氧化性能最佳;酯类单酚型抗氧剂L135次之;普通单酚型抗氧剂T501最差。热重分析(TG)结果表明,3种抗氧剂分子的热稳定性也遵从这一顺序,说明抗氧剂具有较好的热稳定性有助于在油脂中发挥更好的抗氧化性能。     

塔里木盆地塔中隆起寒武系深层油气地球化学特征及成因

塔中隆起寒武系碳酸盐岩储层油气资源丰富,然而由于复杂的构造地质背景,油气来源和天然气类型还存在较大争议。通过详细分析ZS1井、ZS1C井和ZS5井寒武系不同层段中凝析油和天然气的组成、碳同位素等特征,并结合寒武系-下奥陶统与中、上奥陶统烃源岩地球化学特征,对其油气来源和天然气成因类型进行了判别。研究结果表明,该区天然气为典型的腐泥型干酪根裂解气,其中寒武系肖尔布拉克组天然气干燥系数大于0.98,N₂含量介于2.5%~4.0%,为过成熟干气,且凝析油族组分与和饱和烃单体烃碳同位素偏重,nC₉-nC₂₀碳同位素介于-28.8‰~-26.3‰,表明油气来源为寒武系-下奥陶统烃源岩。而寒武系阿瓦塔格组和吾松格尔组天然气干燥系数介于0.63~0.78,N₂含量介于0.2%~0.8%,为低成熟湿气,且凝析油族组分和饱和烃单体烃碳同位素相对较轻,nC₉-nC₂₃碳同位素介于-37.25‰~-32.56‰,表明油气来源为中、上奥陶统烃源岩。