纺织技术在军事伪装上的应用

伪装技术是对抗侦察和武器 攻击的一种有效手段,是 重要的作战保障。严密而有效的伪装可以直接干扰和破坏敌方信息准确获得,从而提高军队和装备的生存能力,增强部队的战斗力。伪装器材是实施伪装的物质基础,而伪装器材中很大部分是用纺织材料加工制成的。现将纺织技术与军事伪装技术的关系评述如下。     

防雷达波、红外线侦察伪装遮障的研究

随着现代立体化军事侦察技术的发展,未经伪装的军事目标和武器装备很容易暴露在对战方的侦察终端系统之中。隐身伪装技术是改变武器装备等目标的可探测信息特征,使其不易被敌方侦察系统所发现的综合性技术。文中从防光学侦察伪装、防热红外侦察伪装、防雷达波侦察伪装等方面阐述隐身伪装技术,并推出以防雷达波侦察为主,兼具防可见光、红外线侦察一体化的隐身伪装产品。指出反侦察隐身技术在军事中的重要性将使人们不断开发具有高性能隐身的伪装产品。     

林地背景下的可见光及近红外伪装的研究

介绍了可见光及近红外伪装原理,探讨了如何通过染色工艺及涂层工艺方法达到伪装效果。     

纺织技术与军事伪装技术

本文从单兵伪装服，染整技术在伪装上的应用，纺织加工工艺及功能性纤维的几个方面评述了纺织技术与军事伪装技术的关系。     

金属铝粉在近红外伪装织物上的应用

近年来，近红外伪装技术迅速发展，尤其是在军工方面。诸多学者和研究人员对近红外伪装技术进行了深入研究，特别是在丛林和荒漠环境下的近红外伪装。针对城市环境的近红外伪装的相关研究较少。通过研究金属铝粉在5种城市环境下的近红外伪装性能，并进行浓度梯度性能比较，确定用量为5%的铝浆料效果较好；探究了浆料黏度对织物近红外伪装效果的影响，以及经涂层整理后织物的透气性、耐摩擦和耐皂洗色牢度等相关物理性能，拓宽近红外伪装在城市环境下的应用。     

羊毛绿色近红外伪装染色

将叶绿素铜钠作为近红外伪装染料对羊毛进行染色,实现羊毛织物在绿色丛林背景下的近红外伪装。羊毛叶绿素铜钠染色工艺为:叶绿素铜钠用量1%(owf),浴比1∶50,100℃,染色30 min,水洗,皂洗。染色后羊毛在可见近红外波长范围内与树叶有相似的光反射特性,因此有较好的近红外绿色伪装性能。研究表明,叶绿素铜钠作为红外伪装染料,能解决占军用服装比重较大的羊毛织物的红外伪装染色问题,而且染色工艺简单。     

基于边缘填充的单兵迷彩伪装小目标检测

针对迷彩单兵识别存在伪装对象与背景高度相似融合、目标尺寸小等问题,提出了基于边缘填充的单兵迷彩伪装小目标检测模型BFNet(boundary-filled network)。该网络以SCNet(sparse complex-valued neural network)作为骨干网络,在网络的边缘引导阶段,利用边缘先验信息以及边缘的周围环境来挖掘目标信息。在上下文聚合阶段,利用上一级的预测值,使网络学习预测背景与前景的相互关系。实验结果表明：与最先进的BGNet相比,BFNet平均精度提升了0.74%,交并比识别率提升了1.35%,同时自适应E度量、加权F度量以及结构相似度与加权自适应F度量均得到了提高,其中,自适应E度量提升了0.85%,加权F度量提升了0.71%,证明所提出的BFNet能在更大程度上识别出单兵迷彩伪装小目标,且识别精度也得到提升。     

国外红外伪装服的研究与进展

本文介绍了红外伪装的基本原理,并从红外伪装涂料、红外伪装材料复合加工和服装设计等方面综述了国外红外伪装服的研究和进展。     

硅矿盐远红外伪装涂料在涤/棉织物上的应用

随着军事领域中红外探测技术的迅猛发展，现代战场上的各军事目标总是面临着暴露的危险。伪装涂料作为当今伪装技术的研究热点之一，具有工艺简易、成本较低、坚牢耐用等优势。虽然目前可见光-近红外涂料的研究已经比较成熟，但是并不能满足远红外波段的要求。利用水性聚氨酯作为黏合剂，将硅矿盐的涂料刮涂到涤/棉织物上，并测试其远红外伪装性能、拉伸强力性能以及透气性。结果表明：当硅矿盐和水性聚氨酯的质量比为1∶2时，该涤/棉涂层织物的表面温度最低，伪装性能最佳。     

天然染料紫草染色织物的迷彩伪装防护性能

采用传统的染色方法,用天然染料紫草对蚕丝和纯棉织物进行染色实验,研究了染色后这些织物的迷彩伪装性能。实验发现,用紫草染色的天然纤维织物不仅有很好的紫外防护性能,而且对可见近红外迷彩伪装也有很好的防护,其防护指标能达到军队的防护标准。紫草迷彩伪装性能可能是它的主要成分α萘醌的共轭电子跃迁的结果。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis on Economic Indicators from 62 Enterprises in Printing Machinery Industry in Q1 2014

Operation of printing machine industry was still unsatisfactory in the first quarter of 2014.Analysis on operation of printing machine industry.a.Market demand was not strong;sales of product undulated and declined.According to the statistics,the total industrial output value fell by 19.28% in the first quarter of 2014 than the average quarter value in 2013; industrial added value decreased by 4.16%; sales revenue dropped by 22.83%. h. Business operation of enterprises was in poor condition. c. R＆D of new products is an important transformation guarantee for enterprises. d. To take self explore new ways upgrading advantages,and explore new ways.