几种常见金属离子以及温度对姜黄色素稳定性的影响

<正> 食用色素是一类重要的食品添加剂。近年来,随着科学技术水平的不断发展和人民生活水平的逐步提高,对食用色素也提出了更高要求。食用色素可分为人工合成色素和天然食用色素。人工合成色素尽管色泽鲜艳、性质稳定、着色力强、价格低廉,但由     

食用天然色素发展动态

食用天然色素发展动态胡隆基（中国科学院成都生物研究所成都，６１００４１）颜色是人们对食品质量感观作出评价的重要依据。因此，食用色素在加工食品中，无疑扮演了重要角色。食用色素因其来源的不同，又分为人工合成色素和天然色素两类。前者以焦油系惑三苯甲烷衍生物...     

天然紫苏色素的初步研究

紫苏叶中含有天然紫(红)色素,本文对该色素的提取工艺和色素的稳定性进行了研究。通过实验得知紫苏色素安全性高,稳定性好,原料丰富,价廉,有发展前景的天然食用色素。     

试论食用色素与人类健康（1）

论述了合成与天然食用色素原料来源、主要成分，应用范围、卫生标准与人类健康之间的联系及其发展趋势，为食用天然色素在我国广泛使用提供了依据，促进食用天然色素市场发展，使食用天然色素添加应用于食品、药物，化妆品及日用品等方面显示其“风彩”，形成产业、利国利民。     

天然红花黄色素稳定性研究

红花黄色素（ＳＡＦＦＬＯＲＹＥＬＬＯＷ）是从红花花蕾中提取的一种天然食用色素，该色素是水溶色素，在ｐｈ４～５范围内光稳定性好，氧化剂，还原剂，盐，糖，金属离子（除铁外）对色素的色泽，色价无色不良影响。     

姜黄色素稳定性的研究

姜黄色素稳定性的研究王贤纯（湖南师范大学生物系）姜黄色素由于其在姜黄中的含量高，着色力强以及具有一定的医疗保健作用而被认为是最有开发价值的天然食用黄色素之一［１］。但是由于姜黄色素在提取、精制和应用过程中，容易受到破坏以及其他一些方面的原因，而使这种...     

试论食用色素与人类健康（1）

论述了合成与天然食用色素原料来源、主要成分、应用范围、卫生标准与人类健康之间的联系及其发展趋势，为食用天然色素在我国广泛使用提供了依据，促进食用天然色素市场发展，使食用天然色素添加应用于食品、药物、化妆品及日用品等方面显示其“风彩”，形成产业、利国利民。     

试论食用色素与人类健康（2）

论述了合成与天然食用色素原料来源、主要成分、应用范围、卫生标准与人类健康之间的联系及其发展趋势，为食用天然色素在我国广泛使用提供了依据，促进食用天然色素市场发展，使食用天然色素添加应用于食品、药物、化妆品及日用品等方面显示其“风彩”，形成产业、利国利民。     

食用天然色素的精制简介

<正> 食用天然色素许多都是由人们食用多年的果蔬食品提取而得的,因而具有安全性高的优点,受到消费者的欢迎。近二十年来它的用量和品种在美国、日本及欧洲许多国家已经远远超过了允许使用的食用合成色素。有的北欧国家已禁止使用食用合成色素,但对EEC颁布的食用天然色素大部分均可按实际需要量添加于任何食品之中。但由于食用天然色素是由天然有机物提取的,原料中成分十分复杂,除含量很低的发色物质外,还有胶质、淀粉、糖     

天然食用色素的现状与动向

本文详细的论述了国内外研究生产天然食用色素的概况和方向;介绍了天然食用色素的性质和几种不同分类及提取方法。尤其针对我国国情,阐述了存在的问题和今后发展天然食用色素研究生产的建议。     

Analytical method for Buddleja colorants in foods

Buddleja yellow colorant derived from Buddleja officinalis Maxim. has recently been approved for use as a new kind of natural colorant for food additives in China. In order to distinguish Buddleja yellow colorant from other yellow colorants, two known phenylpropanoid glycosides, acteoside (= verbascoside) and poliumoside, were isolated from the colorant as marker substances for Buddleja yellow colorant. Poliumoside has not been detected in B. officinalis Maxim. previously. These phenylpropanoid glycosides were not detected in the fruits of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis or in the stamens of the flowers of Crocus sativus L., which also contain crocetin derivatives as coloring components, using a photodiode array and mass chromatograms. Thus, an analytical HPLC method was developed to distinguish foods that have been colored with yellow colorants containing crocetin derivatives, using phenylpropanoid glycosides as markers.     

Food colorants: anthocyanins

Interest in food colorants as shown by the number of patents has doubled in recent years with natural pigments outnumbering synthetics by five to one. The natural colorant area can be subdivided into anthocyanins, betalains, chlorophylls, carotenoids, flavonoids, polyphenols, Monascus, hemes, quinones, biliproteins, safflower, turmeric, and miscellaneous. All involve different groups of chemical compounds which may be used directly as colorants, or may be chemically modified to produce different hues or increased stability. All usually involve a method of collection, extraction, purification, possibly stabilization, and formulation. A variety of hues can be obtained ranging from green through yellow, orange, red, blue, and violet, depending on the source of colorant. Similarly, water or oil-soluble formulations can be prepared depending on the type of colorant.     

食用色素的发展及在生产中的应用

介绍了两类色素，举了在生产中的一些注意事项，并对加工过程中出现的变色，褪色问题进行了分析，提出了部分改进措施。     

Determination of Synthetic Food Colorants in Water-Soluble Beverages Individually by HPLC and Totally by Ce(IV)-Oxidative Spectrophotometry

Food colorants are an important class of food additives that give the first impression to consumers about the quality of food. Ce(IV)-reducing antioxidant capacity assay originally developed in our laboratories was adapted to the determination of synthetic food colorants for the first time. This method allowing for total antioxidant capacity assay of dietary polyphenols, flavonoids, and ascorbic acid in plant extracts is based on the room temperature oxidation of antioxidant compounds with Ce(IV) sulfate in dilute H₂SO₄ solution and measurement of the absorbance of unreacted Ce(IV) at 320?nm. The results of the proposed method were correlated with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) findings. Individual standard solutions, synthetic mixtures of synthetic colorants, and colorant extracts were identified and quantified with HPLC on a C₁₈ column equipped with a diode array detector, and slight modifications on the existing HPLC method were made to analyze synthetic colorant mixtures. This work proposes Ce(IV)-oxidative spectrophotometry as a complementary technique to HPLC in the analysis of food colorants.     

Milk colloidal system as a reaction medium and carrier for the natural blue colorant obtained from the cross-linking between genipin and milk proteins

A promising natural blue colorant was obtained from the cross-linking between genipin and milk proteins. Milk was simultaneously used to extract genipin from the unripe genipap (Genipa americana L.) and evaluated as a reaction medium and carrier for the novel blue colorant. The effects of the milk composition (skimmed, semi-skimmed, and whole) on the kinetic of blue color formation in the colorant-loaded milk samples during their cold storage time for 96 h were evaluated using their color parameters and free-genipin content. The reaction between milk proteins and genipin were evaluated by FTIR spectroscopy. In addition, the blue colorant-loaded milk samples were characterized according to their droplet size distribution, microstructure, and phase separation kinetics. The milk fat content influenced the genipin recovery while the milk with higher protein content contributed to obtaining a more intense blue color. Using whole milk with 3.0 g/100 g fat content favored the light scattering and, thus, a blue colorant with a more intense −b¹ and L¹ values was obtained. On the other hand, the use of skimmed milk with 0.5 g/100 g fat content resulted in more consumption of genipin due to its more protein content for the reaction of blue color compounds formation. Thus, a more intense and darker blue coloration was observed with lower light scattering. The milk composition did not modify the phase separation kinetics of the blue colorant-loaded milk. Therefore, our results have demonstrated that the milk was a suitable medium for the reaction of blue color formation and also a good blue compounds carrier.Industrial relevanceConsumer demands for natural colorants have increased in the last years.Thus, the new food industry challenge is to develop novel healthy, safe and high-quality food products based on natural colorants. Currently, the colorant market does not have still available a natural blue colorant. Therefore, the development of a novel natural blue colorant from plant material could meet this worldwide demand increasing the added value of many products such as ice cream, dairy beverages, and candies.     

用于食品质量监测的pH智能指示剂的研究进展

近年来,消费者对于食品安全要求的改变促进了包装新技术的发展。目前用于食品质量监测的智能包装技术主要有指示剂、数据载体装置以及传感器等。其中,pH智能指示剂由于其成本低、体积小、制备方便和指示效果好等优点而成为研究热点。通常来说,指示剂是由负载基和pH染料组成。同时天然pH染料如茜素、姜黄素、类胡罗卜素、花青素等对于环境酸碱性的改变能表现出明显的颜色变化。以天然pH染料制备的pH智能指示剂能够传递食品的实时信号（颜色、化学或电子）,以表现实时的质量信息。本文主要对以天然染料和生物聚合物为基础的pH智能指示剂的研究现状进行了概述,讨论了基于天然pH染料和合成pH染料相比的pH智能指示剂的重要性,以及未来的研究趋势。     

DETERMINATION OF SYNTHETIC COLORANTS IN CONFECTIONERY AND INSTANT DRINK POWDERS CONSUMED IN TURKEY USING UV/VIS SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

One hundred and forty samples of Turkish confectionery and 96 instant drink powders marketed in Turkey, colored with a single colorant, were analyzed for colorants using both quantitative and qualitative UV/VIS spectrophotometer determinations. Six and five synthetic food colorants were determined in confectionery and instant drink powders, respectively. All the synthetic colorants determined in confectionery, except for Erythrosine, are permitted for use by the Turkish Food Codex and European Community (EC). The permitted colorant levels in 63 (43.7%) of 135 confectionery and in 35 (36.45%) of 96 instant drink powder samples were determined to be higher than the maximum tolerable limit in the Turkish Regulations. Continuous surveillance programs may be warranted to monitor regularly the level of colorant in confectionery and instant drink powder consumed, especially by children.     

Influence of copigment derived from Tasmannia pepper leaf on Davidson's plum anthocyanins

Davidson's plum (Davidsonia pruriens, F. Muell.), a native to Australian rainforests, large, crimson-red fruit, which superficially resembles plum, has been commercially cultivated in Australia since 1990s. The current production volume exceeds market demands therefore this study was designed to evaluate the suitability of Davidson's plum extract as a source of anthocyanin-based food colorant. The stability of the Davidson's plum extract towards heat treatment at 95 °C was higher than that of commercial mulberry colorant, but inferior to colorants derived from red cabbage and purple sweetpotato. An addition of a variety of phenolic acids significantly increased color intensity indicating the formation of copigmentation complexes. Commercial chlorogenic acid as well as extract from a native Australian herb rich in chlorogenic acid, Tasmannia pepper leaf (Tasmannia lanceolata, R. Br.), were both tested in model soft drink solutions subjected to light irradiation and heat treatment. In both cases, the addition of the copigment resulted in a lasting increase in color intensity. In conclusion, Davidson's plum extract can successfully be utilized as a source of natural food color. Extract from Tasmania pepper leaf can be used as a co-pigment for Davidson's plum anthocyanins. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The color properties of an anthocyanin colorant derived from the native Australian fruit Davidson's plum are comparable to those of mulberry, which is currently applied as a food colorant in Australian food products. Utilization of Davidson's plum fruit as a source of natural color will allow the industry to increase the range of natural pigments and will create new opportunities for the emerging native food industry.     

Natural Colorant from Marigold-Chemistry and Technology

Natural pigments offer an alternative to synthetic dyes, but for successful application, an understanding of the chemical and physical properties of the pigment is essential. With the growing legislative restrictions on the use of synthetic colors, a reappraisal of natural plant pigments is taking place with a view to use them as possible colorants in foods. For natural pigments to be accepted as food colorants, legal sanction is a must. With the application of new innovations, natural pigments can become more cost effective and increase their competitiveness against certified dye and dye products. Marigold flowers, which are yellow to orange red in color, are a rich source of lutein, a carotenoid pigment. This pigment has acquired greater significance because of its antioxidant property and for its eye health protection. Although marigold flower extract has been used in veterinary feeds, the potential use of marigold as a natural food colorant has not been exploited to the full extent due to the lack of information on its safety, stability, and compatibility in foods. This article deals with the chemistry, processing, and stability of the pigment and its applications.     

Removal of color from fruit candy waste by activated carbon adsorption

The research in this paper was aimed at finding a treatment method for recovery of fruit candy (fruit leathers) wastes. Fruit leather wastes were dissolved in water to investigate the efficacy of activated carbon adsorption to remove food colorants, which reduce recycling possibilities. The effects of initial pH (2.5-9), food colorant concentration (10-110 g fruit leather/L) and adsorbent dosage (1-12 g/L) on the adsorption process were investigated. Maximum adsorption was obtained at the original pH value of dissolved fruit candy waste in water. Maximum adsorbent capacities for red, yellow and blue food colorants were 4.4; 11.7 and 2 mg/g at pH 3.5 respectively. Regeneration of food colorant loaded activated carbon can be effected at 400 °C. Cost estimates indicate that red color removal would seem to be an economical proposition, costing about $19/ton fruit candy waste, yellow marginal at $70/ton waste, and blue uneconomical at $245/ton waste.