绿色木霉产壳聚糖酶的分离纯化及酶学性质

对绿色木霉所产的壳聚糖酶进行分离纯化,结果表明当壳聚糖酶经过20%和60%的硫酸铵分级沉淀、透析、超滤浓缩、苯乙烯系阴离子交换柱以及Sephdex G-75层析柱的分离纯化,发现该酶的纯化倍数达到29.13倍,回收率达到53.9%,经SDS-PAGE电泳鉴定该酶达到了电泳纯,其分子质量为51.235 ku,最适温度为50℃,最适pH值为5.2,具有较强的底物特异性,K+和Mn2+对酶有一定的激活作用,Mg2+、Fe3+、Ca2+和Pb2+的影响不明显,Zn2+、Cu2+和Hg2+对酶有较强的抑制作用.通过Lineweaver-Burk法求得动力学参数,该酶Km值为0.048 mg/mL,Vmax值为0.6 mg·L-1·min-1.据酶解产物薄层层析实验分析其水解产物,说明此酶主要以内切方式作用于壳聚糖,该酶既能水解GclN-GlcN糖苷键,也能水解GlcNAc-GlcN糖苷键.     

Bacillus sp.AA5所产壳聚糖酶的纯化及性质研究

纯化Bacillussp.AA5所产的壳聚糖酶,经SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳测得该酶的分子量大约为38.1kDa。同时对其酶学性质进行了初步研究,发现该壳聚糖酶在4℃下10d内稳定性良好,酶的最适温度和pH值分别为43℃和7.0,Ca2 、Mg2 、Ba2 对它的酶活有不同程度的促进作用。     

假单胞菌H3壳聚糖酶的纯化及部分酶学性质

对 Pseudmona sp.H3产生的壳聚糖酶粗酶液采用(NH_4)_2SO_4盐析、Sephadex G-25脱盐、Sepharose Q-XL阴离子交换层析和Superdex G-75分子筛层析进行纯化,经SDS-PAGE鉴定为单蛋白带,分子质量约为33.8ku,酶反应最适温度为40℃,最适pH为5.0,降解壳聚精(D.A.90.14％)Km值为3.59g/L,V_(max)值为 3.80mmol/(L·min);Ba~(2+)、K~+、Co~(2+)对该酶有激活作用,而Zn~(2+)、Mn~(2+)、Al~(3+)、Cu~(2+)则对酶有抑制作用;此外,该酶除了能降解壳聚糖以外,还具有CMCase活性。     

绿色木霉产内切壳聚糖酶的鉴定及酶学性质的研究

以实验室前期从Trichoderma viride XW01微晶纤维素诱导的发酵液中分离纯化的一种新壳聚糖酶组分Csn为对象,采用SDS-PAGE分析、不同反应时间水解产物的粘度测定和薄层层析（TLC）分析、还原糖含量的测定等手段对壳聚糖酶Csn进行了初步鉴定及酶学性质研究,结果显示：Csn的分子量为45ku,最适作用温度和最适pH分别为60℃和pH5.0,在低于50℃、pH4.8～7.5范围内非常稳定;脱乙酰度DD对Csn的催化速率影响显著,其对83%DD的壳聚糖的催化活力最高;金属离子Mn2＋、Mg2＋、Ca2＋、Zn2＋对该酶有明显的促进作用,而Fe3＋、Cu2＋和Hg2＋则对该酶有强烈的抑制作用;该酶的米氏常数为1.10mg/mL,最大反应速度为7.15μmol/mL·min;该酶以内切方式作用于壳聚糖,主要水解GlcNAc-GlcN和GlcN-GlcN之间的糖苷键,水解产物以四糖以上的壳寡糖为主。     

β-甘露聚糖酶产生菌的筛选和酶学性质研究

从土壤中分离筛选出5株产胞外β-甘露聚糖酶的菌株,其中DK3菌株的摇瓶培养液的酶活力达3.85U/mL。该酶水解葡甘露聚糖的最适温度为37℃,最适pH为6.0,pH稳定范围为5.0～9.0,在低于40℃的温度下基本稳定。Fe2+、Cu2+、EDTA和NH4+对该酶有抑制作用,Na+则有激活作用。     

Bacillus sp.CBB272脱枝酶的酶学性质

脱枝酶是淀粉加工过程中水解其1,6-糖苷键的水解酶,为淀粉彻底糖化所必需。作者从高温菌Bacillus sp.CBB272的培养液中,经过盐析、凝胶过滤层析、弱阴离子交换层析以及强阴离子交换层析联用的方法,纯化出一种新型脱枝酶。该酶在SDS-PAGE上的相对分子质量约为70 000,最适作用温度为70℃,最适作用pH为6.0。该酶在30~70℃、pH 4.5~9.0之间具有优良的稳定性。该酶在50℃和pH 6.0下水解支链淀粉的Km、Vmax分别为4.0324 mg/mL和0.1841 mg/(min.mL)。研究了不同金属离子对该酶活性和热稳定性的影响,发现Ca2+、Mg2+、Mn2+等金属离子对于该酶具有显著的激活效果,并且Ca2+对该酶的热稳定性具有很好的提升作用。     

海洋菌株Mitsuaria sp. SH-50产嗜热性壳聚糖酶CsnSH50的酶学性质表征及其应用

实验室从中国海南滨海虾蟹养殖区泥土样品中筛选到一株高产壳聚糖酶的海洋菌株Mitsuaria sp. SH-50,优化后该菌株产酶时间仅为12 h,产酶活性可达26.6 U/mL。该研究对其胞外壳聚糖酶进行分离纯化和酶学性质表征并进行壳寡糖制备的小试放大试验,以期进一步明确该菌株在壳寡糖生产上的实际意义。结果表明：壳聚糖酶CsnSH50分子量约为41 ku,纯化后CsnSH50比酶活力为7 462.50 U/mg,最适反应pH值为4.5,温度为75 ℃,在pH值2.5~8.5及温度低于50 ℃条件下稳定性较好。最适条件下,稀释后CsnSH50的最大反应速率Vmax=29.41 U/mL,米氏常数Km=1.71 mg/mL,1 mmol/L的K+、Ca2+、Cu2+、Fe3+、Mn2+对CsnSH50的酶活力有明显正激活效应,10 mmol/L的Mn2+对其正激活效应可达412%。TLC和ESI-MS结果表明：CsnSH50水解壳聚糖的最终产物主要为壳二糖、三糖、四糖。小试放大试验结果显示：制备5%（m/V）壳寡糖溶液时,壳聚糖溶液的初始pH值3.5,温度75 ℃,水解120 min时壳寡糖产率达到92.1%,产物平均聚合度为10.2。综上,CsnSH50具有酶活性高、热稳定性好、耐酸等特性,同时是一种鲜有报道的嗜热性壳聚糖酶,具有良好的工业应用潜力。     

串珠镰孢菌来源的角质酶基因的克隆表达及其酶学性质

克隆一个来源于串珠镰孢菌(Fusarium moniliforme Sheld)的角质酶基因,该基因全长693 bp,编码231个成熟的氨基酸。克隆的角质酶基因构建到pPIC9K质粒,获得重组表达载体,转入毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris Gs115)中进行高效表达。经甲醇诱导96 h,测得重组酶酶活为71.68 U/mL,经纯化获得比活力为2490.1 U/mg。对纯化后的角质酶进行酶学性质分析结果表明,其最适反应pH为9.0,在pH5.0~9.0范围内之间重组角质酶的酶活相对稳定;最适反应温度为35 ℃,在40 ℃条件下保温1 h酶活力保持70%以上。KCl、Triton X-100、MnCl₂、SDS对该酶活有促进作用,NaCl、BaCl₂、CuSO₄、Tween-20、FeSO₄、ZnSO₄、NiCl₂、EDTA、Tween-80对该酶活有抑制作用。     

菌株F21来源α-淀粉酶的酶学性质研究

该研究对菌株F21所产的α-淀粉酶进行纯化和酶学性质研究。 通过硫酸铵盐析、疏水层析等方法纯化后,α-淀粉酶酶活达到 4 616.3 U/mL。 酶学性质研究表明,该酶最适pH值为4.8,最适温度为55 ℃,且酶在pH 4.0～9.0及低于45 ℃的条件下稳定性较高;Ca2+ 对酶活有较强激活作用,Fe2+及Fe3+对酶活有较强的抑制作用。     

曲霉CJ22-326内切壳聚糖酶的分离纯化和性质

使用75%乙醇沉淀、CM SepharoseFF离子交换色谱、SephacrylS 200凝胶过滤色谱和PhenylSepharoseCL 4B疏水色谱分离纯化技术,对曲霉CJ22 326发酵液中的内切壳聚糖酶进行分离纯化和性质研究.结果表明,纯化后的内切壳聚糖酶ChiB经SDS PAGE凝胶电泳鉴定为单带,其相对分子质量为27700.采用SephacrylS 200凝胶过滤色谱测定的相对分子质量为27800.ChiB作用最适温度为65℃,最适pH值为6.0,75℃保温1h还残留40%酶活.1mmol/LMn2+对ChiB有强烈激活作用,2mmol/LCu2+,Ag+,Hg2+,Cd2+,Fe3+有强烈抑制作用.ChiB作用的最适底物为脱乙酰度95%的胶体壳聚糖.     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the