轻度发酵黑青稞麦芽汁饮料的工艺研究

以西藏隆子黑青稞为原料,采用单因素和正交试验设计法,配合感官评价,对轻度发酵黑青稞麦芽汁饮料的发酵条件进行研究。结果表明:轻度发酵黑青稞麦芽汁饮料在30℃下发酵4 h,最佳配方为:料液比1︰4 g/mL,酵母菌接种量0.02%,乳酸菌接种量0.02%;稳定剂添加量为:单甘脂添加量0.05%,黄原胶量0.05%, CMC-Na 0.03%。经过调配,当木糖醇添加量为8%,异坏血酸添加量为0.01%,麦芽糊精添加量为0.5%时,口味最佳。     

栀子饮料加工过程中浸提及风味调配工艺的优化

以栀子(Fructus Gardeniae)为原料,研究栀子饮料加工过程中的浸提工艺和风味调配工艺。结果表明：栀子最佳浸提工艺条件为：浸提温度50℃、浸提时间8h、浸提料液比1:50(m/V),浸提温度对栀子浸提的影响达到极显著水平。栀子饮料最佳调配组合为：栀子原汁:水为1:4(m/m)、蔗糖5%、柠檬酸0.02%。     

澳洲坚果乳饮料配方的研究

通过正交试验研究澳洲坚果乳饮料的工艺配方,结果表明澳洲坚果饮料最佳调配配方为:增稠稳定剂为单甘酯0.25%、蔗糖酯0.75%、海藻酸钠0.01%,沉淀率最低;最佳甜味剂配方为蛋白糖0.02%、阿斯巴甜0.005%、白糖4%,甜度适中。     

花生米乳复合饮料的加工工艺研究

以花生、糙米、碎米为主要原料,配以奶粉、益生元(低聚果糖)等调配成花生米乳饮品。通过对花生米乳复合饮料的工艺路线、关键工艺参数、配方以及稳定性进行试验研究,最终确定了花生米乳复合饮料的最佳制备工艺和稳定剂的最优配方(质量分数):CMC-Na0.02%、黄原胶0.03%、微晶纤维素0.18%、单甘酯0.06%、蔗糖酯0.09%。     

蓝莓酸乳饮料的工艺研究

以纯牛奶和蓝莓为主要原料,通过发酵、调配、均质、杀菌等加工工艺制成蓝莓酸乳饮料,通过单因素和正交实验法筛选出最佳工艺配方,采用CMC和黄原胶对其稳定性进行研究,优化并确定了最佳工艺配方为:酸奶30%,蓝莓汁12%,蔗糖12%,柠檬酸0.02%,乙基麦芽酚0.01%,苯甲酸钠0.10%,水45%(均为质量分数)时蓝莓酸乳...     

绞股蓝茶浸提工艺优化及茶饮料的研制

以七叶绞股蓝(Gynostemma pentaphyllum(Thunb.)Makino)为原料,研究绞股蓝茶饮料加工过程中的浸提工艺和茶饮料调配工艺。根据单因素实验结果,利用中心组合实验设计以茶水比、浸提温度、浸提时间为影响因子,绞股蓝茶中的总黄酮含量为响应值,确定绞股蓝茶最佳浸提工艺条件为茶水比1∶63(g/m L)、浸提温度69℃、浸提时间20min。并以正交分析法优化了绞股蓝茶饮料调配工艺,起到绞股蓝茶饮料最佳调配组合为1000m L饮料浸提液的加入量为400m L,蔗糖添加量5%,柠檬酸添加量0.02%,所得产品为风味独特、营养保健型饮料。     

灵芝细胞微胶囊化发酵饮料的研究

选择灵芝优良菌株,活化,液体发酵培养,以海藻酸钠为载体,微胶囊化灵芝,探讨微胶囊化工艺和微胶囊化培养条件,将发酵液过滤,取滤液与柠檬酸、蔗糖、蜂蜜等按一定比例调配,经均质、灌装、杀菌等制得饮料成品,探讨饮料稳定性条件和饮料调配条件,进行感官评定及成分分析。结果表明,微胶囊化最佳工艺条件为海藻酸钠浓度5.0%,氯化钙浓度2.1%,海藻酸钠与菌丝球的比例1︰2;微胶囊化最佳培养条件为pH 8.5,温度27℃,培养8 d;稳定剂最佳配比为CMC-Na 0.30%,黄原胶0.06%,β-环状糊精0.60%;保健饮料最佳配方为蜂蜜1.7%、调配液17%、柠檬酸0.09%、蔗糖6%;研制出的灵芝微胶囊化发酵饮料口感好,营养丰富,符合国家卫生标准。     

红薯叶保健醋饮料的研制

以红薯叶和大米为主要原料,采用液态法制出红薯叶醋,将红薯叶醋进行科学的调配生产出一种新型的红薯叶保健醋饮料。通过对红薯叶不同处理条件的单因素试验,确定出液化和糖化时最佳料液比;通过正交试验得出了酒精发酵、醋酸发酵的最佳条件,并找出红薯叶醋饮料的最佳调配方案为：红薯叶醋用量为35%,蔗糖为10%,VC为0.02%,香精为0.6%。     

玉木耳红豆复合乳饮料的研制

以玉木耳、红豆、乳粉为原料,经预煮、打浆、过滤、调配、均质、排气和杀菌等工序生产复合饮料的工艺。通过单因素试验和正交试验对复合饮料的配方和稳定性进行研究,确定复合饮料的最佳配方为:玉木耳浆液添加量50%、红豆汁添加量10%、乳粉添加量0.5%、白砂糖添加量6%、结冷胶添加量0.02%。该饮料组织状态均匀、营养丰富、风味独特。     

山苦茶天然饮料工艺

对山苦茶天然饮料的浸提条件以及口感风味进行调配工艺研究,确定山苦茶饮料的生产工艺。产自海南万宁的山苦茶通过在85℃、15 min的500倍纯净水提取且过滤,正交试验表明将上述山苦茶提取液100 g加入0.2%柠檬酸、3%蔗糖、0.5%蜂蜜得到山苦茶饮料的最佳品质,此饮料酸甜适中,具有山苦茶应有风味及色泽,是营养保健型饮料。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.