热处理对过氧自由基氧化米糠蛋白体外胰蛋白酶消化性质及消化产物抗氧化性的影响

选用不同浓度的2,2’-盐酸脒基丙烷(2,2’-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride,AAPH)在有氧条件下热降解生成的过氧自由基氧化米糠蛋白,再通过95℃水浴处理氧化米糠蛋白,研究热处理对过氧自由基氧化米糠蛋白体外胰蛋白酶消化性质及消化产物抗氧化性的影响。结果表明:随着AAPH浓度的增加,过氧自由基氧化米糠蛋白体外胰蛋白酶消化率、初始消化速率、消化产物分子质量分布在500～1 500 u的肽含量、消化产物清除ABTS~+·、·OH、O~-_2·能力和还原能力均先上升后下降,消化产物清除DPPH·能力和金属螯合能力先不变后下降;而热处理后,氧化米糠蛋白体外胰蛋白酶消化产物金属螯合能力先上升后下降,ABTS~+·清除能力和还原能力先不变后下降。同未热处理相比,热处理显著提高了相同氧化程度下米糠蛋白体外胰蛋白酶消化率、初始消化速率以及消化产物抗氧化性。表明过氧自由基氧化会改变米糠蛋白体外胰蛋白酶的消化性质,而热处理可以改善相同氧化程度下米糠蛋白体外胰蛋白酶的消化率和消化产物的抗氧化性。     

热处理对丙二醛氧化米糠蛋白体外胃蛋白酶消化性质的影响

采用不同浓度的丙二醛氧化米糠蛋白,通过95℃水浴热处理氧化米糠蛋白,研究热处理对丙二醛氧化米糠蛋白体外胃蛋白酶消化性以及消化产物抗氧化性的影响。结果表明:随着丙二醛浓度的增加,米糠蛋白羰基和二硫键含量增加,游离巯基含量下降,证实丙二醛致米糠蛋白氧化。随着丙二醛浓度增加,米糠蛋白体外胃蛋白酶消化率、初始消化速率和消化产物中分子质量分布在500～1 500 u的活性肽含量均逐渐下降。同时,米糠体外胃蛋白酶消化产物ABTS~+·,DPPH·,·OH和O_2~-·清除能力、金属螯合能力以及还原能力持续下降。热处理可提高米糠蛋白的体外胃蛋白酶消化率、初始消化速率以及消化产物中活性肽含量和抗氧化性。结论:丙二醛氧化可降低米糠蛋白的消化性以及消化产物的抗氧化性,适当的加热处理可在一定程度上增强米糠蛋白的消化性以及消化产物的抗氧化性。     

米糠贮藏时间对米糠蛋白体外胃蛋白酶消化性质及其消化产物抗氧化性的影响

新鲜米糠贮藏不同时间后制备米糠蛋白,研究米糠贮藏时间对米糠蛋白体外胃蛋白酶消化性质及其消化产物抗氧化性的影响。结果表明:随着米糠贮藏时间的延长,米糠蛋白体外胃蛋白酶消化率和初始消化速率先增加后下降,在米糠贮藏3 d时达到最大值,分别为39.73%和0.381 h~(-1);随着米糠贮藏时间的延长,米糠蛋白体外胃蛋白酶消化产物清除ABTS~+·、DPPH·、·OH和O_2~-·的能力以及金属螯合能力、还原能力先增加后下降。研究表明,新鲜米糠短期贮藏(3 d)会促进米糠蛋白在胃蛋白酶中的消化,提高消化产物的抗氧化性;米糠长期贮藏抑制米糠蛋白在胃蛋白酶中的消化,降低体外消化产物的抗氧化性。     

过氧自由基氧化对米糠蛋白结构和功能性质的影响

采用不同浓度的2,2’-盐酸脒基丙烷（2,2’-azobis(2-amidinopropane),AAPH）有氧热分解产生的过氧自由基氧化米糠蛋白,研究过氧自由基氧化对米糠蛋白结构和功能性质的影响。结果显示：随着AAPH浓度的增加,米糠蛋白羰基、二硫键和二酪氨酸含量分别从2.0?nmol/mg、12.04?nmol/mg和84.54增加到7.09?nmol/mg、14.69?nmol/mg和127.1,游离巯基含量从23.97?nmol/mg下降到15.29?nmol/mg。过氧自由基氧化导致米糠蛋白α-螺旋和无规卷曲相对含量下降,β-折叠相对含量增加,氨基酸残基侧链含量先增加后略微下降;同时使得米糠蛋白表面疏水性和内源荧光强度下降,最大荧光峰位蓝移。过氧自由基氧化对蛋白质亚基结构影响较小,可同时使得米糠蛋白多肽链聚集和主肽链部分断裂形成多肽。随着AAPH浓度的增加,米糠蛋白溶解性逐渐降低,持水性、持油性、起泡能力、泡沫稳定性、乳化性和乳化稳定性先上升后下降。     

过氧自由基氧化修饰对大米蛋白功能性质的影响

采用不同浓度2,2’-盐酸脒基丙烷(AAPH)热降解形成的过氧自由基氧化大米蛋白,研究过氧自由基氧化对大米蛋白功能性质的影响。结果表明:大米蛋白羰基含量随AAPH浓度的增加而上升,表明过氧自由基诱使大米蛋白发生了氧化;随着AAPH浓度的增加,大米蛋白Zeta电位绝对值、溶解性、持水性、起泡性和乳化性下降,持油性上升,其中Zeta电位绝对值下降45.70%,溶解性下降28.04%,持水性下降58.02%,起泡能力下降14.61%,泡沫稳定性下降9.66%,乳化性下降16.85%,乳化稳定性下降9.23%,持油性上升34.84%,表明过氧自由基氧化使得大米蛋白功能性质发生了显著变化。     

过氧自由基氧化对大米蛋白结构的影响

采用不同浓度2,2’-盐酸脒基丙烷(AAPH)在有氧条件下热分解产生的过氧自由基代表脂质氧化过程中的脂质自由基,研究过氧自由基氧化对大米蛋白结构的影响。结果表明,当AAPH浓度从0增加至25 mmol/L,大米蛋白羰基和二硫键含量分别由3.77和13.88 nmol/mg增加至7.26和15.73 nmol/mg,游离巯基由7.32 nmol/mg下降至1.97 nmol/mg,表明过氧自由基诱使大米蛋白发生了氧化;傅里叶红外分析表明蛋白质氧化导致大米蛋白α-螺旋和β-折叠含量下降,β-转角和无规卷曲含量上升。随着大米蛋白氧化程度的增加,大米蛋白粒径从126 nm增加到216 nm,表面疏水性从1053下降到568,内源荧光最大荧光峰位蓝移,内源荧光强度下降,并且在分子量分布图中高分子量聚集体含量逐渐增加。表明过氧自由基氧化修饰导致大米蛋白结构改变和形成氧化聚集体。     

过氧自由基氧化对大豆蛋白功能性质影响

采用2,2'–盐酸脒基丙烷(AAPH)在有氧条件下热分解产生过氧自由基,代表脂肪氧合酶诱导多不饱和脂肪酸脂质过氧化反应过程中产生脂质自由基,研究过氧自由基氧化对大豆蛋白功能性质影响。研究发现,随AAPH添加浓度升高,大豆蛋白羰基含量、持水性和持油性增加,大豆蛋白溶解性下降。随大豆蛋白氧化程度增加,大豆蛋白乳化性、乳化稳定性、起泡能力和起泡稳定性呈现先上升、后下降趋势;且当AAPH浓度达5 mmol/L时,大豆蛋白乳化性、乳化稳定性、起泡能力和起泡稳定性达到最大值。     

米糠酸败对米糠蛋白体外胃蛋白酶消化产物结构特征的影响

将新鲜米糠贮藏不同时间后进行稳定化和脱脂制备米糠蛋白,研究米糠酸败对米糠蛋白体外胃蛋白酶消化产物结构特征的影响。结果表明：随着米糠酸败程度增加,米糠清蛋白亚基、谷蛋白酸性亚基和球蛋白亚基完全被胃蛋白酶消化降解的时间先提前后延迟,而米糠谷蛋白碱性亚基和醇溶蛋白亚基表现为更难被胃蛋白酶消化;分子质量分布和粒径分布结果表明,米糠酸败过程中形成的米糠蛋白氧化聚集体会抑制米糠蛋白体外胃蛋白酶消化;此外,随着米糠酸败程度的增加,米糠蛋白体外胃蛋白酶消化产物内源荧光峰位的红移幅度先增大后减小,表面疏水性则逐渐下降。总之,米糠酸败导致的米糠蛋白氧化对米糠蛋白消化产物的共价交联状态、聚集行为和表面疏水性等结构特征产生了重要影响。     

休闲鱼肉粒的体外消化模拟及其产物抗氧化效果评价

以休闲白鲢鱼肉粒为研究对象,采用胃蛋白酶—胰酶体外模拟酶解法研究其体外模拟消化特性,并对其消化产物的抗氧化特性进行初步评价。结果显示:经体外模拟胃肠消化后,鲢鱼鱼肉粒的蛋白消化率可达78.2%。消化产物具有较强抗氧化性,对羟自由基清除率、DPPH自由基除率、过氧化氢清除率、亚铁离子还原力等各抗氧化指标的半数效应浓度IC50分别为1.66,2.14,3.88,3.33 mg/m L;且在37℃保温1 h,各抗氧化指标均未发生显著变化,具有良好的抗氧化稳定性。     

不同贮藏期米糠制备的米糠蛋白酶解产物抗氧化性分析

为研究米糠酸败对米糠蛋白酶解产物抗氧化性的影响,以不同贮藏期米糠制备的米糠蛋白为原料,通过碱性蛋白酶水解制备米糠蛋白酶解物,研究不同贮藏期米糠制备米糠毛油和米糠蛋白氧化程度以及米糠蛋白酶解物抗氧化性。结果表明,米糠在贮藏过程中米糠脂质发生水解和氧化,米糠蛋白发生氧化,米糠蛋白二硫键和非二硫共价键参与氧化聚集体的形成。随着米糠贮藏时间的延长,米糠蛋白水解度先增加后下降,贮藏3 d后达到最大;米糠蛋白酶解液清除2,2’-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐自由基、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基、O2-·、·OH能力和金属螯合能力先增加后下降。结果显示,米糠短期贮藏会促进米糠蛋白水解,提高酶解产物的抗氧化性;米糠长期贮藏抑制米糠蛋白的水解,降低酶解产物的抗氧化性。     

大豆蛋白溶解性研究

该文概述大豆蛋白溶解特性及其与一般物质溶解差异,介绍提高大豆蛋白溶解性改性方法及研究现状,对比不同改性增溶方法优、缺点,并提出今后大豆蛋白改性研究方向。     

Co-precipitation of whey and pea protein – indication of interactions

The aim was to optimise the yield of co-precipitation of whey protein isolate (WPI) and pea protein isolate (PPI) and compare co-precipitates and protein blends with respect to solubility. The yield of co-precipitates was tested with different protein ratios of WPI and PPI in combination with different temperatures and acid precipitation (pH 4.6). The highest precipitation yield was obtained at protein ratios WPI < PPI, high temperature and alkaline protein solvation. The solubility was measured by an instability index and absorption spectroscopy of re-suspended precipitated proteins at pH 3, 7 and 11.5. Co-precipitates had significantly lower solubility than protein blends. Protein ratios WPI > PPI, low precipitation temperature and high pH showed the highest solubility. Differences in protein composition between co-precipitates and protein blends were observed with SDS-PAGE and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight, and indicated different protein–protein interaction in samples, which needs further investigations.     

Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Soy Protein Substrates Modified by Low Levels of Protease Hydrolysis

ABSTRACT: Endo-protease treatments achieving low degrees of hydrolysis (DH 2% and 4%) were used to improve functional properties of hexane-extracted soy flour (HESF), extruded-expelled partially defatted soy flour (EESF), ethanol-washed soy protein concentrate (SPC), and soy protein isolate (SPI). These substrates had protein dispersibility indices ranging from 11% to 89%. Functional properties, including solubility profile (pH 3 to 7), emul-sification capacity and stability, foaming capacity and stability, and apparent viscosity were determined and related to surface hydrophobicity and peptide profiles of the hydrolysates. Protein solubilities of all substrates increased as DH increased. Emulsification capacity and hydrophobicity values of the enzyme-modified HESF and EESF decreased after hydrolysis, whereas these values increased for SPC and SPI. Emulsion stability was improved for all 4% DH hydrolysates. Hydrolyzed SPC had lower foaming capacity and stability. For substrates other than SPC, foaming properties were different depending on DH. Hydrolysis significantly decreased the apparent viscosities regardless of substrate. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) indicated differences in the molecular weight profiles of the hydrolysates. HESF and EESF, which had high proportions of native-state proteins, showed minor changes in the peptide profile due to hydrolysis compared with SPC and SPI.     

细菌中蛋白质样品制备方法研究进展

细菌在生长繁殖时,细菌蛋白的表达受到环境影响而存在较大差异,使得细菌蛋白表达具有复杂性。在食品生产加工过程中可能会受到致病菌污染,细菌产生的内毒素和外毒素均会对人体健康构成威胁,因此需要高灵敏度和高特异性的检测方法来定量分析和鉴定食品中的细菌毒素。蛋白组学方法可以揭示细菌蛋白组成及其潜在的生物学功能,感染过程中菌体蛋白表达变化和致病机制理。其中,细菌蛋白样品的前处理作为细菌蛋白组学研究的关键步骤,直接影响鉴定的细菌蛋白质量。本文主要阐述目前细菌蛋白组学研究中菌体蛋白和胞外蛋白样品制备方法及其对蛋白鉴定和定量的影响,将为更深入的开展细菌蛋白组学研究提供参考。     

大豆分离蛋白改性对其功能性质影响

大豆分离蛋白是大豆蛋白最为精制形式,广泛应用于食品工业,并在不同产品中表现出不同功能。该文综述近年来大豆分离蛋白物理、化学、酶法及基因工程改性对其功能性质影响,经不同方式改性可产生合适功能性质,从而拓宽大豆分离蛋白在食品工业中应用。     

大豆蛋白生产与应用现状

该文综述大豆蛋白制品—大豆蛋白粉、大豆分离蛋白、大豆浓缩蛋白、大豆组织蛋白生产现状、存在问题及大豆蛋白在面制品、肉制品、乳制品、饮料制品等中应用现状。     

几种新型花生蛋白产品的生产

本文从花生蛋白质利用的角度介绍了几种新型花生蛋白产品的加工工艺，针对我国人民膳食结构中蛋白质的摄入水平较低的实际情况，论述了花生蛋白开发利用的必要性，展望了花生蛋白开发利用的广阔前景。     

Effects of silage protein degradability and fermentation acids on metabolizable protein concentration: A meta-analysis of dairy cow production experiments

A meta-analysis was conducted using data from dairy cow production studies to evaluate silage metabolizable protein (MP) concentrations. The data consisted of 397 treatment means in 130 comparisons, in which the effects of silage factors (e.g., date of harvest, wilting, silage additives) were investigated. Within a comparison, a fixed amount of the same concentrate was fed. A prerequisite of data to be included in the analysis was that silage dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ammonia N, lactic acid (LA), and total acid (TA) concentrations and digestibility were determined. A smaller data set (n = 248) comprised studies in which silage water-soluble N concentration was also analyzed. The supply of MP was estimated as amino acids absorbed from the small intestine using a model with constant values for ruminal effective protein degradability (EPD) and intestinal digestibility of rumen undegraded protein. Microbial protein was calculated on the basis of digestible carbohydrates and rumen degradable protein (RDP). Alternative models were used to estimate microbial protein formation, assuming the energy values of RDP and TA to be equivalent to 1.00, 0.75, 0.50, 0.25, and 0 times that of digestible carbohydrates. Because EPD values are seldom determined in production trials, they were derived using empirical models that estimate them from other feed components. The goodness of fit of models was compared on the basis of root mean squared error (RMSE) of milk protein yield (MPY) predicted from MP supply (adjusted for random study effect) and Akaike's information criterion. Metabolizable protein supply calculated from basal assumptions predicted MPY precisely within a study (RMSE = 16.2 g/d). Variable contribution of RDP to the energy supply for microbial synthesis influenced the precision of MPY prediction very little, but RMSE for MPY increased markedly when the energy supply of rumen microbes was corrected for TA concentration. Using predicted rather than constant EPD values also increased RMSE of MPY prediction. These observations do not mean that the supply of MP from undegraded feed protein is constant. However, it suggests that our current methods overestimate the range in EPD values and that the techniques have so many inherent technical problems that they can mask the true differences between the feeds. Including new elements in feed protein evaluation models may not improve the precision of production response predictions unless the consequent effects on the supply of other nutrients are taken into account.     

中国植物油料蛋白生产现状与发展趋势

对中国主要植物油料蛋白--大豆蛋白、花生蛋白、棉籽蛋白、菜籽蛋白工业的生产现状与发展趋势进行了论述,同时对这4种蛋白的氨基酸组成、营养效价和生物价进行了比较.结果表明,菜籽蛋白的生物价和营养效价最高,其次为大豆蛋白,再次为棉籽蛋白,最后为花生蛋白.目前我国对大豆蛋白开发利用最多,而对于菜籽蛋白和棉籽蛋白,由于脱毒技术等原因,开发利用不足.随着人民生活水平的提高、技术的成熟,这些油料蛋白将得到进一步的开发、利用,市场潜力巨大.     

The structures and functions of ice crystal-controlling proteins from bacteria

Many organisms have evolved into unique mechanisms which minimize freezing injury due to extracellular ice formation. Specifically, certain bacteria have produced a few proteins each with different functions. For example, the ice nucleation protein acts as a template for ice formation, which is responsible for imparting ice nucleating activity. The anti-nucleating protein inhibits the fluctuation of ice nucleus formation by a foreign particle in the water drop. Also, the antifreeze proteins depress the freezing temperature, modify or suppress ice crystal growth, inhibit ice recrystallization, and protect the cell membrane from cold-induced damage. In this article, a review on the current knowledge of the structure and the function of these three types of proteins, which are capable of interacting with ice itself or its nuclei from bacteria.