花生油煎炸不同食材过程中3-氯丙醇酯与缩水甘油酯含量变化的研究

对花生油进行油条、薯条、鸡翅、豆腐以及空白煎炸试验,对不同煎炸时间所取油样中3-氯丙醇酯与缩水甘油酯含量进行检测分析,研究花生油煎炸不同食材过程中3-氯丙醇酯与缩水甘油酯含量的变化。结果表明:在间歇煎炸开始后的3 h,油条、薯条、鸡翅、豆腐煎炸油及空白煎炸油中3-氯丙醇酯含量明显升高,由最初的0.84 mg/kg分别增加至9.96、2.17、6.86、4.60、5.41mg/kg;至间歇煎炸15 h,上述对应煎炸油中3-氯丙醇酯含量分别为3.51、1.58、9.88、12.88、3.72mg/kg,缩水甘油酯含量由最初的2.43 mg/kg分别增加至46.47、9.06、40.36、9.00、47.15 mg/kg。随煎炸时间的延长,3-氯丙醇酯增幅最大的是豆腐煎炸油和鸡翅煎炸油,缩水甘油酯增幅最大的是鸡翅煎炸油、油条煎炸油和空白煎炸油。至煎炸15 h,5种煎炸油样的极性组分和酸值均未超出国标限量,但3-氯丙醇酯与缩水甘油酯含量的升高对煎炸食品安全的影响应引起高度关注。     

玉米油脱臭条件对3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯影响的研究

以玉米油为原料,研究水蒸气蒸馏脱臭过程以及脱臭条件对玉米油中3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯生成的影响。结果表明:脱臭过程造成3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯含量的大幅升高,脱臭温度越高、脱臭时间越长,3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯的增加量越大,其中脱臭温度比脱臭时间对二者生成的影响更大;在脱臭温度不超过230℃时,60~120 min的脱臭时间,3-氯丙醇酯含量仅增加了0.047~2.581 mg/kg,缩水甘油酯含量仅增加了0.300~3.883 mg/kg,当脱臭温度达到250℃时,即使脱臭时间仅为60 min,3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯含量均显著升高了5.039 mg/kg和8.354mg/kg,尤其在270℃、120 min的极限脱臭条件下,3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯含量更是分别上升至13.004 mg/kg和34.864 mg/kg,达到待脱臭玉米油中其含量的4倍和15倍左右。为防范和控制玉米油脱臭过程3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯的生成,降低脱臭温度是非常必要的。     

2种脱酸工艺对米糠油甘油酯组成及3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯含量的影响

依据酸价和甘一酯、甘二酯含量降低情况,确定米糠油水蒸气蒸馏脱酸的最佳条件,之后对相同米糠毛油分别进行碱炼脱酸和水蒸汽蒸馏脱酸,再对脱酸米糠油进行蒸馏脱臭,并对其酸价、甘油酯组成及3-氯丙醇酯、缩水甘油酯含量进行检测,对比研究2种脱酸工艺对米糠油甘油酯组成及3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯含量的影响。结果显示:米糠油水蒸汽蒸馏脱酸的最佳条件为温度250℃、时间100 min;经水蒸汽蒸馏脱酸,米糠油酸价(mgKOH/g)从14.64降低至5.58,甘二酯、甘一酯含量分别从18.18%、4.08%降低至5.78%、1.87%,降幅分别为68.21%、54.17%,3-氯丙醇酯、缩水甘油酯分别从6.28、4.47 mg/kg上升至10.27、7.70 mg/kg;经碱炼脱酸,米糠油酸价降低至0.11,甘二酯、甘一酯含量降低至9.09%、2.45%,降幅分别为50.0%、39.95%,3-氯丙醇酯、缩水甘油酯含量分别上升至7.35、6.67 mg/kg;蒸馏脱酸米糠油再经脱臭,3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯含量分别升高至16.04、12.94mg/kg,而碱炼脱酸米糠油再经脱臭,3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯含量分别升高至17.18、13.91 mg/kg,较蒸馏脱酸再脱臭的升幅提高,这可能源于水蒸汽蒸馏脱酸相比于碱炼脱酸能更好地降低待脱臭油脂中3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯的前体物质即甘一酯和甘二酯含量,但由于水蒸气蒸馏脱酸本身会生成较大量的3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯,使得待脱臭油脂中的含量很高,致使脱臭后油脂中3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯的含量仍然很高。因此,如何在降低待脱臭油脂中甘一酯、甘二酯含量的同时减少3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯含量,或将成为防范和消减米糠油精炼过程3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯形成需要突破的关键技术问题。     

承德市食用植物油中氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯污染水平与暴露风险评估

目的对承德市售食用植物油中氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯进行污染水平分析。方法样品加入适量内标液后,经碱水解脂肪,固相萃取柱脱水净化后,用七氟丁酰基咪唑进行衍生化处理,供气相色谱-质谱仪进样分析。结果在检测的市售的30份植物油样品中,3-氯丙醇酯、2-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯的检出率为100%、93%(28/30)及83%(25/30)。3-氯丙醇酯及2-氯丙醇酯含量范围分别在0.15～1.06 mg/kg和0.03-0.66 mg/kg,缩水甘油酯含量范围在0.03～1.85 mg/kg。结论氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯污染在承德市食用植物油中广泛存在,检出率在80%以上,这意味着虽然通过食用植物油摄入氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯的健康风险不高,但仍然不能忽视这种风险。检测部门应加大对这两种物质的检测力度,以保障人民的健康安全。     

食用植物油中4种氯丙醇脂肪酸酯的GC-MS测定方法研究

采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术,建立了同时测定食用植物油中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇脂肪酸酯(3-MCPD酯)、2-氯-1,3-丙二醇脂肪酸酯(2-MCPD酯)、1,3-二氯-2-丙二醇脂肪酸酯(1,3-DCP酯)和2,3-二氯-1-丙二醇脂肪酸酯(2,3-DCP酯)含量的分析方法。该方法在0.005~0.5 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,检出限0.1 mg/kg,定量限0.2 mg/kg,加标回收率在97.2%~106.0%之间,相对标准偏差在3.4%~7.1%之间。该方法操作简便,灵敏度高,重复性好,定性定量准确,对仪器污染小,能满足食用植物油中氯丙醇酯的检测需求。     

不同食用油的甘油酯组成、3-MCPD酯和GEs含量研究

采集成品食用植物油样品53个,对其甘油酯组成、3-氯丙醇酯（3-MCPD酯）和缩水甘油酯（GEs）含量进行检测,分析食用植物油产品的甘油酯组成与3-MCPD酯、GEs含量相关性。结果表明：所检油样中甘三酯含量为81.26%～99.11%,甘二酯含量为0.79%～13.94%,甘一酯含量为ND～4.84%,甘三酯含量不足95%的样品数占52.8%,不同品种油脂及同品种不同油脂样品的甘油酯组成均呈现较大差异;3-MCPD酯检出率为86.79%,含量为0.19～14.68 mg/kg;GEs检出率为100%,含量为0.16～19.20 mg/kg;对照欧盟限量指标,GEs含量小于等于1 mg/kg的样品占20.75%,3-MCPD酯含量小于等于1.25 mg/kg的样品占64.15%;棕榈油和稻米油中3-MCPD酯和GEs含量远高于其他油脂品种,这两种油脂中甘二酯和甘一酯含量也最高;大豆油中3-MCPD酯和GEs含量较低,甘二酯和甘一酯含量也较低;其他油脂中3-MCPD酯和GEs含量与甘二酯和甘一酯含量之间并未显示出明确的相关性。     

气相色谱-串联质谱法测定婴幼儿配方奶粉中氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯

目的 采用气相色谱-串联质谱(gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,GC-MS/MS)技术,实现对婴幼儿配方奶粉中3-氯-1,2-丙二醇脂肪酸酯(3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol ester,3-MCPDE)、2-氯-l,3-丙二醇脂肪酸酯(2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol ester,2-MCPDE)和缩水甘油脂肪酸酯(glycidol fatty acid esters, GEs)的准确定性和定量。方法 从奶粉样品中提取的脂肪经溴代反应后,其中的缩水甘油酯转变成溴丙醇酯。溴丙醇酯和样品中的氯丙醇酯在酸性条件下发生酯交换反应,溴丙醇酯被水解为游离态形式的3-溴-1,2-丙二醇(3-MBPD)、氯丙醇酯被水解为游离态形式的氯丙醇(3-MCPD、2-MCPD);水解液经碱中和后,经硅藻土固相萃取小柱净化,洗脱液脱水后氮吹浓缩,再经七氟丁酰基咪唑(HFBI)衍生;衍生液用异辛烷定容后供GC-MS/MS分析,采用同位素内标法定量,可一次性同时测定奶粉中3-MCPDE、2-MCPDE和GEs的含量。结果 该方法在20～600 ng/mL范围内线性良好(r_²≥0.99),检出限为0.005 mg/kg脂肪,定量限为0.015 mg/kg脂肪,检出限和定量限均以相应的氯丙醇或缩水甘油计。0.1、0.5 mg/kg和1.0 mg/kg水平下的加标回收率在89.7%～105.6%之间,相对标准偏差均不大于5.56%。结论 该方法灵敏、准确可靠,适合婴幼儿配方奶粉中3-MCPDE、2-MCPDE和GEs的同时测定。     

玉米毛油酸价及碱炼脱酸对其甘油酯组成及3-氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯的影响

对不同酸价的玉米毛油进行碱炼脱酸,并对碱炼前后玉米油中甘一酯、甘二酯、3-氯丙醇酯、缩水甘油酯、维生素E、植物甾醇含量进行检测,分析研究毛油酸价及碱炼脱酸对玉米油中甘油酯组成及3-氯丙醇酯、缩水甘油酯及其他成分的影响。结果表明:随玉米毛油酸价升高,甘一酯、甘二酯含量明显升高,甘三酯含量明显降低,毛油酸价(KOH)为3. 06～8. 70 mg/g时,毛油中甘一酯、甘二酯总量为6. 39%～17. 40%,甘三酯含量为82. 60%～93. 61%,3-氯丙醇酯含量为2. 09～3. 23 mg/kg,缩水甘油酯含量为0. 40～0. 51 mg/kg。分别对酸价(KOH) 4. 10、8. 70 mg/g的2个玉米毛油样品进行碱炼脱酸后,甘一酯和甘二酯总量分别降低了3. 34、4. 47个百分点,3-氯丙醇酯含量明显下降,但缩水甘油酯含量变化不大,说明碱炼脱酸过程对降低甘一酯、甘二酯含量的作用有限,对3-氯丙醇酯有一定的脱除作用,但对缩水甘油酯影响很小。此外,碱炼脱酸过程造成维生素E损失率21. 68%～24. 53%,植物甾醇损失率32. 67%～39. 99%。     

婴幼儿配方奶粉中3-氯丙醇酯的GC-MS法测定及暴露危险分析

目的:建立婴幼儿配方奶粉中3-氯丙醇酯的气相色谱—质谱联用(GC-MS)测定方法,并对部分市售婴幼儿配方奶粉中3-氯丙醇酯的含量进行调查。方法:用乙醚+石油醚(1∶1)提取奶粉样品中脂肪,以1 m L甲醇钠甲醇溶液(0.25 mol/L)将脂肪中的3-氯丙醇酯(3-MCPD酯)水解成3-氯丙醇(3-MCPD)并用硅藻土小柱净化后,经七氟丁酰基咪唑衍生,再用选择离子监测的气相色谱—质谱联用法测定,采用内标法定量。结果:3-MCPD酯在250~5 000μg/kg范围内线性良好(r0.999),3个浓度水平下加标回收率为71.5%~99.6%,相对标准偏差为2.3%~6.0%。20份奶粉样品中,检出率65%,含量为0.26~0.97 mg/kg脂肪、0.042~0.22 mg/kg样品。不同阶段统计婴幼儿配方奶粉平均暴露量,一阶段3.32μg/(kg·bw)、二阶段2.42μg/(kg·bw)、三阶段2.72μg/(kg·bw)、四阶段0.23μg/(kg·bw)。结论:该方法灵敏度高、定量准确度,适合婴幼儿配方奶粉中3-氯丙醇酯的检测。     

GC-MS同时测定多不饱和脂肪酸微胶囊中氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯的含量

建立了检测多不饱和脂肪酸微胶囊中氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯的同位素稀释气相色谱-质谱(GCMS)法。首先使用石油醚、乙醇等对微胶囊中的油脂进行多次的萃取,萃取所得的油脂经四氢呋喃,酸性溴化钠、正庚烷脱脂净化以及苯基硼酸的衍生化后,再使用正庚烷萃取衍生物两次,萃取液经氮气吹干,复溶、再过膜进样,最后使用内标法定量,文中所测氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯的含量,分别以氯丙醇和缩水甘油计。结果表明:3-MCPD标曲的相关系数为0.999,检出限为0.05mg/kg,线性范围:0.11~16.5μg/m L;2-MCPD标曲的相关系数为0.999,检出限为0.05mg/kg,线性范围:0.110~16.995μg/m L;缩水甘油标曲的相关系数为0.999,检出限0.03mg/kg,线性范围:0.055~3.3μg/m L。样品的加标回收率均在93.5%~115.2%,相对标准偏差(RSD)在3.0%~5.7%之间(n=6),说明该方法准确可靠,可用于多不饱和脂肪酸微胶囊中氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯的分析测定。     

食用油中3-氯丙醇酯的研究进展

氯丙醇酯污染是近年来国际上出现的食品安全热点问题之一,尤其是3-氯丙醇酯污染更为突出,各种食用油或油脂食品中都含有一定量的3-氯丙醇酯。总结了国内外对3-氯丙醇酯的研究现状,介绍了3-氯丙醇酯来源、毒理和安全性、可能的形成机制、检测方法、污染水平、控制措施和精炼过程中形成的影响因素等方面的内容,并提出了目前急需解决的问题。旨在推动我国油脂食品行业的健康发展。     

温度以及氯离子对初榨胡麻油中3-MCPD酯生成的影响

采用气相色谱-负化学离子源-质谱(GC-NCI-MS)联用技术,建立了测定食用植物油中3-氯丙醇酯(3-MCPD酯)含量的分析方法。该方法在0.01~0.10 mg/kg范围内线性关系良好(r2=0.997 4),检出限为5 μg/kg,定量限为20 μg/kg。加标回收率在80.47%~81.68%之间,相对标准偏差在5.60%~8.35%之间。对初榨胡麻油中3-MCPD酯进行检测,结果表明：低温炒籽对于初榨胡麻油中3-MCPD酯生成没有影响。将油样加热至160 ℃~200 ℃范围内,初榨胡麻油中3-MCPD酯的生成随温度的升高以而增加,但增加不明显。将油样加热至200 ℃时,初榨胡麻油中3-MCPD酯的生成随加热时间的增加而增加,但增长不显著。但将油样加热至200 ℃时,随着氯离子含量的增加,初榨胡麻油中3-MCPD酯呈显著上升趋势。     

Identification of 3-MCPD esters to verify the adulteration of extra virgin olive oil

ABSTRACT

The adulteration of olive oil is an important issue around the world. This paper reports an indirect method by which to identify 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) esters in olive oils. Following sample preparation, the samples were spiked with 1,2-bis-palmitoyl-3-chloropropanediol standard for analysis using gas chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometry. The total recovery ranged from 102.8% to 105.5%, the coefficient of variation ranged from 1.1% to 10.1%, and the limit of quantification was 0.125 mg/kg. The content of 3-MCPD esters in samples of refined olive oil (0.97–20.53 mg/kg) exceeded those of extra virgin olive oil (non-detected to 0.24 mg/kg). These results indicate that the oil refining process increased the content of 3-MCPD esters, which means that they could be used as a target compound for the differentiation of extra virgin olive oil from refined olive oil in order to prevent adulteration.     

Application of gastrointestinal modelling to the study of the digestion and transformation of dietary glycidyl esters

Glycidyl esters (GEs) are known to be formed during vegetable oil processing. Because of their structure, it has been hypothesised that GEs, like fatty acid esters of chloropropanols (MCPD esters), may be accepted as substrates by gut lipases to release the epoxide glycidol. If confirmed such a hypothesis would be important for risk assessment since glycidol is considered as a genotoxic carcinogen. In the present study, biotransformation was investigated using static and dynamic gastrointestinal models. During the experiments, aliquots were analysed for non-digested GEs using liquid chromatography-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (LC-ToF-MS). In the static model, a fast hydrolysis of GEs was observed as a result of lipase action. Lipase was very efficient at pH 4.8, and totally inhibited at very low pH (1.7). In the absence of lipase, GEs were found to be relatively stable. The potential impact of food matrix was studied using milk in a dynamic model simulating human physiological conditions. The fast, pH-dependent hydrolysis of GEs was further confirmed. The possible transformation of the digestion products was then investigated using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), mainly the epoxide ring-opening to glycerol followed by additional reactions. In any conditions applied, neither 2- nor 3-mono-chloropropanediol (2- nor 3-MCPD) were formed, indicating that a ring-opening of the epoxide group of GEs or glycidol followed by a reaction with chloride was unlikely. A small transformation of glycidol into glycerol was observed after longer incubation time correlated with a low pH. This suggested that ring-opening and reaction with water is possible in strongly acidic conditions. Overall, it is concluded that GEs are rapidly digested by gut lipases to form glycidol. Consequently, GEs should be considered as sources of glycidol exposure. In addition, risk assessment of GEs can likely rely on hazard identification and characterisation data specific for glycidol.     

食用植物油中3-MCPD酯GC-MS测定方法研究

建立了甲醇钠-甲醇水解,固相萃取柱净化,HFBI衍生结合气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)方法对食用植物油中3-MCPD酯含量进行测定。该方法在0.50～2. 50 mg/L范围内线性关系良好(r~2=0.988 5),检出限为0. 025 5 mg/kg,定量限为0. 093 3 mg/kg。3-MCPD酯的平均加标回收率在94. 80%～104. 62%之间,RSD 1.47%～5.23%。本方法操作简单、灵敏度高、重复性好,能够很好地适用于食用植物油中3-MCPD酯的检测。采用该方法对新疆几种市售食用植物油中的3-MCPD酯进行测定。新疆市售的几种食用植物油中均检测出浓度不等的3-MCPD酯。其中菜籽油、亚麻籽油、番茄籽油、花生油以及葡萄籽油受3-MCPD酯污染严重,3-MCPD酯含量都高于0.4 mg/kg。而核桃油、大豆油、红花籽油中3-MCPD酯的含量都低于0.4mg/kg。     

油脂中3-氯丙二醇酯形成的化学反应机制

3-氯丙二醇酯是油脂及油脂食品在热加工过程中生成的副产物,目前被认为是潜在的食品安全危害因子之一.本文介绍了油脂中3-氯丙二醇酯形成的3种化学反应机制,普遍认为是氯离子的亲核进攻导致了3-氯丙二醇酯的形成.其中,第1种机制认为氯离子亲核反应的中间体环酰氧鎓离子是3-氯丙二醇酯的前体;第2种机制认为是亲核的氯离子直接攻击甘油骨架上的酯基或质子化羟基;第3种机制认为缩水甘油酯可能作为氯离子亲核反应的中间体而成为其前体.     

Occurrence of 3-MCPD fatty acid esters in human breast milk

A series of twelve breast milk samples were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) operated in selected ion monitoring mode for 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD). Whilst none of the samples contained 3-MCPD above the limit of detection of 3 μg kg^?1 milk, all contained high amounts of 3-MCPD esterified with higher fatty acids. The levels of 3-MCPD released by hydrolysis of these esters (bound 3-MCPD) ranged from the limit of detection (300 μg kg^?1, expressed on a fat basis) to 2195 μg kg^?1; with a mean level of bound 3-MCPD of 1014 μg kg^?1, which corresponded to 35.5 μg kg^?1 milk. The presence of bound 3-MCPD was confirmed using orthogonal gas chromatography coupled with high-speed time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis for four randomly selected breast milk samples. Six breast milks collected from one of the nursing mothers 14–76 days after childbirth contained bound 3-MCPD within the range of 328–2078 μg kg^?1 fat (mean 930 μg kg^?1 fat). The calculated bound 3-MCPD content of these samples was within the range of 6 and 19 μg kg^?1 milk (mean of 12 μg kg^?1 milk). The major types of 3-MCPD esters were the symmetric diesters with lauric, palmitic, and oleic acids, and asymmetric diesters with palmitic acid/oleic acid among which 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol 1,2-dioleate prevailed.     

Estimated US infant exposures to 3-MCPD esters and glycidyl esters from consumption of infant formula

A dietary exposure assessment was conducted for 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) esters (3-MCPDE) and glycidyl esters (GE) in infant formulas available for consumption in the United States. 3-MCPDE and GE are food contaminants generated during the deodorisation of refined edible oils, which are used in infant formulas and other foods. 3-MCPDE and GE are of potential toxicological concern because these compounds are metabolised to free 3-MCPD and free glycidol in rodents and may have the same metabolic fate in humans. Free 3-MCPD and free glycidol have been found to cause adverse effects in rodents. Dietary exposures to 3-MCPDE and GE from consumption of infant formulas are of particular interest because formulas are the sole or primary food source for some infants. In this analysis, US Food and Drug Administration data on 3-MCPDE and GE concentrations (as 3-MCPD and glycidol equivalents, respectively) in a small convenience sample of infant formulas were used to estimate exposures from consumption of formula by infants 0–6 months of age. 3-MCPDE and GE exposures based on mean concentrations in all formulas were estimated at 7–10 and 2 µg/kg bw/day, respectively. Estimated mean exposures from consumption of formulas produced by individual manufacturers ranged from 1 to 14 µg/kg bw/day for 3-MCPDE and from 1 to 3 µg/kg for GE.