浅谈对乳制品企业实施食品防护计划与HACCP体系

食品防护计划能够把产品受到蓄意污染或破坏的危险降到最小化。HACCP体系是一种针对食品安全的质量管理体系, 强调预防为主, 通过加强生产过程监控提高产品的安全性。本文对乳制品企业的食品防护计划与HACCP的关系进行了研究, 以达到降低发生乳制品污染风险, 保障乳品安全的目的。     

安徽:部署开展乳制品质量安全提升行动 3年将实现7个100%目标

近期,安徽省市场监管局出台方案,部署自即日起至2023年,在全省开展乳制品质量安全提升行动,通过综合治理实现全省乳制品质量安全监管能力大幅提升,到2023年全省乳制品质量安全监督检查发现问题整改率达到100%,乳制品监督抽检合格率保持在99%以上。该局要求,提升行动要重点落实三大任务。一是全面落实新法规标准体系。支持乳制品生产企业采用新技术、新工艺生产新产品,鼓励企业使用生鲜乳生产乳制品,强化奶酪、黄油等干乳制品研发。     

基于RFID的乳制品供应链安全风险控制研究

乳制品行业属我国食品加工业中发展较晚的行业,但伴随近年我国经济高速发展、社会进步以及人民生活水平的不断提高,乳制品行业已经获得了很大的进步,乳制品相关企业也取得了巨大发展。然而巨大发展的同时,也出现了许多亟待解决的问题,其中乳制品的质量安全问题备受关注且至关重要。三鹿奶粉事件的发生,给乳制品企业安全风险控制带来严峻挑战的同时,也带来了新的机遇。本文考虑一种基于RFID的乳制品安全风险控制体系,通过建立乳制品供应链的可追溯系统,利用RFID能快速、自动且准确采集与存储信息等特性,完成乳制品在整个产品供应链上的追踪和溯源,最终实现乳制品安全风险的有效控制。     

乳制品企业质量安全风险控制措施研究

本次分析了乳制品生产企业质量安全风险控制现状和存在的问题,并提出如何构建科学有效的质量安全风险控制体系。     

解读HACCP体系在我国食品行业的应用

HACCP体系是Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point的英文缩写,中文译为危害分析与关键控制点,是一种食品安全保证系统。其目的是设法将食品安全危害风险降到最低限度,是一个使食品供应链及生产过程免受生物、化学和物理性危害污染的管理工具。HACCP体系已从最初的3个原理,即危害识别、确定关键控制点和控制任何危害、建立监视系统,发展到目前的5个初始步骤和7个原理。这5个初始步骤是:建立HACCP小组;描述产品及其销售特性;描述产品预期用途及产品用户;绘制过程流程图;验证过程流程图。7个原理是:对危害进行分析;确定关键控制点(CCP);建立关键限值;建立关键控制点的监视体系;当监视体系显示某个关键控制点失控时,确立应当采取的纠正措施;建立验证程序,以确认HACCP体系运行的有效性;建立文件化的体系。目前,HACCP体系现已被世界各国食品生产企业广泛使用。联合国食品标准委员会将HACCP制度列为食品的世界性指导纲要。亚太经合组织(APEC)积极推动以HACCP制度为基础的食品认证计划。欧盟要求各会员国于1993年前实施HACCP制度,而且规定进入欧盟的食品,其生产者必须通过HACCP认证。在美国等发达国家HACCP体系是食品企业在成立时就严格按照HACCP的要求进行实施,而我国则是鼓励企业自我提升,企业可通过HACCP体系认证来实现这一点,但不具有强制性。以我国乳品行业为例,2008年三聚氢胺事件后,我国政府加大了对整个食品行业的监管力度,2009年6月1日《食品安全法》又出台,并针对乳制品行业制定了GB12693《乳制品良好生产规范》、GB/T27342《危害分析与关键控制点体系乳制品生产企业要求》,同时制定了96项乳品质量安全标准,包含产品、生产及检测方法方面的规范。此外,乳制品行业GMP、HACCP实行专项认证审核管理制度。在2011年乳制品行业QS重新审核时也参照上述标准执行。在QS审核实际执行时,如果公司获得了HACCP认证,部分企业可免于现场审核。通过此举我们看到,我国正在逐渐推行HACCP体系在食品行业中的应用,这也是食品行业发展的必然之举。本期专题,特别邀请业内专家座客,一同解读HACCP体系在我国食品行业中的应用概况及发展趋势。     

国标食品2006年底前全纳入市场准入制度

据不完全统计，我国目前食品生产加工企业数量有50万至100万家，数量庞大的食品小作坊仍处于隐蔽式生产加工状态。据国家质检总局对全国肉制品、乳制品等13类食品17．7万家食品生产加工企业的专项调查发现，10人以下规模的小作坊占79％以上。没有任何证照的占20％以上。     

建立企业食品安全体系的联合监管作用研究

通过博弈分析,研究了食品安全风险为高低两类的情况下,公共政策法规对生产企业建立食品安全体系的监管作用,并进一步研究了引入供应链中零售商对生产企业进行联合监管的作用。结果表明,无论食品污染的风险是什么类型,公共政策法规绝对强制性地监管会促使生产企业自愿地建立食品安全体系。当食品污染风险较低的行业,食品供应链中零售商的联合监管作用,更会迫使生产企业自愿实施食品安全措施。     

辽宁省食品添加剂生产企业检查整顿状况分析

为保证食品添加剂产品质量，参考消息上发证食品添加剂生产企业进行检查，对检查不合格企业给予具体指导，限期整改，整改后复查，共检查了50家企业，检测了67个品种，50家企业中有5家获得ISO9000体系认证，占10％，基本合格企业43家，占86％，不合格企业3家，占6％，停产企业4家，占8％，企业存在问题的主要方面为生产车间，工艺流程，卫生设备，原料成品率，卫生制度，超范围生产，内外环境，产品标识，所有不合格企业，基本合格企业的不合格方面都进行了整改，终产品卫生合格率为98．5％，整改后98％的企业负责人接受了卫生知识培训，从检查中发现了目前食品添加剂生产和管理中存在的一些问题，为食品添加剂监督提供了重点工作方面。     

江苏:进一步加强全省食品添加剂生产企业风险隐患排查工作

正为落实防范化解重大风险工作,加强全省食品生产安全监管工作,近期,江苏省市场监管局就进一步加强全省食品添加剂生产企业风险隐患排查工作作出统一部署。此次排查工作是在省局近几年食品添加剂生产企业风险隐患排查和专项监督检查工作的基础上,以问题为导向,对全省食品添加剂生产企业进一步加强监管的工作举措。根据监管     

基于《食品生产许可审查通则(2016版)》及审查细则谈乳制品生产许可现场核查及常见问题

为全面理解乳制品生产相关法令法规和标准,逐步统一审查员的审查尺度,提高企业对乳制品生产规范的认识,本文以《食品生产许可审查通则(2016版)》为框架,结合《企业生产乳制品许可条件审查细则(2010版)》,从6个部分(生产场所、设备设施、设备布局和工艺流程、人员管理、管理制度及试制产品检验合格报告)对食品生产许可现场核查的内容和方法进行细化,并对乳制品生产企业现场核查中缺陷条款进行统计分析,提出相应改进建议,以期审查员能够更好运用食品生产许可现场核查评分记录表,为乳制品生产许可审查工作提供参考。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.