培养条件对阪崎克罗诺杆菌食品分离菌株生物被膜形成的影响

目的研究不同培养条件对阪崎克罗诺杆菌食品分离菌株生物被膜形成的影响。方法从23株阪崎克罗诺杆菌食品分离菌株中筛选5株菌株作为研究对象,利用试管法和96孔微板法检测不同培养条件下阪崎克罗诺杆菌的菌膜形成情况。结果 5株菌株在胰蛋白胨大豆肉汤培养基(triptych soy broth,TSB)中均具有较强的成膜能力;培养基中添加不同浓度的营养因子对阪崎克罗诺杆菌生物被膜的形成影响不同,葡萄糖对5株阪崎克罗诺杆菌食品分离菌株的成膜能力有明显促进作用,乳糖的添加对阪崎克罗诺杆菌生物被膜形成有一定影响,但蔗糖的添加对阪崎克罗诺杆菌生物被膜形成影响不明显;培养基中添加一定浓度的氯化钠可以有效抑制阪崎克罗诺杆菌生物被膜形成;p H对阪崎克罗诺杆菌的成膜能力也有一定影响,中性环境有利于阪崎克罗诺杆菌的被膜形成。结论阪崎克罗诺杆菌食品分离菌株具有形成细菌生物被膜的能力,并且不同培养条件对阪崎克罗诺杆菌生物被膜的形成影响不同。     

粮食加工品和肉制品中克罗诺杆菌的污染状况及致病性阪崎克罗诺杆菌生物膜形成能力研究

目的 克罗诺杆菌是重要的常见食源性致病菌,了解我国粮食加工品和肉制品中克罗诺杆菌的污染情况及致病性,为食品中该菌的防控提供理论依据。方法 本研究对黑龙江、北京、河北等八个省份的226份食品样品的克罗诺杆菌污染情况进行检测分离,对分离菌株基于重组和修复蛋白(recombination and repair protein gene, recN)基因序列进行种间鉴定,并针对阪崎克罗诺杆菌应用脉冲场凝胶电泳(Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis,PFGE)进行分子分型以及对生物膜形成能力进行研究。结果 所有样品中克罗诺杆菌的检出率为18.58%,其中146份粮食加工品中32份检出克罗诺杆菌(检出率21.2%),80份肉制品中有10份检出克罗诺杆菌(检出率12.5%)。种间鉴定显示,94株为阪崎克罗诺杆菌,6株为丙二酸盐克罗诺杆菌,3株为都柏林克罗诺杆菌,3株为尤尼沃斯克罗诺杆菌,9株为苏黎世克罗诺杆菌。PFGE分型结果表明,94株阪崎克罗诺杆菌可被分为49个型别。结晶紫染色实验结果表明所有阪崎克罗诺杆菌均在36 h~60 h时间范围内达到最大菌膜生产量。结论 上述八个省份粮食加工品和肉制品中存在克罗诺杆菌的污染,其中阪崎克罗诺杆菌有多种PFGE带型,且均具有生物膜形成能力,为食品安全风险评估及标准制定提供基础数据,对公众卫生和健康具有重要意义。     

冷鲜猪肉中生物膜形成细菌鉴定及成膜变形杆菌清除

冷鲜肉中微生物极易在设备表面附着形成生物膜,引起肉类腐败变质,同时还会引起食源性疾病传播和食物中毒。本文研究不同温度下冷鲜猪肉中菌群在玻璃和不锈钢表面的成膜规律,分离鉴定成膜微生物,并采用NaClO、超声波清除生物膜。结果表明,4、15和26 ℃生物膜形成量分别在第10、6和3 d达到峰值,且细菌在不锈钢表面形成的生物膜量大于玻璃材质;分离鉴定出普通变形杆菌、腐败希瓦氏菌和假单胞菌等9株成膜细菌。NaClO溶液浸泡对不锈钢和玻璃表面的变形杆菌生物膜均有显著清除效果(p<0.05)。采用200、400和600 mg/L NaClO溶液浸泡5 min其清除效果均能达到98%以上。100 kHz超声1 min结合400 mg/L NaClO溶液浸泡5 min清除率达99%以上,效果优于NaClO溶液和超声波单独作用。     

Attachment and inactivation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus on stainless steel and glass surface

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an important food-borne pathogen in Asia. Strains of this pathogen are commonly associated with seafood and may attach to abiotic surfaces during food processing. This work investigates the attachment, biofilm formation and inactivation of this pathogen, on stainless steel and glass surfaces. Attachment of V. parahaemolyticus to these abiotic surfaces was influenced by the growth phase, composition of the culture medium, and stress treatments of the bacterial cells, and also by the presence of sugars in the bacterial suspension. Bacterial culture grown in synthetic MM9 significantly attached more than did the tryptic soy broth culture. Attachment was reduced in the bacterial cultures subjected to various stress treatments, such as low-temperature treatment at 4°C, heat shock at 42°C or two-phase acid adaptation at pH 5·8 and 5·0. Sugars in the bacterial suspension significantly inhibited the attachment, while melibiose, raffinose and stachyose were superior to other sugars as attachment inhibitors to a stainless-steel surface. Clinical strains attached better on stainless steel surface than did environmental strains. V. parahaemolyticus did not form a biofilm effectively in the batch-type culture. The bacterial cell density increased and reached a maximum at 6 or 8 h on stainless steel and glass surfaces, respectively, and declined thereafter. The cells attached on stainless-steel surface were readily inactivated by distilled water, sodium hypochlorite or propionic acid.     

Removal of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Cronobacter sakazakii biofilms from food contact surfaces through enzymatic catalysis

Bacterial biofilms are highly difficult to control, hence significant economic resources have been allocated to develop strategies to eradicate them. This study evaluated the effect of an enzymatic treatment to be used as a cleaning product to control the presence of biofilms. Two different materials used in the food industry, polystyrene and stainless steel, were tested using Salmonella Typhimuirum and Cronobacter sakazakii. Biofilm formation was carried out by inoculating the surfaces with a standardized concentration of 4 log (CFU cm⁻²) and incubated for 48 hr with renewal of nutrients. The biofilm formation and subsequent enzymatic treatment were quantified using fluorescence microscopy and the conventional culture method. The enzymatic treatment showed significant reductions of 2–3 log (CFU cm⁻²) in biofilm cells, which was attributed to the degradation of the extracellular matrix and the further detachment of both microorganisms. The maximum biofilm detachment obtained with the preventive formula was 46.67%; however, this percentage could be increased by applying an aggressive treatment or by adding a subsequent disinfection step that would eliminate adhered microbial cells. Further, the enzymatic cleaning treatment could be exploited as a potent technology to control bacterial adherence and biofilm formation in the food industry.     

Effects of nutritional and environmental conditions on Salmonella sp. biofilm formation

Biofilm formation on food industry surfaces has important health and economic consequences, since they can serve as a potential source of contamination for food products, which may lead to food spoilage or transmission of diseases. Salmonella sp. is one of the most important foodborne pathogens and several studies have led to the discovery that these bacteria are capable of adhering and forming biofilms on different surfaces. The attachment of bacterial cells is affected by several factors, including the medium in which they are grown, motility, growth phase of the cells, type and properties of the inert material, presence of organic material, temperature, pH, contact time, and so on. This investigation focused on the study and quantification of the effects of temperature (20 to 40 °C), pH (4.5 to 7.5), and medium composition (0.5 to 2.5 g/L of peptone) on biofilm formation by Salmonella sp. on stainless steel through surface response modeling. Results highlighted that the target strain was able to adhere on stainless steel, under all the conditions tested. To assess potential differences, the aptitude to biofilm formation (ABF), defined as the time necessary to start adhesion on the surface, was calculated by using the Gompertz equation. This parameter was modeled through a stepwise regression procedure and experimental conditions resulting in the greater ABF were growth in poor media (1.0 to 1.5 g/L of peptone), incubation temperature of about 30 °C, pH close to 6.0. Practical Application: The importance of this work lies in its extension of our knowledge about the effect of different environmental conditions on Salmonella adherence to stainless steel food-processing equipment, as a better understanding of biofilms may provide valuable pathways for the prevention of biofilm formation.     

Biofilm formation of Salmonella Typhimurium on stainless steel and acrylic surfaces as affected by temperature and pH level

The effect of temperature (28, 37 and 42 °C) and pH (6 and 7) on the biofilm formation capability of Salmonella Typhimurium on stainless steel and acrylic was investigated. The rate of biofilm formation increased with increasing temperature and pH, while the number of attached cells after 240 h decreased with increasing temperature and was not different between pH 6 and 7. The surface hydrophobicity of bacterial cells was not significantly (p > 0.05) different among tested conditions. Electron-donating/accepting properties changed with pH and temperature, although these changes did not correlate with the ability to form biofilms under respective conditions. Attachment of S. Typhimurium showed a preference for stainless steel compared to acrylic surfaces under all conditions tested. The results suggest that salmonellae were less adherent to acrylic than to stainless steel surfaces; thus, acrylic-type surfaces should be considered for use in the food industry over stainless steel where applicable. The rate of biofilm formation increased at higher temperatures and pH levels within the tested ranges. Hurdle technology using lower temperatures reduced pH may help delay biofilm formation on food contact surfaces contaminated with S. Typhimurium.     

四种不同接触表面蜡样芽孢杆菌菌膜形成的影响

为了解食源性致病菌蜡样芽孢杆菌在食品加工环境中菌膜形成能力,以玻璃、不锈钢、聚氯乙烯、聚丙烯为接触面,采用超声波平板菌落计数法测定不同环境因素(温度、pH、氯化钠、葡萄糖、苯甲酸钠及山梨酸钾)、不同材料表面蜡样芽孢杆菌(B.cereus)菌膜形成的变化趋势。结果表明:四种材质表面形成B.cereus菌膜能力的大小顺序为:玻璃 > 不锈钢 > 聚氯乙烯 > 聚丙烯。其中,30 ℃,pH7.0时菌膜形成量最大,添加低浓度葡萄糖(4.0%)或氯化钠(0.5%)对B.cereus菌膜形成有显著促进作用(p<0.05),添加0.15%苯甲酸钠、山梨酸钾的菌膜形成量显著高于添加0.10%的菌膜形成量(p<0.05)。本研究为蜡样芽孢杆菌风险评估提供基础数据,为食品工业蜡样芽孢杆菌菌膜的预防和控制奠定基础,为改进蜡样芽孢杆菌的清洗控制措施提供参考。     

Biofilm formation by multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium phage type DT104 and other pathogens

The biofilm-forming capability of Salmonella enterica serotypes Typhimurium and Heidelberg, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from humans, animal farms, and retail meat products was evaluated by using a microplate assay. The tested bacterial species showed interstrain variation in their capabilities to form biofilms. Strong biofilm-forming strains of S. enterica serotypes, E. coli O157: H7, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, and A. baumannii were resistant to at least four of the tested antibiotics. To understand their potential in forming biofilms in food-processing environments, the strong biofilm formers grown in beef, turkey, and lettuce broths were further investigated on stainless steel and glass surfaces. Among the tested strains, Salmonella Typhimurium phage type DT104 (Salmonella Typhimurium DT104) isolated from retail beef formed the strongest biofilm on stainless steel and glass in beef and turkey broths. K. pneumoniae, L. monocytogenes, and P. aeruginosa were also able to form strong biofilms on the tested surface materials. Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 developed a biofilm on stainless steel in beef and turkey broths through (i) initial attachment to the surface, (ii) formation of microcolonies, and (iii) biofilm maturation. These findings indicated that Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 alongwith other bacterial pathogens could be a source of cross-contamination during handling and processing of food.     

Biofilm Formation in Milk Production and Processing Environments; Influence on Milk Quality and Safety

Abstract: Bacteria in milk have the ability to adhere and aggregate on stainless steel surfaces, resulting in biofilm formation in milk storage tanks and milk process lines. Growth of biofilms in milk processing environments leads to increased opportunity for microbial contamination of the processed dairy products. These biofilms may contain spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. Bacteria within biofilms are protected from sanitizers due to multispecies cooperation and the presence of extracellular polymeric substances, by which their survival and subsequent contamination of processed milk products is promoted. This paper reviews the most critical factors in biofilm formation, with special attention to pseudomonads, the predominant spoilage bacteria originating from raw milk. Biofilm interactions between pseudomonads and milk pathogens are also addressed, as emerging risks and future research perspectives, specifically related to the milk processing environment.     

Effect of temperature, pH, and water activity on biofilm formation by Salmonella enterica enteritidis PT4 on stainless steel surfaces as indicated by the bead vortexing method and conductance measurements

An assay was developed in an effort to elucidate the effect of important environmental parameters (temperature, pH, and water activity [aw]) on Salmonella Enteritidis biofilm formation on stainless steel surfaces. To achieve this, a modified microbiological technique used for biofilm studying (the bead vortexing method) and a rapid method based on conductivity measurements were used. The ability of the microorganism to generate biofilm on the stainless surfaces was studied at three temperatures (5, 20, and 37 degrees C), four pH values (4.5, 5.5, 6.5, and 7.4), and four aw values (0.5, 1.5, 5.5, and 10.5% NaCl). Results obtained by the bead vortexing method show that maximum numbers of adherent bacteria per square centimeter (106 CFU/cm2) were attained in 6 days at 20 degrees C. Biofilm formation after 7 days of incubation at 20 degrees C was found to be independent of the pH value. In addition, the high concentration of sodium chloride (10.5% NaCl, aw = 0.94) clearly inhibited the adherence of cells to the coupons. Conductance measurements were used as a supplementary tool to measure indirectly the attachment and biofilm formation of bacterial cells on stainless steel surfaces via their metabolic activity (i.e., changes in the conductance of the growth medium due to microbial growth or metabolism). Results obtained by conductance measurements corresponded well to those of the bead vortexing method. Furthermore, we were able to detect cells that remained attached on the metal surfaces even after vortexing via their metabolic activity. The results, except for demonstrating environmental-dependent Salmonella Enteritidis biofilm formation, indicated that traditional vortexing with beads did not remove completely biofilm cells from stainless steel; hence, conductance measurements seem to provide a more sensitive test capable to detect down to one single viable organism.     

Cold Plasma Synthesis of Poly(ethylene glycol)-like Layers on Stainless-Steel Surfaces to Reduce Attachment and Biofilm Formation by Listeria monocytogenes

ABSTRACT Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-like structures were generated on stainless steel under di(ethylene glycol) vinyl ether (DiEGVE) radio frequency-plasma environments. Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated a PEG-like deposition, which was stable to cleaning, sanitizing, and storage for up to 2 mo. Atomic force microscopy and water contact angle analysis indicated that the modified stainless-steel surfaces were less rough and more hydrophilic than the unmodified surfaces. Listeria monocytogenes attachment and biofilm formation on modified surfaces decreased more than 90% compared with the unmodified stainless steel ( P < 0.01). DiEGVE cold plasma was demonstrated to be a promising technique to reduce bacterial contamination on surfaces encountered in food-processing environments.     

Efficiency of sanitizing agents for destroying Listeria monocytogenes on contaminated surfaces

In an effort to control the potential hazard of dairy product contamination by contact with processing surfaces, the efficiency of four commercial sanitizing agents was evaluated using the AOAC use-dilution method for their bactericidal activity at 4 and 20 degrees C against Listeria monocytogenes strain Scott-A attached on four types of surfaces (stainless steel, glass, polypropylene, and rubber). Our results indicate that all sanitizers tested were more efficient against L. monocytogenes attached to nonporous surfaces than to porous surfaces. After 10 min of contact time, the limit concentration of disinfectants was at least 5 to 10 times higher for sanitizing rubber than stainless steel or glass surfaces. Concentrations of each sanitizer needed to be higher at sanitation at 4 degrees C than at 20 degrees C to destroy L. monocytogenes attached to stainless steel, glass and rubber when surface contamination was achieved at 4 or 20 degrees C.     

食品中克罗诺杆菌分离菌株生物被膜形成、耐药性及毒力基因检测

研究食品中克罗诺杆菌分离菌株的生物被膜形成、耐药性以及携带毒力基因情况。在成都市周边农贸市场和路边小摊采集食品样品129份,采用DFI 阪崎肠杆菌显色培养基分离克罗诺杆菌;通过16S rRNA序列比对分析鉴定分离菌株;采用试管法和微孔板法分析菌株生物被膜形成能力,同时研究温度对细菌成膜能力影响;采用纸片法检测分离菌株对18种抗生素的耐药性;采用PCR方法检测分离菌株携带cpa、hly、sip 和ompX毒力基因情况。结果发现从129份食品样本中共检出克罗诺杆菌43株,检出率为33.3%。43株克罗诺杆菌食品分离菌株的成膜率为90.7%,并且温度对细菌成膜影响明显。四种毒力基因中,ompX检出率为100%;cpa检出率为13.9%;hly检出率为11.6%;sip基因未检出。耐药表型检测发现43株克罗诺杆菌食品分离菌株对青霉素、克林霉素、万古霉素、苯唑西林和杆菌肽B的耐药率为100%,对利福平的耐药率达97.7%;对红霉素的耐药率为7%;对环丙沙星、庆大霉素、四环素、氯霉素、亚胺培南、磺胺甲恶挫、呋喃妥因、头孢西丁、链霉素、阿米卡星、氧氟沙星等100%敏感。本研究表明克罗诺杆菌食品分离菌株具有较好的形成生物被膜能力,对常见的抗生素耐药率较高,并且分离菌株携带一定的毒力基因,对食品安全造成潜在威胁。     

Biofilm formation, extracellular polysaccharide production, and cell-to-cell signaling in various Enterobacter sakazakii strains: aspects promoting environmental persistence

Enterobacter sakazakii is considered an opportunistic pathogen and has been implicated in food-associated cases of meningitis or enteritis, especially in neonates and infants. The organism has been detected in various types of food and in food production units, but so far only powdered infant formula has been linked to outbreaks of disease. Survival and persistence in such environments requires the ability to adapt to high osmotic potentials and/or dry conditions. Fifty-six E. sakazakii strains were evaluated for several features important for persistence and survival: (i) biofilm formation and the putative production of cellulose as one of the components of the extracellular matrix, (ii) adherence to hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces, (iii) the production of extracellular polysaccharides, and (iv) the ability of E. sakazakii to produce cell-to-cell signaling molecules. Pellicle and flock formation was observed in 21 of the strains grown in Luria-Bertani broth and in 44 of the strains grown in brain heart infusion broth. Calcofluor-stained fibrils, observed microscopically in every (fragile or rigid) pellicle, suggested the presence of cellulose as an extracellular compound in this type of biofilm. Twelve isolates did not form any pellicle or flocks under either condition. Twenty-three of the isolates exhibited the potential to adhere to glass surfaces in shaken cultures, and 33 strains showed biofilm formation at the air-solid interface of polyvinyl chloride microtiter wells. Sixteen isolates adhered to both surfaces. Twenty-four of the isolates tested produced a milky, viscous mass, considered as extracellular polysaccharide. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of the polysaccharide revealed the presence of glucose, galactose, fucose, and glucuronic acid. Thin-layer chromatography analyses performed on ethyl acetate extracts of cell-free supernatants of the 56 strains indicated the presence of two different types of acylated homoserine lactones (3-oxo-C6-HSL and 3-oxo-C8-HSL). These findings illustrate the ability of E. sakazakii to produce cell-to-cell signaling molecules.     

进口乳制品中克罗诺阪崎肠杆菌分离株耐药性研究

目的 对进口乳制品中克罗诺阪崎肠杆菌分离株的耐药性进行研究.方法 采用纸片扩散法对99株克罗诺阪崎肠杆菌分离株和1株标准菌株进行药敏性试验,共选择7大类20种抗生素.结果 所测试的100株菌株对美洛西林、亚胺培南、美罗培南、庆大霉素、阿米卡星、卡那霉素、妥布霉素、氯霉素、头孢吡肟、头孢哌酮、头孢噻肟、头孢他啶、环丙沙星和诺氟沙星敏感;对苯唑西林产生耐药;对头孢噻吩、氨苄西林、头孢唑啉、和四环素具有不同程度的耐药性,耐药率分别为65.0％、17.0％、3.0％和2.0％;对头孢唑啉、头孢噻吩、氨苄西林、头孢曲松和四环素中介率分别为25.0％、23.0％、6.0％、2.0％和1.0％;13株对3种抗生素耐药,4株表现多重耐药性.结论 进口乳制品中克罗诺阪崎肠杆菌分离株对所测试的大多数抗生素敏感,但对苯唑西林全部耐药,对部分抗生素出现较高的耐药和多重耐药性,因此克罗诺阪崎肠杆菌的耐药性应引起广泛的社会关注.     

2013年滁州市食源性致病菌监测分析

目的了解和掌握滁州市食品中食源性致病菌污染状况,为开展食品安全风险评估和确定高危食品种类、分布提供科学依据。方法按照《2013年国家食品污染和有害因素风险工作手册》中的标准操作程序,对市售10类食品进行金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌、志贺氏菌、单增李斯特菌、蜡样芽胞杆菌、阪崎肠杆菌、致泻大肠埃希氏菌、铜绿假单胞菌共8种食源性致病菌的检测。结果共抽检169份样品,检出致病菌17株,总检出率10.06%。其中蜡样芽胞杆菌12株、铜绿假单胞菌3株、致泻性大肠埃希氏菌2株。结论滁州地区市售食品存在不同程度的食源性致病菌污染,有一定的食品安全风险。其中婴幼儿食品、乳制品和桶装水等污染较为严重,主要污染菌为蜡样芽胞杆菌、铜绿假单胞和致泻性大肠埃希氏菌。     

阪崎克罗诺肠杆菌致病性机理研究进展

阪崎克罗诺肠杆菌是一种革兰氏阴性无芽孢肠道杆菌,可导致新生儿和免疫功能不全的婴幼儿严重脑膜炎、菌血症和坏死性结肠炎,是一种非常重要的食源性条件致病菌。目前,国内外对阪崎克罗诺肠杆菌的致病性及其致病机理的研究报道非常有限。本文通过阪崎克罗诺肠杆菌外膜蛋白A、脂多糖、生物膜、宿主细胞骨架、铁获得机制、海藻糖的存在、超广谱β-内酰胺酶的产生和细胞间相互作用等方面对阪崎克罗诺肠杆菌的致病性机理进行综述。     

Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes/Pseudomonas biofilms by peracid sanitizers.

The ability of peracetic acid and peroctanoic acid sanitizers to inactivate mixed-culture biofilms of a Pseudomonas sp. and Listeria monocytogenes on stainless steel was investigated. Types of biofilms tested included a 4-h attachment of the mixed-cell suspension and a 48-h biofilm of mixed culture formed in skim milk or tryptic soy broth. Biofilm-containing coupons were immersed in solutions of hypochlorite, peracetic acid, and peroctanoic acid either with or without organic challenge. Organic challenge consisted of either coating the biofilms with milk that were then allowed to dry, or adding milk to the sanitizing solution to achieve a 5% concentration. Surviving cells were enumerated by pouring differential agar directly on the treated surfaces. The peracid sanitizers were more effective than chlorine for inactivating biofilm in the presence of organic challenge. The 48-h mixed-culture biofilm grown in milk was reduced to less than 3 CFU/cm2 by 160 ppm of peracid sanitizer after 1 min of exposure. Peroctanoic acid was more effective than peracetic acid against biofilm cells under conditions of organic challenge. Pseudomonas and L. monocytogenes were inactivated to similar levels by the sanitizer treatments, even though Pseudomonas predominated in the initial biofilm population.