STEAMED BREADS MADE FROM COLORADO GROWN WHITE WHEATS

Seven Colorado grown white wheats and a commercial all-purpose flour were used to prepare Chinese steamed bread. Steamed bread doughs were made from 41.8% flour (200g per batch), 0.7% instant active dry yeast, and 57.5% water. Steamed breads were evaluated for specific volume (cm³/g), color of crumb and crust, texture using a texture analyzer, and by a subjective sensory evaluation.
Specific volume of steamed bread ranged from 3.3 to 3.6 cm³/g. There was no statistical significant difference in crust and crumb color among breads from all flour samples. Low peak force and area texture measurements which indicate softness, were correlated with high specific volume. Overall, the flours from Colorado grown white wheats were desirable for making steamed bread with one exception. The all-purpose commercial flour was found to be desirable for making steamed bread.     

Dough and bread qualities of flours with whole waxy wheat flour substitution

Whole wheat flour has been developed as fiber-rich food for healthy bowel function. In this study, whole waxy wheat flour (WWF) was characterized and applied for breadmaking with the hope that breads made from WWF would improve the quality based on the superior properties of the waxy flour in retardation of bread staling. WWF had significantly higher protein, ash and dietary fiber contents (13.5%, 1.6% and 15.3%, respectively), but lower lipid content (0.8%) than commercial white flour (CWF). Amounts of soluble and insoluble dietary fiber in WWF were 4.1% and 11.2% (% total weight), respectively. WWF had lower pasting temperature and viscosities than CWF. Dough made from WWF increased water absorption and showed lower stability during mixing than that from CWF. The high amount of dietary fiber diluted the gluten protein in dough during mixing to form weak and inextensible dough. Bread made from whole waxy wheat flour had significantly low specific volume and big gal cell distribution as compared to that from CWF. Also, dark-brown color and bitter taste are weak points of whole waxy wheat bread. However, the WWF bread was significantly softer than CWF bread during storage. The qualities of breads were also improved using partial WWF substitution (10%, 30% or 50%) for CWF. As a result, whole waxy wheat flour can be used for breadmaking to improve nutritious quality of bread for health benefits.     

Application of bioprocessing techniques (sourdough fermentation and technological aids) for brewer's spent grain breads

A comprehensive study into the potential of bioprocessing techniques (sourdough fermentation and technological aids) for improving the technological, sensory, and nutritional properties of breads made using brewer's spent grain (BSG) was undertaken. Xylanase and dough conditioner altered the mixing and pasting properties of the flours, improved the specific volume and texture of breads and delayed staling in BSG breads when added to both sourdough and non-sourdough BSG breads. The aromatic properties were determined by volatile analysis and were influenced by sourdough fermentation. Ferulic and 4-coumaric acids were the main phenolic acids found in insoluble bound form in BSG flour, while the phenolic profile was different for the free extracts. Sourdough fermentation and the use of enzymes increased the antioxidant capacity of breads.     

保健型南瓜赤小豆馒头的制作条件研究

以自制南瓜粉,赤小豆粉为原料,在单因素实验基础上,利用正交实验研究了南瓜粉添加量、赤小豆粉添加量、发酵时间、加水量对制作南瓜赤小豆馒头感官品质的影响,以确定其最佳制作条件,并测定了其理化性质的。最佳制作条件为:南瓜添加量25%,赤小豆粉添加量10%,发酵时间3.5 h,加水量50%。对南瓜赤小豆馒头的质构特性测定的结果表明其硬度测定值明显优于无添加的白馒头;制作的南瓜赤小豆馒头的南瓜多糖为14.6%,比对照提高了43.0%;膳食纤维为3.94%,比对照提高了2.31倍;蛋白质含量为10.89%,比对照提高了64.3%,实现了在不降低馒头品质的前提下提升产品的营养成分含量。     

酸面团在馒头发酵中的应用研究进展

酸面团是一种以乳酸菌和酵母菌为主要菌群的发酵剂,其在保留馒头作为传统食品原有特色的基础上,达到改善馒头品质并延长保质期的作用。酸面团发酵生产馒头过程中微生物代谢产生酸、醇、酯和胞外多糖等风味物质和营养物质,同时降解面筋蛋白改善馒头比容和质构特性。本文介绍了酸面团的发酵类型、主要微生物菌群及功能,从风味特性、表观特性及营养特性三个方面分析了酸面团发酵在馒头中的应用对其品质的改善作用,并提出酸面团发酵目前存在的加工工艺具有局限性等问题,为酸面团馒头工业化生产提供理论指导。     

植物乳杆菌-Gm4发酵制备酸面团粉的工艺优化

本研究以分离自传统酸面团的一株植物乳杆菌-Gm4（Lactobacillus plantarum-Gm4, LP-Gm4）为研究对象,在单因素实验的基础上,按Box-Behnken中心组合原理设计响应面试验优化LP-Gm4发酵工艺条件,并采用低温烘干技术制备酸面团粉。研究结果表明,LP-Gm4的最佳发酵工艺参数为:发酵温度31.8 ℃、发酵时间13.5 h、LP-Gm4添加量10 lg（CFU/g）小麦粉。采取该工艺条件制得的酸面团粉,pH3.51,TTA值为17.8,LP-Gm4菌数为7.2×108 CFU/g。采取馒头的一次发酵工艺,将LP-Gm4酸面团粉与活性干酵母用于馒头制备,通过感官评价分析,发现酸面团粉制备的馒头,在表皮结构、内部弹性、口感、滋味和气味上均优于酵母馒头。     

老面发酵程度对馒头比容和白度的影响

针对老面发酵时间对老面馒头比容和白度的影响,采用二次和面时是否添加面粉进行对比试验。发酵面团直接成型时,随着发酵时间的增加,馒头的比容和白度都呈下降的趋势,这种趋势与老面中面筋含量有较大关系,添加面粉时,馒头的比容和白度分别在老面发酵16~18h和18h时达到理想的值,通过对比试验可以看出,老面团的面筋含量、二次和面时添加面粉对馒头的品质有重要的影响。     

Impact of sourdough fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum FST 1.7 on baking and sensory properties of gluten-free breads

Sourdoughs were produced from buckwheat, oat, quinoa, sorghum, teff and wheat flour using the heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum FST 1.7 and added to a basic bread formulation of flour from the same grain type (20 % addition level). Dough rheology, textural (crumb hardness, specific volume) and structural bread characteristics (crumb porosity, cell volume, brightness) of sourdough-containing breads were compared to non-sourdough-containing breads (control). Changes in protein profiles as analysed with capillary electrophoresis were observed in all sourdoughs. Furthermore, sourdough addition led to decreased dough strength resulting in softer dough. No influences on specific volume and hardness on day of baking were found for gluten-free sourdough breads. The staling rate was reduced in buckwheat (from 8 ± 2 to 6 ± 2 N/day) and teff sourdough bread (13 ± 1 to 10 ± 4 N/day), however, not significantly in comparison with the control breads. On the contrary, in wheat sourdough bread, the staling rate was significantly reduced (2 ± 1 N/day) in comparison with control bread (5 ± 1 N/day). Sourdough addition increased the cell volume significantly in sorghum (+61 %), teff (+92 %) and wheat sourdough breads (+78 %). Therefore, crumb porosity was significantly increased in all gluten-free and wheat sourdough breads. Shelf life for sourdough breads was one (teff and oat), two (buckwheat, quinoa and sorghum) and 3 days (wheat) and was not prolonged by sourdough addition. The inferior aroma of breads prepared from the gluten-free flours was also not improved by sourdough addition.     

Use of sourdough fermented wheat germ for enhancing the nutritional, texture and sensory characteristics of the white bread

Lactobacillus plantarum LB1 and Lactobacillus rossiae LB5, isolated from wheat germ and selected based on the kinetics of acidification, were used as starters for the manufacture of sourdough fermented wheat germ. A bread containing sourdough fermented wheat germ as an ingredient (SFWGB) was compared to breads made with (raw wheat germ bread, RWGB) or without (wheat flour bread, WFB) raw wheat germ. The higher concentration of free amino acids mainly differentiated SFWGB from WFB and RWGB. The in vitro protein digestibility of WFB was the highest, even if sourdough fermentation of wheat germ attenuated the difference. Phytase and antioxidant activities of SFWGB were highest. The specific volume and cell-total areas were also the highest for SFWGB. As determined by texture profile analysis, the values of hardness, resilience and fracturability of breads containing wheat germ were lower than those found in WFB. The crust lightness showed a decrease from WFB to SFWGB. As determined by sensory analysis, SFWGB had mainly acid taste and flavour and resulted more salty. Sourdough fermented wheat germ is an ingredient able to enhance nutritional, texture and sensory properties of bread.     

穇子馒头生产工艺及体外抗氧化性研究

目的 研究穇子馒头生产工艺及其抗氧化性.方法 采用单因素试验和正交试验,以感官评分为评价指标,研究穇子粉添加量、谷朊粉添加量、酵母的添加量和发酵时间对馒头品质的影响,并通过羟基自由基清除法分析穇子馒头的体外抗氧化效果.结果 穇子馒头的最佳工艺条件为:以高筋面粉100 g为基准,穇子粉添加量20 g、谷朊粉添加量15 g...     

Application of Kluyveromyces marxianus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and L. helveticus for sourdough bread making

The application of Kluyveromyces marxianus (IFO 288), Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus (ATCC 11842) and Lactobacillus helveticus (ATCC 15009) as starter cultures for sourdough bread making was examined. Production of lactic and acetic acids, bread rising, volatile composition, shelf-life and organoleptic quality of the sourdough breads were evaluated. The amount of starter culture added to the flour, the dough fermentation temperature and the amount of sourdough used were examined in order to optimise the bread making process. The use of mixed cultures led to higher total titratable acidities and lactic acid concentrations compared to traditionally made breads. Highest acidity (3.41 g lactic acid/kg of bread) and highest resistance to mould spoilage were observed when bread was made using 50% sourdough containing 1% K. marxianus and 4% L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus. The use of these cultures also improved the aroma of sourdough breads, as shown by sensory evaluations and as revealed by GC–MS analysis.     

酵母菌对自然发酵酸面团面包中风味物质影响的研究

以添加不等量酵母菌（0，1，2，3g酵母菌／200g自然发酵剂）的自然发酵酸面团面包及非酸面团面包为研究对象，采用固相微萃取（SPME）技术分别提取样品中的挥发性风味物质，然后通过气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）联用法进行鉴定：结果表明，44种挥发性物质存在于至少两种样品中，其中主要为醇类、酸类、醛类、酯类、烷烃类、酮类、烯类、芳香族化合物和杂环及含氮化合物。酸面团面包含一些独有的物质，如乙酸甲酯、4-丁酸丁交酯、1，2-苯二酸二乙酯和蚁酸丙酯等：酵母菌对自然发酵酸面团面包中主要挥发性风味物质有较大影响．如酸类物质的相对含量有所下降，醛类的含量增加，添加酵母菌的酸面团面包风味物质中酯类的比例低于不添加酵母菌的．     

In situ dextran synthesis by Weissella confusa Ck15 and Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides DSM 20193 and their effect on chickpea sourdough bread

This work evaluated, for the first time, the impact of in situ dextran (with different branching degree) produced by Weissella confusa Ck15 and Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides DSM 20193 strains on the technological properties of chickpea–wheat sourdough bread prepared with three levels of chickpea flour (20, 30 and 40 g/100 g). In addition Lactiplantibacillus plantarum F8 strain (not dextran producing) and a control without sourdough fermentation were used. Specific volume, crumb hardness and moisture content of breads were evaluated during six days of storage. At the increase of chickpea flour from 20 to 40 g/100 g in the samples, the lowest decrease in bread volume (15%) occurred when W. confusa Ck15 was used. Moreover, these breads showed the lowest crumb hardness at each chickpea flour percentage, 46, 80 and 98 N. Hence, in situ dextran synthesis by W. confusa Ck15 might counteract negative effects caused by gluten-free chickpea flour on technological properties of bread.     

不同发酵基质的酸面团对酵母面团体系面包烘焙及老化特性的影响

应用分离自我国传统酸面团的区域特色乳酸菌--旧金山乳杆菌分别发酵小麦粉和小麦麸皮基质制成（小麦/麦麸）酸面团,研究了两种不同发酵基质的酸面团及其添加量对酵母面团体系面包烘焙及老化特性的影响。结果表明：与小麦粉制作的空白组面包相比,小麦酸面团可以明显改善面包的比容和感官品质;添加未发酵麦麸制作的非酸面团麦麸面包品质低于空白组,但引入麦麸酸面团（10%、20%、30%）后面包比容和感官评定得分均高于相对应的非酸面团麦麸面包。小麦酸面团和麦麸酸面团以及小麦麸皮均可以改善面包的老化特性,在相同贮藏期内,酸面团面包和麦麸面包的硬度增加量、水分迁移量和老化焓值都低于空白组,并且添加麦麸酸面团的面包其硬度和老化焓值都低于相对应的非酸面团麦麸面包。     

Utilization of African grains for sourdough bread making

Abstract: Acha and Iburu flours were singly subjected to sourdough fermentation with previously selected autochthonous starters. Sourdoughs were used (30%, wt/wt) as aroma carriers and acidifiers during short time fermentation with the addition of baker's yeast. Acha and Iburu sourdough breads were compared to wheat sourdough bread started with the same strains and to breads made with the same formula but using baker's yeast alone. During Acha and Iburu sourdough fermentations, starter lactic acid bacteria reached almost the same cell density found in wheat sourdoughs. Acidification was more intense. Iburu sourdough bread had the highest total titratable acidity, the lowest pH, and contained the highest levels of free amino acids and phytase activity. The values of in vitro protein digestibility did not differ between Acha sourdough and wheat sourdough breads, while Iburu sourdough bread showed a slightly lower value. Acha and Iburu sourdough breads showed lower specific volume and higher density with respect to wheat sourdough breads. Nevertheless, Acha and Iburu sourdough breads were preferred for hardness and resilience. As shown by sensory analysis, Acha and especially Iburu sourdough breads were appreciated for color, acid taste and flavor, and overall acceptability. Practical Application: This study was aimed at evaluating the technological and nutritional properties of the African cereals Acha and Iburu. Sourdough fermentation and the use of selected starters increased the nutritional and sensory qualities and the potential application for bakery industry.     

融合魏斯氏菌和异常威克汉姆酵母混菌发酵荞麦酸面团馒头的香气物质特征

应用分离自我国酒鬼酒曲中的融合魏斯氏菌和梅兰春酒醅中的异常威克汉姆酵母进行混菌发酵,通过测定菌株生长曲线探索两株菌的共生作用,采用固相微萃取结合气质联用(SPME-GC-MS)和气相电子鼻技术,对比混菌发酵酸面团(MBF)和单菌发酵酸面团及其荞麦馒头风味化合物的差异性。结果表明,在MBF中乳酸菌、酵母菌菌落数分别达到9.38 log CFU/g、8.51 log CFU/g,两株菌具有良好的共生关系。发酵后荞麦酸面团的主要特征风味物质为乙醇、乙酸、乙酸乙酯、乙偶姻和异戊醇。与酵母菌单菌发酵荞麦酸面团馒头相比,混菌发酵馒头中酯类物质相对含量从5.27%提高到9.53%,结合ROAV分析,混菌发酵荞麦馒头的风味强度明显高于单一乳酸发酵和单一酵母发酵,赋予馒头更浓郁的酒香和果香,感官评定证实其整体可接受度高于其他组。     

酸面团发酵过程中蛋白质降解规律研究进展

酸面团在发酵面制食品中起着非常重要的作用。酸面团发酵不仅能延长食品的货架寿命,促进面团成形,减缓面制食品的老化速率,而且可以提高发酵食品的营养价值、改善焙烤产品的流变学特性、制备低血糖生成指数的面包及研制可供乳糜泻患者安全食用的低致敏焙烤产品等,主要表现在面包或者馒头的体积、均匀度、色泽及松软度的改善;同时还赋予食品特有的风味。蛋白质是酸面团中重要的组成成分,对酸面团的形成及品质控制起着重要的作用。本文对酸面团的类型、面团发酵对食品品质的影响、微生物群落以及酸面团发酵过程中蛋白质的降解情况进行了综述,以期为酸面团在数字化大生产的综合应用中提供基础。     

Influence of in-situ synthesized exopolysaccharides on the quality of gluten-free sorghum sourdough bread

The majority of gluten-free breads on the market are of poor sensory and textural quality. Exopolysaccharides (EPS) formed from sucrose during sourdough fermentation can improve the technological properties of gluten-free breads and potentially replace hydrocolloids. In this study, the influence of in situ formed EPS on dough rheology and quality of gluten-free sorghum bread was investigated. Dextran forming Weissella cibaria MG1 was compared to reuteran producing Lactobacillus reuteri VIP and fructan forming L. reuteri Y2. EPS containing bread batters were prepared by adding 10% and 20% of sourdough. As control served batters and bread containing sourdoughs fermented without sucrose and batters and bread without sourdough addition. The amount of EPS formed in situ ranged from 0.6 to 8.0 g/kg sourdough. EPS formed during sourdough fermentation were responsible for the significant decrease in dough strength and elasticity, with in situ formed dextran exhibiting the strongest impact. Increased release of glucose and fructose from sucrose during fermentation enhanced CO? production of yeast. Organic acids in control sourdough breads induced hardening of the bread crumb. EPS formed during sourdough fermentation masked the effect of the organic acids and led to a softer crumb in the fresh and stored sorghum bread. Among EPS, dextran showed the best shelf life improvements. In addition to EPS, all three strains produced oligosaccharides during sorghum sourdough fermentation contributing to the nutritional benefits of gluten-free sorghum bread. Results of this study demonstrated that EPS formed during sourdough fermentation can be successfully applied in gluten-free sorghum flours to improve their bread-making potentials.     

Use of response surface methodology to investigate the effects of processing conditions on sourdough wheat bread quality

Response surface methodology was used to investigate the influence of three factors, sourdough fermentation time, proof time and amount of yeast addition on the quality of sourdough wheat bread. Each predictor variable was tested at five levels. Sourdough fermentation times were 5, 11, 20, 29 and 35 h, yeast addition rates were 0.05, 0.75, 1.77, 2.80 and 3.50% (flour weight basis) and proof times were 16, 40, 75, 110 and 134 min. The performance of two different starter culture types, a mixed strain starter culture called Böcker Reinzucht–Sauerteig Weizen and a single strain starter culture of Lactobacillus brevis, was compared by separately completing the experimental design for each. Independently non-acidified control bread was prepared. A range of loaf quality parameters was determined including pH, total titratable acidity, loaf height, specific volume, crumb mean cell area and crumb hardness. Overall breads with better specific volume values were achieved with the use of sourdough relative to the control. Results indicated that maximum loaf specific volume was achieved when L. brevis sourdough was used particularly when it was used in conjunction with a high rate of yeast. Given a lower rate of yeast addition however, the mixed strain starter culture yielded better bread.     

不同品种马铃薯对马铃薯-小麦复合馒头品质特性的影响

本文以22个品种的新鲜马铃薯为原料制备马铃薯全粉,并对马铃薯全粉的基本成分进行了分析和比较;然后以22个不同品种的马铃薯全粉为原料制作马铃薯-小麦复合馒头(马铃薯全粉:小麦粉=3:7),并对其比体积、高径比、气孔结构和质构特性进行了分析和比较。结果表明,不同品种马铃薯-小麦复合馒头的比体积、高径比、气孔特性和质构特性存在显著差异性(p0.05)。高径比和比体积均较高的品种是紫花白、夏波蒂、陇薯6号、陇薯7号、中薯2号;气孔密度和气孔表面积分率都较高的品种是一点红、青薯9号、大西洋;硬度和咀嚼性都较好的品种是一点红、费乌瑞它、青薯6号、青薯9号、大西洋。综合考虑馒头的感官和物理特性,一点红、青薯9号和大西洋3个品种比较适合替代小麦粉,制得体积较为理想、硬度较低、气孔结构较好的馒头。