3种生物柴油氧化降解特性研究

利用Rancimat试验法氧化降解菜籽油生物柴油、大豆油生物柴油、小桐子油生物柴油,采用GC-MS测定不同氧化时间下的生物柴油中主要脂肪酸甲酯含量变化,进而通过半衰期法计算动力学参数(反应级数、速率常数),同时研究生物柴油氧化深度与热值的关系,并对氧化前后生物柴油样品进行FTIR分析。研究表明:除大豆油生物柴油中的硬脂酸甲酯外,3种生物柴油中主要脂肪酸甲酯氧化降解反应级数都为1;氧化降解反应速率从小到大依次为棕榈酸甲酯、硬脂酸甲酯、油酸甲酯、亚油酸甲酯、亚麻酸甲酯;氧化降解时间与热值为一元三次函数关系;另外,FTIR分析表明在1 740 cm~(-1)处的吸光度随着氧化降解时间延长不断增加,说明氧化程度不断加深。     

生物柴油氧化前后成分分析的研究

分别以地沟油、橡胶籽油和小桐子油为原料制备生物柴油,测定了3种生物柴油的氧化稳定性,并采用傅里叶红外光谱及GC-MS分析氧化前后此3种生物柴油的成分。结果表明,地沟油生物柴油、橡胶籽油生物柴油和小桐子生物柴油的氧化诱导时间分别为1.61、0.81、1.05 h,远不能达到我国生物柴油国家标准的6 h;生物柴油主要成分是脂肪酸甲酯,氧化后脂肪酸甲酯中CC—H基团基本消失;地沟油生物柴油、橡胶籽油生物柴油和小桐子生物柴油主要由棕榈酸甲酯、亚油酸甲酯、油酸甲酯及硬脂酸甲酯组成,氧化前3种生物柴油中此4种脂肪酸甲酯总含量分别为93.07%、95.82%和97.68%,氧化后分别降为77.23%、84.51%和63.66%。氧化后生物柴油成分十分复杂,含有不同的醛、酸、酮、醇及小分子的酯等物质,且亚油酸甲酯的含量大大降低,证实了生物柴油氧化主要是含有不饱和双键或三键的脂肪酸甲酯的氧化。     

K3PO4催化酯交换制备生物柴油

研究了磷酸三钾作为固体催化剂催化米糠油酯交换反应制备生物柴油。考察了反应温度和催化剂用量对脂肪酸甲酯转化率的影响,并通过采用凝胶渗透色谱法对测定反应物中甘油三酯、甘油二酯、甘油单酯和脂肪酸甲酯的含量,对米糠油酯交换反应动力学进行了研究。由试验数据绘制出的动力学曲线表明酯交换反应为一级反应。由试验数据求出酯交换反应的反应速率常数k和酯交换反应的活化能已,结果显示反应速率常数和活化能大小依次为kTG〉kDG〉kMG和EaMG〉EaDG〉EaTG。     

生物柴油的着火性

使用热分析法研究生物柴油的着火性。提出了活性原子燃烧机理:生物柴油的燃烧过程分为挥发、离解和结合三个阶段,即首先将液态的脂肪酸甲酯分子挥发成气态,然后再将脂肪酸甲酯、O2和N2分子离解成活性原子C*、H*、O*和N*,最后C*、H*和N*分别与O*结合,释放键结合能,生成CO2、CO、H2O和NOx;建立了结合阶段的反应速率和反应速率常数方程。定义了着火温度和挥发性指数。研究结果表明:生物柴油主要由14~24个偶数碳原子的脂肪酸甲酯组成;生物柴油的着火性比石油柴油好,棕榈油生物柴油和菜籽油生物柴油的着火温度分别为480.9 K和483.7 K。     

钙基负载型固体碱催化菜籽油酯交换反应动力学

菜籽油与甲醇在钙基负载型固体碱催化下进行酯交换反应生成生物柴油（脂肪酸甲酯）,用气相色谱法跟踪分析产品中脂肪酸甲酯的含量。菜籽油与甲醇酯交换反应的主要产物为十六酸甲酯、十八酸甲酯、二十酸甲酯和二十二酸甲酯,生成反应动力学研究表明,产物的生成反应可以分为3个阶段,引发阶段、增长阶段和反应后期平衡阶段。酯交换反应速率对菜籽油浓度由开始引发阶段得拟0．5级反应。逐步转变为增长阶段的拟2级反应,最终又很快转化为平衡阶段的0级反应;酯交换反应速率对甲醇浓度为0级。引发阶段十六酸甲酯、十八酸甲酯、二十酸甲酯和二十二酸甲酯生成反应活化能分别为90．80kJ／mol、86．38kJ／mol、92．02kJ／mol、98．88k1／mol。增长阶段其十六酸甲酯、十八酸甲酯、二十酸甲酯和二十二酸甲酯生成反应活化能分别为58．48kJ／mol、66．05kJ／mol、60．07kJ／mol、52．78kJ／mol。     

气相色谱法测定生物柴油产率

为了准确测定生物柴油的成分及产率,以十三酸甲酯为内标,建立了气相色谱测定大豆油生物柴油中脂肪酸甲酯的方法.采用FID检测器,程序升温140～240℃,检测生物柴油得到各脂肪酸甲酯含量在各自线性范围内的相关系数r大于0.999,平均回收率为100.44％ ～103.20％,相对标准偏差为0.16％～1.48％,该方法简明精确.通过测定生物柴油样品中各脂肪酸甲酯的含量,与完全酯化生物柴油样品中脂肪酸甲酯的含量进行比较,即可得出生物柴油的产率.     

苹果汁中维生素C热降解动力学研究

为了探索温度对苹果汁中维生素C降解的影响以及维生素C的降解动力学规律,采用可逆的一级反应模型,对加热温度30、40、50、60、70℃条件下苹果汁中还原型维生素C(AA)和氧化型维生素C(DHA)含量的变化及降解动力学进行了研究,结果表明:60℃的AA反应速率最大,DHA反应速率基本随着温度升高而增大;温度升高,可逆反应速率常数增大,其它降解途径速率常数变化不明显;AA无氧氧化速率与温度有一定关系,50℃的AA无氧氧化速率最大,70℃的AA无氧氧化速率最小;AA和DHA热降解反应活化能均低于一般化学反应活化能,说明苹果汁中维生素C热稳定性较差。维生素C的降解主要是有氧氧化反应,苹果汁中维生素C无氧降解速率比有氧降解速率慢;温度升高,苹果汁中维生素C有氧降解速度加快,无氧降解速度变化不明显。在苹果汁加工工艺中应尽量隔绝氧气,采用高温(70℃)短时热处理。对成品苹果汁应采用低温贮藏。     

菜籽生物柴油合成反应程度的气相色谱法判断

以十三酸甲酯为内标,建立了菜籽生物柴油中主要脂肪酸甲酯的气相色谱测定法。进样中各脂肪酸甲酯含量在各自线性范围内的线性相关系数r≥0.9963、平均回收率在97.59%~101.42%、相对标准偏差在1.32%~2.89%。通过测定反应试样中的脂肪酸甲酯总量,再与原料油脂完全甲酯化产品中的甲酯总量相比较,可以准确地判断生物柴油合成反应程度。     

几种脂肪酸甲酯的热解特性及动力学研究

采用热重分析法研究了硬脂酸甲酯、油酸甲酯和亚油酸甲酯在氮气气氛中的热分解特性,并采用Coats-Redfern积分法对硬脂酸甲酯、油酸甲酯和亚油酸甲酯的热分解过程进行动力学分析,建立热分解模型。结果表明:硬脂酸甲酯和油酸甲酯的热分解过程表现为简单的一步分解,而亚油酸甲酯则呈现出较复杂的两步分解过程;随着升温速率提高,热分解区间向高温区移动,热分解活化能和指前因子呈现出较好的动力学补偿效应,且在不同升温速率下具有不同的热分解反应机理函数;模拟计算的热分解率与实验数据误差基本在10%左右。动力学模型能够很好地预测各脂肪酸甲酯热分解过程,为进一步扩大试验和生物柴油应用中的高温热分解衰变模型提供理论依据。     

正交法探讨制备生物柴油的优化条件

报道了大豆油在NaOH为催化剂的作用下通过甲醇酯交换反应生成脂肪酸甲酯即生物柴油的试验研究。考察了反应条件如醇油比、催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间等的变化对生物柴油得率的影响。应用正交实验的方法找出大豆油酯交换反应的最佳反应条件为:反应温度40℃,醇油物质的量比6∶1,催化剂用量0.8%,反应时间60 m in。在此反应条件下生物柴油得率可达99.2%。实验所得的生物柴油主要质量指标已达到德国D INV51.606生物柴油质量标准。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Review of techniques to manufacture micro-hydrogel particles for the food industry and their applications

Microgels are ‘soft’ microscopic cross-linked polymeric particles that are being increasingly exploited in a variety of industries for rheology control, encapsulation and targeted delivery. They are valued because of the ability to tune their functionality to address specific applications in oil recovery, coatings, drug delivery, cosmetics, personal care and foods. Food microgels are typically biopolymer hydrogels in the form of microspheres, nanospheres (also called nanogels), spheroids and fibres. The utilisation of engineered microgels in foods has so far been limited, despite their great potential to address several needs in the food industry, including: satiety control, encapsulation of phytonutrients and prebiotics, texture control for healthier food formulations (e.g. reduced fat products), and targeting delivery to specific areas in the digestive tract. We review the scientific and patent literature on the utilisation and manufacturing methods for producing microgels with an emphasis on micro-hydrogels for food applications.     

12—A CRITIQUE OF SOME HYPOTHESES RELATING TO THE HETEROGENEITY OF THE HIGH-SULPHUR PROTEINS OF WOOL

Joubert and Burns prepared a large number of fractions from the high-sulphur proteins of wool and estimated their molecular weights and amino-acid compositions. Their data have been re-examined in order to look for statistically significant interrelations between amino acids and between the proportion of various amino acids and molecular weight. Statistical analysis of the data is also used to examine the credibility of some hypotheses concerning the mechanism of keratin biosynthesis and to provide further evidence for the existence of families of proteins within the high-sulphur fractions of wool.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of     

The Latest Data about Development of Chinese Printing Industry in 2013

In the 2014 China（Shanghai）International Printing Week,Director Wang Yanbin released the latest data about development of Chinese printing industry in 2013.According to statistics,in 2013,the total output value of Chinese printing industry exceeded 1trillion Yuan for the first time,reaching 1.03985 trillion Yuan.There were 105,000 printing enterprises in China,employees were 3.415 million.The total asset was 1.06247 trillion Yuan;     

The State Council Issued "Directory of Government Approved Investment Projects(2013 Edition)"

正On December 2nd,2013,the State Council issued the notification of"Directory of Government Approved Investment Projects(2013 Edition)"(hereafter referred to as"notification").It is pointed out in the"notification"that in order to further deepen reforms in investment systems and administrative examination and approval systems,simplify administrative procedures and delegate powers to lower levels,earnestly     

China textile machinery: taking off in progress

正Among the 1600 exhibitors who take apart in the ITMA ASIA+CITME2014 2/3 are Chinese manufactures.If the numerous figures failed to attract your attention,the increase of quality should draw your focus.To adopt the demand of developing textile machine market,domestic textile machinery enterprises now follow the slogan of"technology drives development"to enhance product competitiveness.Our domestic sellers will showcase product ranging from spinning,weaving,dyeing and printing,     

Top Ten News of China's Paper Industry 2013

On December 24th, 2013, the meeting on the selection of top 10 news of China＇s paper industry 2013 sponsored by 〈China Paper Newsletters〉 was held in Beijing. The yearly selection of the top l0 news, which began in 2000, has become a brand activity widely recognized in the industry thanks to the support from the authorities at all levels and public participation.