脂肪酸钙与苜蓿干草对热应激奶牛产奶性能和血液指标的影响

选择2～4胎次泌乳中期的荷斯坦牛48头,配对分为4组,每组12头:CK(基础日粮)、Ⅰ组(基础日粮+400 g脂肪酸钙)、Ⅱ组(基础日粮+2.5 kg苜蓿干草)和Ⅲ组(基础日粮+400 g脂肪酸钙+2.5 kg苜蓿干草),于7～9月进行50 d的饲养试验,以研究添加脂肪酸钙或(和)苜蓿干草对热应激奶牛生产性能和血液指标的影响。结果表明:(1)添加脂肪酸钙或(和)苜蓿干草可以减缓热应激条件下奶牛产奶量的下降,提高产奶量,其中,Ⅲ组产奶量极显著高于CK(P0.01);(2)添加脂肪酸钙或(和)苜蓿干草有提高乳脂率的趋势(P0.05);(3)有提高血清T_4和COR水平的趋势(P0.05),且Ⅲ组血清T_3含量显著高于CK(P0.05)。     

泌乳天数对乳中c9,t11CLA含量的影响

以北方荷斯坦奶牛为研究对象,研究泌乳天数对乳中c9,t11CLA含量的影响。选择饲喂同种饲料的235头健康荷斯坦奶牛,采集同一天的乳样,避免日粮和季节的影响。通过线性分析,探讨泌乳天数对乳中c9,t11CLA含量的影响。结果表明,不同泌乳时期对乳中c9,t11CLA含量没有显著影响（P〉0．05）,通过对泌乳天数与乳中c9,t11-CLA含量的线性模拟发现,R^2值为0.0291。结论：奶牛泌乳天数对乳中c9,t11CLA含量影响很小,所以想提高乳中共轭亚油酸含量,不需要考虑奶牛泌乳天数的不同。     

不同脂肪源日粮对奶牛瘤胃代谢及生产性能的影响

以3头年龄相同、平均体重为(650±20)kg、同处泌乳中后期平均泌乳量为15kg左右、装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛为试验动物,试验采用3×3拉丁方设计,研究探讨向日粮中添加不同的油料籽实(日粮脂肪含量均在6.5%)对奶牛瘤胃代谢及生产性能的影响,为向日粮中添加油料籽实提高乳脂中共轭亚油酸含量的研究提供基础数据.3种籽实分别为葵花籽、亚麻籽、菜籽.研究结果表明,日粮中添加不同的油料籽实对奶牛瘤胃液纤毛虫数量动态变化、pH值动态变化、NH3-N浓度动态变化以及对茵体蛋白浓度的影响差异不显著(P0.05),对奶牛泌乳量及乳成分的影响差异不显著(P0.05),并均有改善乳质的作用.     

壳聚糖对奶牛后肠道微生物的影响

研究日粮中添加不同水平壳聚糖对奶牛后肠道总需氧菌、大肠杆菌和乳酸菌数量的影响。试验按照产奶量、产犊日期、胎次等相近的原则,选取40头泌乳中期的荷斯坦奶牛随机分为5组。5种日粮分别是在基础日粮（风干基础）中添加0、500、1 000、1 500和2 000 mg/kg的壳聚糖配制而成。结果表明：日粮中添加1 500～2 000 mg/kg壳聚糖能显著促进奶牛后肠道乳酸菌的增殖;而总需氧菌、大肠杆菌未出现明显变化。      

日粮添加不同来源脂肪酸对奶牛脂质代谢及激素水平的影响

研究日粮中添加不同来源脂肪酸对泌乳中期奶牛脂质代谢及激素水平的影响。选择36头泌乳中期中国荷斯坦奶牛,采用随机区组设计,按照产奶量、胎次及泌乳日龄将奶牛分为对照组、中短链脂肪酸(SMC-FA)组和长链脂肪酸(LCFA)组。对照组饲喂基础日粮,SMCFA组和LCFA组分别在基础日粮的基础上添加400g/d SMCFA和400 g/d LCFA,正试期为56 d。结果显示,LCFA组奶牛血清中非酯化脂肪酸的含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其余组间差异不显著(P>0.05);血清中胆固醇的含量在SMCFA和LCFA组均有增加的趋势,但未达到显著水平(P>0.05);胰岛素样生长因子的含量在SMCFA组显著降低(P<0.05),其余组间没有显著差异(P>0.05);添加LCFA或SMCFA对奶牛血清中三酰甘油、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、生长激素及胰岛素均没有显著影响(P>0.05)。结果表明日粮中添加SMCFA对泌乳中期奶牛脂质代谢有一定的负面影响。     

饲料中添加脂肪粉对高产奶牛生产性能的影响

选择荷斯坦奶牛18头，按产奶量、胎次、泌乳时间随机配对分为试验组与对照组，每组9头，进行饲料中添加脂肪粉对高产奶牛生产性能的影响研究。研究结果表明：饲料中添加脂肪粉能提高奶牛产奶量5．6％，标准校正乳(FCM)提高7．3％。脂肪粉对高产奶牛的产乳量和乳脂率的提高有明显的促进作用，但对乳蛋白与乳糖含量影响不大。     

甜菜颗粒替代玉米对奶牛消化及瘤胃消化动力的影响

试验使用4头安装有瘤胃瘘管和十二指肠套管的处于泌乳后期的中国荷斯坦奶牛,研究了甜菜颗粒替代玉米对荷斯坦奶牛消化和瘤胃消化动力的影响。试验日粮中粗饲料(玉米青贮+紫花苜蓿)占40%,精饲料占60%,精饲料中的玉米分别用0%、6%、12%和24%的甜菜颗粒进行替代(干物质基础)。4个处理组日粮中的中性洗涤纤维和淀粉的质量分数分别为(24.3%,34.5%)、(26.2%,30.6%)、(28.0%,26.5%)和(31.6%,18.5%)。结果表明,随着甜菜颗粒替代玉米比例的提高,瘤胃干物质周转率下降,瘤胃中性洗涤纤维的周转率提高;潜在降解中性洗涤纤维在瘤胃中的降解率提高,而且降解的速率也提高了,最终日粮总消化道的中性洗涤纤维的消化率提高了。不可消化中性洗涤纤维的瘤胃外排速率并没有受到不同处理的影响。瘤胃淀粉的消化率随着甜菜颗粒替代玉米比例的提高而显著下降,但是,总肠道淀粉的消化率并没有受到影响。随着甜菜替代玉米比例的提高,日粮纤维的消化率显著提高,淀粉的消化率没有受到影响。因此,处于泌乳后期的奶牛在低粗饲料饲喂条件下,日粮中15%~20%的玉米可以用甜菜颗粒进行替代。     

miR-9-5p对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞乳脂合成的影响

以健康的泌乳期中国荷斯坦奶牛的乳腺上皮细胞(Dairy cow mammary epithelial cells,DCMECs)为实验模型，探究mi R-9-5p对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞乳脂合成的影响。通过体外转染mi R-9-5p mimics的方式处理奶牛乳腺上皮细胞。随后采用MTT方法测定细胞增殖能力，采用western blotting技术检测乳脂合成相关信号通路蛋白SREBP1的表达情况，再采用甘油三脂检测试剂盒检测奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中甘油三脂含量的变化。实验结果显示mi R-9-5p对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞的增殖有明显的抑制作用，同时mi R-9-5p对乳脂合成相关信号通路蛋白SREBP1的表达也有明显的抑制作用，且显著抑制甘油三脂的合成，说明mi R-9-5p对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞乳脂的合成有着负调控作用。本实验试图从分子水平揭示中国荷斯坦奶牛乳品质差异的原因，进一步完善中国荷斯坦奶牛泌乳的分子机制。     

饱和脂肪酸对泌乳中期热应激奶牛产奶性能、采食量和能量代谢的影响

研究饱和脂肪酸对泌乳中期热应激奶牛产奶性能、采食量和能量代谢的影响。选择产后150~210 d的中国荷斯坦奶牛48头,采用完全随机区组试验设计,根据产奶量、分娩时间和胎次分为对照组、1.5%和3%饱和脂肪酸试验组。试验期间牛舍最小湿热指数(THI)在72以上。结果显示,日粮添加饱和脂肪酸显著提高奶牛产奶量(P0.05),1.5%与3%脂肪组之间差异不显著;乳脂和总固体产量,3%脂肪组显著高于1.5%脂肪组和对照组(P0.05),1.5%脂肪组显著高于对照组(P0.05)。饱和脂肪酸对DMI无影响,净能和粗脂肪采食量随脂肪添加量而呈线性增加(P0.01)。3%和1.5%脂肪组分别比对照组净能转化率提高5.69%和6.04%;粗蛋白转化率分别提高8.48%和6.20%,体重和体况三组间无差异。血液中NEFA含量,3%脂肪组显著低于对照组(P0.05);血糖、胆固醇、BHBA、胰岛素三组间无差异。饱和脂肪酸可以提高奶牛产奶性能和维持能量平衡,对能量代谢、采食量、体重和体况无明显影响。     

果寡糖对泌乳早期奶牛瘤胃发酵及生产性能的影响

为研究果寡糖对泌乳早期奶牛瘤胃发酵及生产性能的影响,采用两阶段交叉设计,将4头泌乳天数20 d,产奶量30 kg/d,体质量(550±35)kg健康经产(二胎)中国荷斯坦泌乳奶牛随机分为两组,分别为试验组、对照组,试验组添加果寡糖。结果表明:日粮中添加60 g/(d·头)的果寡糖,对奶牛瘤胃中总挥发性脂肪酸、氨态氮影响极显著(P0.01),对丁酸影响差异显著(P0.05),但是对于乙酸、丙酸来说影响不显著(P0.05),与对照组相比,试验组的总挥发性脂肪酸量提高35.9%,氨态氮降低15.5%,丁酸提高33%。对奶牛生产性能进行分析,乳脂率影响差异显著(P0.05),体细胞影响差异极显著(P0.01),与对照组相比,试验组乳脂率提高4.7%,体细胞降低68.5%,而产奶量、乳蛋白、乳中尿素氮浓度均无显著影响(P0.05)。综上所述,日粮中添加果寡糖能够改变瘤胃发酵模式,提高奶牛的乳脂率。     

Increasing omega fatty acid content in cow's milk through diet manipulation: Effect on milk flavor

Milk with an increased content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was obtained by incorporating fish oil into the feed of cows. The 4 feed treatments used were a control diet of 57% forage and 43% concentrate mix with EnerGII fat supplement at 1.65% of dietary DM, or EnerGII in the basal diet was partially replaced with 1) 0.21% partially ruminally inert calcium salts of 71% fish oil given at 0.41% of DM; 2) 0.41% inert calcium salts of 71% fish oil given at 0.83% of DM; or 3) 0.83% inert calcium salts of 43% fish oil given at 0.83% of DM. The cows were milked after 5 and 8 wk and the EPA, DHA, and CLA contents in the pasteurized whole milk were determined. The presence of off-flavors in the milk was investigated after 3 and 10 d of storage. Twelve judges were trained to evaluate the presence of grassy, fishy, oily, oxidized, and rancid off-flavors. Although levels of EPA, DHA, vaccenic acid, and CLA increased for all 4 treatments, a trained sensory panel detected no difference in milk flavor between treatments and the control, with little or no intensity of off-flavors. Results suggest that feeding fish oil and EnerGII at varying levels enhanced CLA, EPA, DHA, and total n-3 fatty acids in milk over the length of the experiment without negatively affecting milk flavor. This creates the potential for a more marketable and healthful product.     

Production and metabolic responses of periparturient Holstein cows to dietary conjugated linoleic acid and trans-octadecenoic acids

Thirty-eight multiparous Holstein cows were utilized in a completely randomized design to examine the effect of feeding calcium salts of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and trans-octadecenoic acids (trans-C18:1) on animal performance and lipid and glucose metabolism during the transition to lactation. Dietary treatments were initiated approximately 28 d prior to expected calving dates and continued through d 49 postpartum. Prepartum treatments consisted of 1) a basal diet (Control), 2) basal diet + 150 g/d of CLA mix (CLA), and 3) basal diet + 150 g/d of trans-C18:1 mix (TRANS). Amounts of calcium salts of CLA and trans-C18:1 mixes were adjusted to 225 g/d during the 49-d postpartum treatment period. All diets were offered as a total mixed ration. Prepartum fat supplementation had no detectable effects on dry matter intake, body weight, or body condition score. After parturition, cows in the TRANS group consumed less dry matter at wk 4, 5, and 6 of lactation than did cows in the control group. Cows fed the trans-C18:1 supplement were in a more severe negative energy balance than those fed the control diet at 1 wk of lactation. Periparturient fat supplementation had no detectable effects on milk yield during wk 1 to 7 of lactation. Milk fat was not affected during wk 1 to 4, but was reduced after wk 4 of lactation by dietary CLA. Feeding calcium salts of CLA decreased short- to medium-chain fatty acid (C4 to C14) concentrations and increased both linoleic and linolenic acid concentrations in milk fat. Concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyric acid in blood were greater in cows fed the CLA-supplemented diet than in those fed the control diet at 1 wk of lactation. In spite of small numerical tendencies, hepatic lipid and triacylglycerol concentrations did not vary significantly among dietary treatments. Periparturient fat supplementation had no detectable effects on plasma glucose and insulin concentrations. Steady-state concentrations of hepatic mRNA encoding pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase were greater for the TRANS treatment group than the control and CLA groups. Results indicate that dietary CLA and trans-C18:1 fatty acids may affect lipid and glucose metabolism in early postpartum Holstein cows through distinct mechanisms.     

Comparison of oil and fat supplementation on lactation performance of Nili Ravi buffaloes

The effects of feeding rumen-inert fat sources on production responses of lactating dairy cows have been well reported but less thoroughly described in lactating dairy buffalo. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of oil and 2 different rumen-inert fat sources on dry matter intake, milk yield, milk composition, and milk fatty acid (FA) profile in Nili Ravi buffalo. Twelve multiparous mid-lactating Nili Ravi buffaloes received 4 treatments in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with a period length of 21 d. The treatments were (1) the basal diet without supplementation of oil or fats (CTRL), (2) the basal diet supplemented with canola oil (CO), (3) the basal diet supplemented with calcium salts of palm FA (Ca-FA), and (4) the basal diet supplemented with high palmitic acid (PA). Dry matter intake was decreased by 4.4% in the CO compared with Ca-FA and PA. Milk yield and milk fat yield were increased by 7.8 and 14.3%, respectively, in CO, Ca-FA, and PA compared with the CTRL. Milk fat content increased by 7.5%, whereas milk fat yield tended to increase with the supplementation of Ca-FA and PA compared with CO. No effect on milk yield and milk composition was observed in Ca-FA versus PA treatments. The yield of medium-chain FA was increased by Ca-FA and PA versus CO. The CO treatment increased the yield of long-chain FA compared with Ca-FA and PA treatments. Plasma glucose level was higher in CO, Ca-FA, and PA compared with the CTRL. In conclusion, feeding rumen-inert fats in the lactating buffalo diet proved to be a useful strategy to increase the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield due to the higher milk fat content in this study.     

Ruminal fermentation in vivo as influenced by long-chain fatty acids

Responses of ruminal microbes to long-chain fatty acids in forms of free acids, calcium salts, or triglycerides were measured in trials with rumen cannulated heifers. Addition of fatty acids at 10% to a basal diet of 50% corn silage and 50% grain increased fat content 3 to 10 to 12%. Long-chain fatty acids with a high melting point (stearic acid) and calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids (vegetable fat and tallow) decreased acetate:propionate by about 20%. Long-chain fatty acids with a low melting point (oleic acid) and the triglyceride form of long-chain fatty acid (tallow) decreased acetate to propionate ratio by 50 to 60%. Even though they were not completely inert in the rumen, responses with the hard long-chain fatty acids (stearic acid) and with calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids confirm that these are efficacious for protecting ruminal microbes from adverse effects of fat. With calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids, dietary buffers may be needed to maintain ruminal pH so that dissociation of salts does not occur. Long-chain fatty acid supplementation at 10% of the diet is probably more than the amount needed to optimize productivity and health. With most diets, 6 to 8% supplemental long-chain fatty acid is probably sufficient.     

Effect of calcium salts of long-chain fatty-acids on dairy cows in early lactation

Twenty dairy cows in early lactation were assigned to one of two dietary treatment groups based on milk production and days in milk. Treatments were a total mixed ration containing 13.2% whole cottonseed on a DM basis with or without added Ca salts of long-chain fatty acids. Treatments were fed ad libitum for 11 wk. Dry matter intake and body weight were not affected by treatment. The addition of Ca salts of long-chain fatty acids had no effect on yield of actual and FCM. Percent milk fat, lactose, and SCC did not differ between treatments. Percent milk protein tended to be lower for cows fed the diet containing calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids. Milk production efficiencies and NDF and ADF digestibilities were unaffected by treatment. Results indicate that diets containing high amounts of cottonseed may mask th affects of energy provided by Ca salts of long-chain fatty acids.     

Effects of calcium salts differing in fatty acid composition on duodenal and milk fatty acid profiles in dairy cows

Ruminal biohydrogenation of fatty acids (FA) was studied in vivo in relation with the fermentation pattern in the rumen and milk secretion. Calcium salts (Ca salts) of palm oil (diet 1) or rapeseed oil (diet 2) were given to dairy cows (about 650 g day^?1) in a diet based on maize silage. Significant variation in propionate concentration was observed among diets. Rumen pH and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) did not change. Duodenal FA pattern was analysed throughout the day. With diets 1 and 2, linoleic acid was to a large extent biohydrogenated: calculations of ruminal biohydrogenation were equal to 63.6 and 74.0% for diets 1 and 2, respectively. No difference between diets was observed in milk production, fat and protein percentages. The percentages of stearic and octadecenoic FA in milk were higher and the percentage of palmitic acid was lower with Ca salts of rapeseed oil FA than with Ca salts of palm oil FA.     

Milk composition, milk fatty acid profile, digestion, and ruminal fermentation in dairy cows fed whole flaxseed and calcium salts of flaxseed oil

Four ruminally lactating Holstein cows averaging 602 ± 25 kg of body weight and 64 ± 6 d in milk at the beginning of the experiment were randomly assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square design to determine the effects of feeding whole flaxseed and calcium salts of flaxseed oil on dry matter intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation, milk production and composition, and milk fatty acid profile. The treatments were a control with no flaxseed products (CON) or a diet (on a dry matter basis) of 4.2% whole flaxseed (FLA), 1.9% calcium salts of flaxseed oil (SAL), or 2.3% whole flaxseed and 0.8% calcium salts of flaxseed oil (MIX). The 4 isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were fed for ad libitum intake. Experimental periods consisted of 21 d of diet adaptation and 7 d of data collection and sampling. Dry matter intake, digestibility, milk production, and milk concentrations of protein, lactose, urea N, and total solids did not differ among treatments. Ruminal pH was reduced for cows fed the CON diet compared with those fed the SAL diet. Propionate proportion was higher in ruminal fluid of cows fed CON than in that of those fed SAL, and cows fed the SAL and CON diets had ruminal propionate concentrations similar to those of cows fed the FLA and MIX diets. Butyrate concentration was numerically higher for cows fed the SAL diet compared with those fed the FLA diet. Milk fat concentration was lower for cows fed SAL than for those fed CON, and there was no difference between cows fed CON and those fed FLA and MIX. Milk yields of protein, fat, lactose, and total solids were similar among treatments. Concentrations of cis-9 18:1 and of intermediates of ruminal biohydrogenation of fatty acids such as trans-9 18:1 were higher in milk fat of cows fed SAL and MIX than for those fed the CON diet. Concentration of rumenic acid (cis-9, trans-11 18:2) in milk fat was increased by 63% when feeding SAL compared with FLA. Concentration of α-linolenic acid was higher in milk fat of cows fed SAL and MIX than in milk of cows fed CON (75 and 61%, respectively), whereas there was no difference between FLA and CON. Flaxseed products (FLA, SAL, and MIX diets) decreased the n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratio in milk fat. Results confirm that flax products supplying 0.7 to 1.4% supplemental fat in the diet can slightly improve the nutritive value of milk fat for better human health.     

Ruminal biohydrogenation in Holstein cows fed soybean fatty acids as amides or calcium salts

Fatty amides of high oleate fats and calcium salts of palm oil were reported to resist biohydrogenation by ruminal microorganisms. This study was conducted to determine whether converting polyunsaturated fat sources to amides and calcium salts had equal ability to resist biohydrogenation. A total mixed ration consisting of forage and concentrate contained (dry basis): 1) 2.45% soybean oil (SBO), 2) 2.75% calcium salt of SBO, 3) 2.75% amide of SBO, or 4) 2.75% of a mixture of the calcium salt and amide (80:20, wt/wt) of SBO. The 4 diets were fed ad libitum to 4 multiparous lactating Holstein cows fitted with ruminal cannulas in a 4 x 4 Latin square with 21-d periods. Omasal samples were taken to measure postruminal fatty acid content and determine the extent of ruminal biohydrogenation. Adding SBO to the diets as either calcium salts or amides increased omasal flow of C18:2 (n-6) from 25 to 39 g/d. Omasal flow of C18:1 increased from 36 to 49 g/d when SBO was fed to cows as calcium salts, but increased to 86 g/d when SBO was fed as amides. Adding the soybean amide to the diet more than doubled the delivery of C18:1 (n-9) to the omasum of lactating cows, but it also increased trans fatty acid production in the rumen accompanied by milk fat depression. In this study, calcium salts and amide derivatives of fatty acids were both effective in enhancing omasal flow of unsaturataed fatty acids in lactating dairy cows. Amides were more effective than calcium salts for increasing the postruminal flow of oleic acid.     

Animal performance and milk fatty acid profile of dairy goats fed diets with different unsaturated plant oils

The effect of supplementing a basal diet with 1 of 3 plant oils on productive efficiency and milk fatty acid composition was studied in dairy goats. Sixteen Malagueña goats were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square experiment with 21-d periods and 4 goats per treatment. The basal diet comprised 30% alfalfa hay and 70% pelleted concentrate. Experimental treatments were control (basal diet without added oil) and the basal diet supplemented with 48 g/d of high oleic sunflower oil (HOSFO), regular sunflower oil (RSFO), or linseed oil (LO). Dry matter intake and body weight were not affected by treatments. Milk production was higher in HOSFO treatment and milk fat content was higher in RSFO and LO treatments, although no differences in milk energy production or milk renneting properties were found. The RSFO and LO treatments increased the proportion of vaccenic acid in milk fat more so than the HOSFO diet, and rumenic acid followed the same pattern. The content of trans10-18:1 remained low in all experimental diets (<0.7% of total fatty acid methyl esters) although HOSFO and RSFO diets increased it. The variations in the fatty acid profiles observed with the 4 diets, mainly the unsaturated fatty acid isomer contents, are extensively discussed. Compared with that in the control diet, the n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio in milk fat substantially decreased with the LO, increased with RSFO, and did not change with HOSFO. The addition of moderate amounts of LO to the diets of dairy goats has favorable effects on milk fatty acid composition from the point of view of the human consumer, without negative effects on animal performance.     

Effects of different forms of canola oil fatty acids plus canola meal on milk composition and physical properties of butter

Twenty multiparous Holstein cows were used in a 16-wk trial. A block of 10 cows received a control diet, based on corn silage, and the other block of 10 cows successively received four diets with 1) an extruded blend of canola meal and canola seeds, 2) canola meal and whole canola seeds, 3) canola meal and ground canola seeds, or 4) canola meal and calcium salts of canola oil fatty acids. Canola fat represented about 2% of dietary dry matter. Compared to control cows, treated cows had similar dry matter intake, milk production, and daily milk output of true protein or fat. Protein contents of milk was decreased by all treatments, with a lower effect of extruded or whole canola seeds. Milk fat contents was lowered by all treatments, extruded seeds and calcium salts resulting in most important effects. All treatments lowered the percentage of fatty acids with 12 to 16 carbons in milk fat, increased C18:0 and cis-C18:1 percentages, and the proportion of liquid fat in butter between 0 and 12 degrees C. Calcium salts and, to a lesser extent extruded seeds, resulted in most important improvements of milk fatty acid profile and butter softness, whereas whole seeds had low effects.