壳聚糖改性沸石对蔗糖溶液中酚酸的吸附性能研究

为了降低制糖过程中蔗汁中酚类化合物的含量,本研究以壳聚糖和沸石为原料,通过共沉淀法制备壳聚糖改性沸石,研究改性前后沸石表面结构和基团的变化,考察时间、p H及酚酸初始浓度等因素对改性沸石吸附蔗糖溶液中酚酸吸附效果的影响,并对吸附动力学模型和吸附等温模型进行初步探讨。扫描电镜结果显示壳聚糖改性后沸石表面更加粗糙,红外光谱显示改性后复合材料基团发生了改变,壳聚糖成功地负载到了沸石上。吸附试验结果表明壳聚糖改性可以提高沸石对酚酸的吸附能力,改性沸石对酚酸吸附的最佳p H值为8.0,吸附时间为600 min,此时酚酸吸附量达到了33.41 mg/g;酚酸初始浓度的提高有利于提高吸附效果;吸附过程符合准二级吸附动力学模型和Langmuir等温吸附模型。壳聚糖改性沸石对蔗糖溶液中酚酸吸附效果良好,是一种有前景的糖用澄清剂。     

磁性壳聚糖改性对高岭土吸附蔗糖溶液中咖啡酸性能的影响

目的:研究磁性壳聚糖改性高岭土对模拟蔗汁中咖啡酸的吸附特性。方法:通过共沉淀法将壳聚糖、纳米四氧化三铁与高岭土结合制备成磁性壳聚糖改性高岭土,通过FT-IR、VSM和SEM表征高岭土改性前后表面结构和基团变化,采用吸附试验研究磁性壳聚糖改性高岭土对咖啡酸的吸附特性。结果:改性后壳聚糖和纳米Fe₃O₄成功地负载到了高岭土上并提升了其对咖啡酸的吸附性能,磁性壳聚糖改性高岭土的等电点为4.54,酸性条件有利于咖啡酸的去除,并在240 min时达到吸附平衡。磁性壳聚糖改性高岭土对咖啡酸的吸附过程更符合准二级动力学和Langmuir等温线吸附模型,其吸附过程主要为化学吸附和单分子层吸附,热力学研究表明吸附过程为自发吸热过程。结论:磁性壳聚糖改性高岭土对蔗汁中咖啡酸具有较强吸附性能,可作为糖用澄清剂用于蔗汁中咖啡酸的吸附处理。     

锆改性沸石对蔗糖溶液中没食子酸的吸附性能研究

为降低制糖过程中蔗汁中没食子酸的含量,降低白砂糖的色值,以氧氯化锆和沸石为原料,通过共沉淀法制备锆改性沸石,研究改性前后沸石表面结构和基团的变化,考察时间、pH值、温度及没食子酸初始浓度等因素对改性沸石吸附蔗糖溶液中没食子酸的吸附效果的影响,并对吸附动力学模型、吸附等温模型和吸附热力学进行初步探讨。扫描电镜结果显示锆改性后沸石表面更加粗糙,红外光谱显示改性后沸石基团发生了改变,氧化锆成功的负载到改性沸石上。吸附试验结果表明锆改性沸石对没食子酸吸附量达到34.442 mg/g。改性沸石对蔗糖溶液中没食子酸吸附的最佳pH值为8.0,时间为600 min,吸附温度及没食子酸初始浓度的提高有利于提高吸附效果;吸附过程符合准二级吸附动力学模型和Langmuir等温吸附模型;通过热力学研究可知吸附过程为吸热过程,能自发进行。     

壳聚糖改性蒙脱石对蔗糖溶液中酚酸的吸附性能研究

通过共沉淀法制备壳聚糖改性蒙脱石并用于蔗糖溶液中酚酸的吸附。通过SEM、FT-IR、XPS和BET对其进行表征,由表征结果可知:改性过程成功地将壳聚糖负载到蒙脱石表面,制备出壳聚糖改性蒙脱石;改性蒙脱石等电点为7.84,主要通过静电力和胺基吸附蔗糖溶液中的没食子酸。吸附试验结果表明改性后的蒙脱石对没食子酸吸附性能提高,壳聚糖改性蒙脱石对蔗糖溶液中没食子酸吸附的最佳pH为7.0,平衡时间为600 min。壳聚糖改性蒙脱石对没食子酸的吸附过程更加符合Freundlich模型和准二级吸附动力学方程,吸附过程主要为多分子层吸附和化学吸附,饱和吸附量达到58.82 mg/g。壳聚糖改性蒙脱石具有良好的再生性能,且对蔗糖溶液中酚酸吸附效果良好,是一种有前景的糖用澄清剂。     

改性磁性壳聚糖对胭脂红的吸附性能评价

以纳米Fe₃O₄、壳聚糖为材料,采用反相悬浮交联法,用三乙胺做改性剂制备改性磁性壳聚糖,研究其对胭脂红色素的吸附性能影响,考察时间、pH、温度及胭脂红的初始浓度等四个因素对改性磁性壳聚糖吸附胭脂红溶液吸附效果的影响,并对吸附动力学模型、吸附等温模型、吸附热力学和吸附再生性能进行初步探讨。结果表明,当pH=3,吸附时间为270 min,温度为50℃,初始浓度为100 mg/L时,改性磁性壳聚糖对胭脂红溶液的吸附率达到最高,为96.72%。改性磁性壳聚糖对胭脂红溶液的吸附动力学数据符合准二级动力学模型,吸附等温线数据符合Langmuir模型,热力学数据拟合得出ΔH>0,ΔS>0,ΔG<0,得出此反应是吸热反应。经过三次吸附-解析实验,吸附率和解析率仍在40%以上。     

沸石改性聚丙烯酰胺复合材料对诱惑红色素的吸附研究

本实验采用一锅法合成了沸石改性聚丙烯酰胺复合材料,并将其作为吸附剂,结合紫外-可见吸收光谱法,研究了其对诱惑红色素的吸附性能。探讨了溶液pH和振荡时间对吸附过程的影响,研究了吸附动力学、吸附等温线和吸附热力学,并对该复合材料进行了再生性能考察。结果表明:在溶液pH为6,诱惑红色素在振荡时间为80 min之内可达到吸附平衡,吸附过程符合拟二级动力学模型(R2=0.9984)和Langmuir等温吸附模型;当温度为20 ℃时,ΔG=(4.23 kJ/mol,ΔH=39.01 kJ/mol,ΔS=145.22 J/mol/K;吸附剂在再生使用3次内吸附性稳定。由此可知,沸石改性聚丙烯酰胺复合材料对吸附诱惑红色素具有良好的吸附性和再生性。     

氧化石墨烯掺杂TiO2改性活性炭纤维

为更好地解决废水污染的问题,针对活性炭纤维(ACF)改性进行了研究。以活性炭纤维为基体,采用溶胶凝胶法制备氧化石墨烯(GO)掺杂二氧化钛(TiO₂)的溶液,通过浸渍提拉法实现负载,制备了GO掺杂TiO₂的活性炭纤维。借助红外光谱、拉曼光谱、扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射对其微观结构和表面形态进行表征和分析,并探讨了改性ACF的吸附动力学,以及GO对其可见光光催化降解性能的影响。结果表明:制备的GO-TiO₂/ACFs中TiO₂主要由锐钛矿相组成,GO的掺杂可抑制TiO₂晶体的生长和团聚,TiO₂的晶粒尺寸从15.7 nm降为8.1 nm。与TiO₂/ACFs相比,少量添加GO的GO-TiO₂/ACFs具有更优异的可见光吸附性能,对亚甲基蓝的去除率从65%增至85%,其吸附相比准一级动力学模型更符合准二级动力学模型,属单分子吸附。     

磺胺化聚丙烯腈纳米纤维膜的制备及其对Cr(VI)和Pb(II)的吸附性能

为更好地吸附水中的Cr(VI)和Pb(II)等重金属离子,并且避免吸附材料对水体的二次污染,利用对甲基苯磺酰胺为功能化试剂,通过水热法对聚丙烯腈(PAN)纳米纤维膜进行化学改性,得到了具有吸附重金属离子功能的磺胺化PAN纳米纤维膜,并研究了该纤维膜对Cr(VI)和Pb(II)的吸附去除性能和机制。结果表明:当水热温度为125 ℃,水热时间为2.5 h时,可得到形貌良好的磺胺化PAN纳米纤维膜;磺胺化PAN纳米纤维膜对Cr(VI)的吸附符合Langmuir模型,且满足二级动力学方程,在质量浓度为50 mg/L的K₂Cr₂O₇溶液中1 h后可达到吸附平衡,吸附量为220.4 mg/g;对Pb(II)的吸附符合Freundlich吸附模型,且满足二级动力学方程,在质量浓度为50 mg/L的Pb(NO₃)₂溶液中1 h后可达到吸附平衡,吸附量为185.6 mg/g。     

造纸污泥基纳米复合材料的制备及其对废水中重金属的吸附

利用造纸污泥与壳聚糖制备造纸污泥-壳聚糖(SL-CSA)纳米复合吸附材料,研究了SL-CSA纳米复合材料对废水中铬离子(Cd²⁺)和铅离子(Pb2+)的吸附性能。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征证明了复合材料的成功制备。吸附实验表明,SL-CSA纳米复合材料对Cd²⁺和Pb²⁺的吸附均遵循准二级动力学方程,属于化学吸附。根据Langmuir模型,SL-CSA纳米复合材料对Cd²⁺和Pb2+的最大吸附量分别为314.05 mg/g和320.06 mg/g。     

季氨盐改性甘蔗渣对蔗糖溶液中酚酸的吸附特性研究

以甘蔗渣为原料,通过接枝季铵盐制备季铵盐改性甘蔗渣(QASBS),对改性前后的材料进行表征,以确定改性效果,并通过吸附试验研究其对蔗糖溶液中酚酸的吸附效果。红外光谱和扫描电镜表征结果说明QASBS制备成功。吸附试验结果表明,QASBS对酚酸的吸附性能明显好于未改性前,与未改性前相比,吸附量提高了5.33倍,且提高酚酸初始质量浓度会增加QASBS对酚酸的吸附量。制备的QASBS对酚酸具有较好的吸附性能和再生性能,可以反复用于吸附蔗糖溶液中的酚酸。     

甘蔗不同组织中游离态和结合态酚酸的分布及抗氧化活性

为了探讨甘蔗不同组织中酚酸的存在形式,本文利用反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)对蔗汁、蔗叶及蔗渣三个组织中游离态和结合态的酚酸进行了定性和定量检测分析。结果表明,甘蔗组织中的酚酸主要以结合态形式存在,但其在甘蔗三个组织中的含量和存在形式有差别。甘蔗叶、蔗渣中游离的酚酸含量最高,蔗汁较低。蔗汁、蔗叶及蔗渣中总游离态酚酸含量分别为317.18 mg/kg(干固物),1568.37 mg/kg(干基)及1504.57 mg/kg(干基);总结合态酚酸含量分别为740.32 mg/kg(干固物),2725.41 mg/kg(干基),2452.13 mg/kg(干基)。在蔗汁中,咖啡酸、没食子酸主要以游离态存在,阿魏酸、香豆酸主要以结合态存在,而在蔗叶和蔗渣中,咖啡酸、阿魏酸、香豆酸主要以结合态形式存在。甘蔗不同组织中游离态酚酸的DPPH和ABTS自由基清除活性优于结合态酚酸,不同组织中的游离态酚酸和结合态酚酸含量分别与抗氧化活性呈正相关性。     

蔗汁澄清过程引入晶核强化沉降速率的研究

研究了超细碳酸钙做为亚硫酸法糖厂糖汁澄清的晶核 ,对蔗汁澄清效果的影响。研究结果表明 ,在一定条件下加入超细碳酸钙可起到晶核的作用 ,更有利于沉降速度的提高 ,减少蔗汁在沉降池中的停留时间。同时 ,碳酸钙是一种良好的吸附剂 ,它能使更多的胶体和色素以及其它非糖分因被吸附而除去 ,有效地降低清汁色值和钙含量 ,并提高蔗汁的纯度。     

Influence of modified carbonate calcium nanoparticles on the mechanical properties of carbon fiber/epoxy composites

Abstract

Multiscale composites have been investigated by the addition of silanized carbonate calcium (CaCO₃) as a secondary reinforcement into the matrix of carbon fiber/epoxy composites. The chemical modification of the CaCO₃ nanoparticles was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Mechanical properties of the specimens were investigated by means of tensile, flexural, and compressive measurements to study the effect of treated CaCO₃ loading (0.5, 1, 3 and 5?wt.%) on their mechanical behavior. Experimental results showed that the tensile, flexural and compressive strengths of the specimen filled with 3?wt.% treated CaCO₃ composite enhanced by 14%, 36%, and 30% respectively, compared with those of neat one. The highest improvements in the mechanical moduli were observed in the multiscale composite filled with 5?wt.% treated CaCO₃. Also, the fracture surface of the specimens was further analyzed in detail.     

Variations in the phenolic composition of fruit juices with different treatments

 In this work we have determined the variations in the composition of phenolic compounds of natural peach and apple juice with different thermal and enzymatic treatments. The following phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in samples of treated and untreated fruit juices: cinnamic acids (caffeic, p-coumaric and ferulic acids), cinnamic derivatives (chlorogenic and p-coumarylquinic acids and feruloylglucose), flavonols (quercetin glycosides), dihydrochalcones (phloretin glycosides), flavan-3-ols [(+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin], and procyanidins (dimer B₂, trimer C₁ and tetramer T₄). Furfural derivatives, compounds widely used as indicators of prior thermal treatment, were also studied using these samples. The results indicate that the different processes tested gave rise to a series of changes in composition that may make it possible to identify the type of treatment employed on the basis of the composition of phenolic compounds in the fruit juices. Received: 18 March 1996     

An optimised low-salinity seawater decolourising method produces decolourised seaweed (Kappaphycuz alvarezii) as semi-refined carrageenan raw material:

Semi-refined carrageenan (SRC) production from decolourised Kappaphycuz alvarezii treated by chemicals (CaCO₃) drives the search for ‘greener’ decolourisation methods to sustainably supply cheaper and energy efficient products. Therefore, a decolourisation method of low-salinity seawater (LSS) (3, 9 and 15 g/L) was investigated to replace CaCO₃. In addition, decolourised seaweed colour powder (DSP) and SRC colour, yield, viscosity and gel strength were used to screen the salinity treatments. SRC prepared from LSS (3 g/L) treatment demonstrated similar colour and physical properties to CaCO₃ treatments, which indicated low-salinity seawater (3 g/L) could replace CaCO₃ as a decolourising agent. Moreover, purity of SRC (3 g/L salinity) were confirmed by x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive x-ray (SEM-EDX), and its functional group by fourier transform infrared (FTIR). In this study, waste seawater from LSS (3 g/L) exhibited radical scavenging properties. This decolourising method could be easily adopted by smallholder seaweed farmers in low- and middle-income countries.     

α‐Amylase immobilization on functionalized nano CaCO3 by covalent attachment

In this study, α‐amylase was immobilized on glutaraldehyde activated silanized calcium carbonate nanoparticles by a using covalent binding method. The surface modified nano calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) were characterized using FTIR and SEM. Immobilization yield was found as 199.43 mg/g of calcium carbonate nanoparticles. The maximum activity was observed at pH 6.5. The immobilized enzyme had a higher activity at elevated temperature (50–90°C) than the free one. Reuse studies demonstrated that the immobilized enzyme could reuse 25 times while retaining 18.2% of its activity. Free enzyme lost its activity completely within 15 days. V_max values for the free and immobilized enzymes were calculated as 10 and 0.35 mg/mL/min, respectively.     

Degradability of phenolic acid-hemicellulose esters: A model system

A synthetic model system containing p-coumaric and ferulic acids esterified to hemicellulose was used to study polysaccharide degradability. Oatspelts xylan was fractionated into A_linear, B_linear and B_ranched fractions prior to synthetic esterification with phenolic acids at treatment concentrations of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 g phenolic acid per kg hemicellulose. Concentrations of phenolic acids esterified to the hemicellulose fractions were determined by alkaline hydrolysis. In-vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) and degradability of hemicellulose neutral sugars were measured after 48 h ruminal fermentations. Esterification efficiency of the phenolic acids to the hemicellulose fractions was low (0.3 to 13.9%) and greater for p-coumaric than ferulic acid (4.7 vs 3.1%, respectively). Concentration of esterified phenolic acids was negatively correlated with IVDMD for the A_linear and B_branched fractions. Ferulic acid appeared to be more inhibitory to IVDMD than p-coumaric acid. Generally the degradability of the side chain sugars of the hemicellulose fractions was negatively correlated with esterified phenolic acid concentrations. Xylose degradation was only correlated with esterified ferulic acid level in the A_linear fraction. The in-vitro ruminal fermentations resulted in the degradation of the majority of the phenolic acid esters. Analysis of the synthetic phenolic acid-hemicellulose esters by ¹³C NMR and FTIR was unable to prove the presence of monomeric phenolic acid esters. The presence of phenolic acid polyesters was unlikely because of the solubility of the synthetic phenolic acid-hemicellulose esters. The neutral sugar degradation data suggest that esterification of the phenolic acids was limited to sugars with primary hydroxyl groups. While this model system was useful for studying cell wall degradation, future studies must employ model systems in which the chemical constituents being tested accurately model those found in nature.     

Fenton oxidation products derived from hydroxycinnamic acids increases phenolic‐based compounds and organic acid formation in sugar processing

The hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs), caffeic acid (CaA), p‐coumaric acid (pCoA) and ferulic acid (FeA) are the main phenolic acid colour precursors present in sugar cane juice. The Fenton oxidative degradation products of these HCAs and mixture using Fe²⁺/H₂O₂ at pH 4.72 at 25 °C were identified using chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques. Oxalic (≤14 wt%), isobutyric (≤13.5 wt%) and formic acids (≤1.3 wt%) were the main organic acids formed. CaA produced the highest proportion of oxalic and isobutyric acids, while FeA produced the highest proportion of formic acid. The presence of increased proportion of oxalic acid in juice will increase the proportion of calcium oxalate scale in sugar mill heat exchangers. The phenolic‐based products identified include protocatechuic aldehyde and 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid and the basic phenols, p‐allyphenol, p‐vinylguaiacol, trans‐isoeugenol, which when present in juice may react with juice constituents to increase juice colour in subsequent processing.