直链淀粉含量对玉米淀粉/瓜尔胶复配体系糊化和流变特性的影响

为考察直链淀粉含量对淀粉/瓜尔胶复配体系性质的影响,以不同直链淀粉含量的玉米淀粉(蜡质玉米淀粉、普通玉米淀粉和高直链玉米淀粉)为原料,加入瓜尔胶,研究复配体系的糊化、流变及凝胶特性。结果表明:瓜尔胶与直链淀粉之间的相互作用是引起淀粉复配体系黏度和稠度系数增加、成糊温度和流体指数降低的主要原因。动态流变实验结果表明淀粉中直链淀粉含量不同对复配体系的动态模量的影响也不同。在糊化过程中,随着直链淀粉含量增加,直链淀粉分子与瓜尔胶间的相互作用增强,阻碍了直链淀粉分子间的聚集重排,使得复配体系硬度值减小,3种玉米淀粉形成了质地更为柔软的凝胶。     

直链淀粉含量对玉米淀粉/瓜尔胶复配体系糊化和流变特性的影响

为考察直链淀粉含量对淀粉/瓜尔胶复配体系性质的影响,以不同直链淀粉含量的玉米淀粉(蜡质玉米淀粉、普通玉米淀粉和高直链玉米淀粉)为原料,加入瓜尔胶,研究复配体系的糊化、流变及凝胶特性。结果表明:瓜尔胶与直链淀粉之间的相互作用是引起淀粉复配体系黏度和稠度系数增加、成糊温度和流体指数降低的主要原因。动态流变实验结果表明淀粉中直链淀粉含量不同对复配体系的动态模量的影响也不同。在糊化过程中,随着直链淀粉含量增加,直链淀粉分子与瓜尔胶间的相互作用增强,阻碍了直链淀粉分子间的聚集重排,使得复配体系硬度值减小,3种玉米淀粉形成了质地更为柔软的凝胶。     

钙离子对小麦淀粉-低酯甜菜果胶复配体系糊化和流变特性的影响

以小麦淀粉(WS)和低酯甜菜果胶(LP)为原料组成复配物体系，研究钙离子添加(0.5，1.0，1.5 mmol/L)对WS/LP复配体系糊化和流变特性的影响。结果表明:随着钙离子添加量的提高，复配体系的峰值黏度、崩解值、终值黏度和回生值均显著增加(P<0.05)。添加钙离子后，复配体系屈服应力(σ0)提高，稠度系数(K)降低，仍表现出剪切变稀的特征，而复配体系的储能模量(G′)和损耗模量(G")均随添加量的增加呈逐渐增加的趋势。钙离子提高了复配体系的硬度、胶着性和咀嚼性，而体系的内聚性未发生显著变化(P>0.05)。红外光谱结果表明添加钙离子后复配体系未形成新的共价键。此外，微观结构结果显示，随钙离子浓度的增加，复配体系的孔径增大，孔壁厚度增加。钙离子可显著改善WS/LP复配体系的糊化和流变性质，研究结果可为WS/LP复配体系在食品中的应用提供参考。     

滑子菇多糖对玉米淀粉理化特性的影响

研究了不同质量浓度滑子菇多糖对玉米淀粉的糊化特性、流变特性、质构特性、热力学特性以及微观结构的影响,探究滑子菇多糖与玉米淀粉间的作用机理,揭示多糖对淀粉品质形成影响的量效关系。结果表明:滑子菇多糖可提高滑子菇多糖-玉米淀粉复配体系的黏度和糊化温度,延缓糊化过程。当滑子菇多糖质量浓度为0.9 g/mL时,复配体系的崩解值为1.77 mPa·s,回生值为3.63 mPa·s、糊化焓为3.95 J/g,表明此时抗老化效果最佳且稳定性最好。随着多糖质量浓度的增加,复配体系的黏弹性和假塑性逐渐增强,流动性逐渐降低。红外光谱分析表明,滑子菇多糖与玉米淀粉间通过氢键发生相互作用,且在多糖质量浓度为0.9 g/mL时氢键作用最强。冷冻电镜结果表明当滑子菇多糖质量浓度为0.6 g/mL时,复配体系的微观结构呈孔隙均匀的蜂窝状。     

低聚半乳糖-豌豆淀粉复配体系理化及加工特性研究

文章以不同浓度的低聚半乳糖与豌豆淀粉进行复配，制备低聚半乳糖-豌豆淀粉复配体系，研究复配体系的糊化及热力学等理化特性，并分析低聚半乳糖与豌豆淀粉间的相互作用。结果表明，低聚半乳糖-豌豆淀粉复配体系的黏度、崩解值、回生值显著增加。热力学特性结果表明，与纯豌豆淀粉相比，复配体系的起始温度、峰值温度、终止温度显著增加，热焓值降低，表明添加低聚半乳糖使得体系具有较好的稳定性，且随着多糖浓度的增加，效果更加显著。通过复配体系的傅里叶红外光谱分析实验发现，添加了不同浓度低聚半乳糖的复配体系并没有形成新的共价键。X-射线衍射实验分析结果显示低聚半乳糖的添加使得复配体系在17°处的衍射峰强度更大。该研究旨在为推动豌豆淀粉基食品的广泛应用与发展提供参考。     

不同种类淀粉与黑米粉复配体系的理化性质和分子结构特性研究

为了改善黑米粉的凝胶特性,分别将绿豆淀粉、马铃薯淀粉和玉米淀粉与黑米粉进行复配。对复配体系的糊化特性及凝胶质构特性进行测定,并结合低场核磁共振分析仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱和X射线衍射仪进一步分析复配体系的分子结构特性。结果表明：随着淀粉浓度的增加,淀粉-黑米粉复配体系的峰值黏度均显著增加,糊化时间和温度降低。绿豆淀粉和马铃薯淀粉显著增强了复配体系的持水力和膨润力,马铃薯淀粉和玉米淀粉显著降低了复配体系的溶解度。三种淀粉均可以促进复配体系凝胶网络结构的形成,改善凝胶的质构特性,包括凝胶的硬度、弹性、咀嚼性和回复性。此外,三种淀粉增强了复配体系淀粉链间的氢键相互作用,降低了凝胶的持水性,增强了体系的分子短程结构有序性和相对结晶度。上述研究表明,三种淀粉都可以改善黑米凝胶的品质,且绿豆淀粉的改善效果更佳。     

超声改性蛋白对玉米淀粉凝胶结构及消化特性的影响

为探究超声改性蛋白对玉米淀粉凝胶结构及消化特性的影响规律,将不同超声时间处理的大豆分离蛋白分别添加至玉米淀粉中,利用傅里叶红外光谱仪、差示扫描量热仪、X-射线衍射仪及流变仪等表征超声改性蛋白与玉米淀粉复配凝胶体系结构,并对其体外消化特性进行分析。结果表明:与原玉米淀粉相比,当淀粉中添加不同超声时间处理的大豆分离蛋白后,玉米淀粉的短程有序性、分子内和分子间氢键强度、糊化焓值(ΔH)均降低,且随着超声时间的延长,呈逐渐降低趋势,当超声时间达到30min时,复配体系的ΔH降低了27.27%;超声改性蛋白与玉米淀粉间相互作用主要通过疏水作用力;复合凝胶体系的X-射线衍射图显示出典型Ⅴ型结构特征,说明改性蛋白的加入改善了淀粉消化特性,与原淀粉相比,慢消化淀粉和抗性淀粉含量均随着超声时间的延长逐渐升高,慢消化淀粉和抗性淀粉质量分数分别提升了7.01%和3.41%。研究结果旨在为改性蛋白在淀粉基食品中的应用提供理论依据。     

瓜尔豆胶和黄原胶对淀粉理化性质的影响

为改善淀粉的加工品质特性,以玉米淀粉和甘薯淀粉为研究对象,将瓜尔豆胶和黄原胶分别以不同比例(0.1%~0.5%)与淀粉进行复配,系统研究亲水胶体对淀粉理化特性等的影响。结果表明,添加亲水胶体后,随着胶体浓度的增加,复配体系的透光率逐渐下降,凝沉稳定性增大,膨胀度增大,淀粉胶体的硬度下降。RVA分析表明,加入亲水胶体使复配体系的糊化温度升高,峰值黏度、崩解值和终值黏度增加,而甘薯淀粉-黄原胶混合体系的峰值黏度显著降低。     

复配粉理化性质与米线质构性质关系的研究

将粳米粉与绿豆淀粉按照一定比例进行混合,得到粳米粉和绿豆淀粉的复配粉体系,并测定了复配粉体系的溶胀性质、糊化性质、凝胶质构性质和拉伸性质,研究了复配米粉体系的拉伸性质与米线质构性质的关系。结果表明:随着绿豆淀粉添加量比例的增加,复配米粉体系的总直链淀粉含量、可溶性直链淀粉含量和不溶性直链淀粉含量明显增加,峰值黏度、谷值黏度、末值黏度、硬度也显著性增加,咀嚼性、拉伸强度和表观弹性模量显著增加,85℃下的溶解度和膨润力显著上升;糊化温度显著降低;衰减值和回生值分别比粳米粉高了33.73 RVU和50.60 RVU;与单一体系相比,由复配粉体系制成的米线呈现较好的硬度、弹性、韧性、蒸煮性和物理性质。当绿豆淀粉∶粳米粉为1∶1时,其制得的米粉的质构性质最好。     

交联甜菜果胶对豌豆淀粉糊化及流变特性的影响

将不同比例的交联甜菜果胶(CSBP)添加到豌豆淀粉(PS)中,制备CSBP-PS复配体系,并对复配体系的糊化及流变性能进行研究。结果表明：随着CSBP添加量的提高,复配体系的峰值黏度、崩解值、终值黏度和回生值均逐渐升高(P<0.05),而糊化温度逐渐降低(P<0.05)。CSBP的存在使CSBP-PS复配体系的透光率降低,而膨胀势升高,同时更不容易发生凝沉现象(P<0.05)。流变实验表明,所有CSBP-PS复配体系都是典型的假塑性流体,随着CSBP添加量的增加,复配体系的屈服应力和稠度系数均增大,黏弹性增强。粒径分析结果表明,添加CSBP后复配体系颗粒粒径显著增大(P<0.05)。此外,扫描电子显微镜观察发现,CSBP-PS复配体系呈蜂窝状结构,随着CSBP添加量的增加,复配体系的网络结构变得更加规则,孔洞增大,孔壁增厚。     

木糖醇对小麦淀粉和复配面粉糊化性质及回生特性影响的研究

本文以小麦淀粉为原料,把谷朊粉按10%、12%、15%质量浓度添加到小麦淀粉中配成三种复配面粉,研究不同添加量木糖醇对小麦淀粉、复配面粉糊化性质和回生特性的影响。结果表明：添加木糖醇后,小麦淀粉糊化温度升高;峰值黏度随着木糖醇添加量的增加呈上升趋势;添加15%、20%、25%木糖醇时,小麦淀粉的衰减值、回生值增加。添加木糖醇后,复配面粉的峰值黏度、低谷黏度和最终黏度增加。随复配面粉中谷朊粉含量的增加,添加相同含量木糖醇的复配面粉的峰值黏度、低谷黏度、最终黏度呈下降趋势。在不同天数添加木糖醇的小麦淀粉硬度增加,且随添加浓度的增加,硬度呈上升趋势;而添加木糖醇的复配面粉硬度降低,且随添加浓度的增加,硬度呈下降趋势。     

槲皮素和芦丁对小麦淀粉的消化特性及其之间相互作用的研究

本文通过模拟小麦淀粉的体外消化实验研究了槲皮素和芦丁与小麦淀粉复合后的消化特性差异,并通过淀粉与碘的显色反应、红外光谱和X-射线衍射等试验研究槲皮素和芦丁与小麦淀粉的相互作用。结果表明:在槲皮素和芦丁与小麦淀粉的混合体系中,随着老化时间的延长,快消化淀粉显著减少（P<0.05）,慢消化淀粉和抗性淀粉显著增加（P<0.05）。槲皮素和芦丁的添加,对淀粉葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶的活性均有抑制作用。槲皮素或芦丁与小麦淀粉之间存在相互作用,并通过氢键或疏水键相互结合。槲皮素和芦丁对酶的抑制和与小麦淀粉之间的相互作用,降低了小麦淀粉的消化性,增加淀粉的抗消化性,为开发降血糖等相关功能食品的开发奠定了理论基础。     

Effect of guar gum content on some physical and nutritional properties of extruded products

The effect of guar gum (0-10%) added to flour (maize, potato, rice, and wheat) prior to extrusion on the microstructure, physical properties (texture, expansion, density, pasting) and nutritional properties (starch digestibility) was investigated. The inclusion of guar gum did not decrease starch digestibility; rather, at 10% guar gum rapidly digestible starch increased by 24%, 15%, 25% and 43%, in maize, potato, rice and wheat flour-based products, respectively. In general, increases in starch digestibility appear to be related to the weaker microstructure (i.e., lower textural hardness), larger matrix surface area, and lower viscosity (pasting properties) of extrudates containing guar gum. These results suggest that microstructural changes affect the starch digestibility of extrudates; nevertheless, probably other factors such as particle size during digestion may also play an important role.     

面团发酵过程中小麦淀粉理化性质的变化

以小麦粉为原料,结合水洗和离心提取小麦淀粉,研究面团发酵过程中一次发酵、二次发酵和醒发工序对直链淀粉含量、溶解度、溶胀度、糊化特性和凝胶特性等理化性质的影响。试验结果表明:发酵后直链淀粉质量分数提高3.7%～8.18%;采用黏度速测仪(RVA,Rapid visco analyzer)分析醒发后小麦淀粉的峰值黏度、谷值黏度和最终黏度分别上升52 RVU、58.67 RVU和73.33 RVU;采用质构仪(TPA,Texture profile anal-ysis)对发酵过程小麦淀粉凝胶特性进行研究,发现醒发后凝胶特性有所改善,硬度提高48.60 g,弹性提高0.03,内聚性、回复性分别提高0.05、0.15。     

Effects of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Protein on the Pasting Properties of Different Types of Wheat Flour

Abstract: As one of the most effective methods to modify proteins, enzymatic hydrolysis is used widely in the preparation of wheat products in the food industry. During the same process, starch pasting occurs frequently. The effects of wheat protein hydrolysis with papain, pepsin, and trypsin on the pasting properties of 3 different kinds of flour were investigated in 5 concentrations. Results showed that the peak viscosity, trough, final, and integral area of pasting curve of these flours decreased with increasing enzymatic hydrolysis of protein, and decreased significantly with the increasing enzyme concentrations. Medium‐gluten flour was the least sensitive to enzymatic activity and weak‐gluten the most sensitive. Downtrends appeared with increasing papain and trypsin concentrations in the form of breakdown. Enzymes had no significant different effect on the peak times of strong‐ and medium‐gluten flour, but prolonged peak time slightly in weak‐gluten flour. The pasting time and temperature of strong‐ and medium‐gluten flour were significantly increased in a concentration‐dependent manner. However, there were no significant effects on the pasting times of weak‐gluten flour. These results could supply a basis for utilization of enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat protein in food industry and for further studies into the interactions between hydrolyzed protein and starch in food or processing industries. Practical Application: Illuminating the effects of enzymatic hydrolysis of protein on the pasting properties of different types of wheat flour is very important in food industry. Flour viscosity decreases after enzymatic hydrolysis of protein/gluten. Enzymes have different effects on peak time, pasting time, and pasting temperatures for different types of flour. These results could supply a basis for utilization of enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat protein in food industry and for further studies into the interactions between hydrolyzed protein and starch in food or processing industries.     

青稞β-葡聚糖对淀粉体外消化性的影响

对比青稞全粉和普通小麦粉体外消化性,研究青稞β-葡聚糖质量浓度和分子质量对青稞淀粉体外消化性的影响,从青稞β-葡聚糖流变学特性及其与α-淀粉酶的相互作用方面,探究青稞降血糖的可能机理。结果表明,青稞全粉中淀粉消化率明显低于小麦粉;随青稞β-葡聚糖质量浓度和分子质量的增大,其溶液黏弹性增大,对α-淀粉酶活性的抑制效果越明显,延缓淀粉体外消化效果越显著。青稞β-葡聚糖形成的高黏性环境是青稞全粉低淀粉消化率的潜在机理。     

黄原胶对玉米淀粉糊化性能的影响

将黄原胶引入到淀粉浆料中,采用快速黏度分析法(RVA)研究了黄原胶的加入对玉米淀粉糊化性能和浆液表观黏度的影响,讨论了黄原胶与玉米淀粉分子之间的相互作用.结果表明:黄原胶可促进淀粉糊化,降低淀粉的糊化温度,缩短糊化时间;随着黄原胶质量分数的增加,淀粉的糊化峰值黏度增加,表现了2种高分子的相互作用;黏度衰减值随黄原胶增加...     

Comparison of the starch properties of Japanese wheat varieties with those of popular commercial wheat classes from the USA,Canada and Australia

The starch properties of four Japanese wheat varieties/breeding lines suitable for both bread and noodles were compared with those of popular commercial wheat classes from the USA, Canada and Australia. All starches were analyzed for amylose content, pasting properties measured by a rapid visco analyzer (RVA), swelling power, thermal properties measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), enzyme digestibility, and chain length distribution of amylopectin (DP 6–17). All starch characteristics studied, except the chain length distribution of amylopectin, were significantly different among the tested wheat classes and varieties/breeding lines. Including Japanese wheat varieties/breeding lines, higher amylose contents and lower peak viscosities were found in hard wheats than in soft wheats. Interestingly, enthalpy, in the amylose–lipid complex measured by DSC, showed significant correlations with the pasting temperature from the RVA and swelling power.     

菊粉改善酥性饼干的品质及降低消化速率

可溶性膳食纤维可以抑制淀粉的水解消化,为研究菊粉对饼干品质的影响,通过均匀设计法优化菊粉饼干的配方工艺,并通过模拟人体胃肠道消化过程研究菊粉对饼干消化的影响。结果表明;最佳配方为低筋粉100 g,水20 g,木糖醇15.05 g,菊粉12.60g,油脂(黄油:玉米油=1:1)31 g,小苏打0.5 g,食盐0.5 g。另外,测得菊粉饼干脂肪含量为16.54%,蛋白质3.33%,膳食纤维6.87%,碳水化合物56.63%。通过体外消化模拟结果表明加入菊粉之后,饼干的快消化淀粉含量从14.51%下降到3.06%,慢消化淀粉和抗性淀粉的含量分别增加了3.67%和0.20%,且菊粉饼干的体外消化率低于空白饼干,预测菊粉饼干血糖指数为68.36,属于中等血糖指数食品。故对于高油脂饼干而言,菊粉可以抑制其淀粉的水解消化,降低其血糖指数,菊粉的应用对于开发中低血糖指数产品具有重要意义。     

Effect of gamma‐ray irradiation on the physicochemical properties of flour and starch granule structure for wheat

Effect of gamma irradiation on the physicochemical properties of flour and starch granule structure of wheat was compared to non‐irradiated wheat. The moisture content of wet gluten and titratable acidity of wheat flour were significantly affected by gamma irradiation. This treatment also destroyed the starch granules of wheat grain and their breakage augmented as the dose of gamma irradiation increased, apparently resulting in the increase of small starch granules. Probably, these results were due to the disruption of large molecule, such as proteins, lipids and starch. The irradiated wheat flour for RVA pasting properties (flour viscosity) was also evaluated. Besides the difference in RVA profile, starch pasting curves showed a considerable decrease for six main parameters as gamma irradiation dose at different velocity increased.