对南京储烟昆虫群落的初步研究

１９９２年４月到１９９３年４月对南京仓储烟叶及露天垛储存烟叶上的昆虫群落进行了研究，从分类类群及生态功能上对这两类昆虫群落的结构进行了分析和研究，估计出它们各自包含的物种数及最大可能漏查的物种数，确定了常见种和优势种；计算了和分析了这两类群落物种的时间生态伴宽度和时间生态位重叠指数；对储烟昆虫群落的多样性指数和均匀性指数也进行了计算和分析，最后研究了储烟昆虫群落的季节格局，并组建了群落及优势种的消     

一种未知真菌性叶斑病发病烟叶真菌群落分析

为了解贵州省福泉市一未知烟草叶斑病的病原,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术分析了健康与发病烟叶真菌群落结构与多样性差异。结果表明,烟叶发病后叶际真菌群落结构改变,丰富度与多样性降低。发病烟叶真菌群落Sobs指数、Ace指数、Chao1指数和Shannon指数整体低于健康烟叶,Simpson指数整体高于健康烟叶。差异显著性分析表明,健康烟叶组样品真菌群落数在纲(p=0.027)、目(p=0.035)、科(p=0.026)、属(p=0.021)、种(p=0.029)和OTU(p=0.038)水平均显著高于发病烟叶组样品。Student’st检验结果表明,Boeremia属、红酵母属Rhodotorula和Unclassified_c_Dothideomycetes属在健康烟叶与发病烟叶中相对丰度均存在显著性差异。其中发病烟叶中Boeremia为最优势菌属,健康烟叶中红酵母属为最优势菌属。推测该未知真菌性烟草叶斑病可能是由Boeremia属真菌导致。     

苏云金杆菌防治储烟害虫研究进展

在所有为害贮存烟草并能造成严重损失的昆虫种类中 ,烟草甲虫Lasiodermaserricorne(F .)和烟草粉螟Ephestiaelutella(H¨ubner)是原烟及加工后烟草的 2种主要害虫。收获后烟草害虫的防治主要通过消毒、害虫监测以及磷化氢熏蒸来实现 ,而储烟害虫已对磷化氢产生抗药性 ,并已有防治失败的实例报道 ,而熏蒸也越来越受到相关法规的制约。一些生物防治剂如苏云金杆菌Bacillusthuringiensis(Bt) ,因对环境无害而有可能替代化学防治。Bt是一种细菌 ,在芽孢形成阶段能够产生杀虫晶体蛋白。Bt用作植食性害虫的生防制剂已有 4 0多年的历史。Bt产生的杀虫晶体蛋白对几个目的昆虫具有特有的生物活性 ,可对昆虫的取食产生影响。我们实验室进行了广泛的研究并在世界范围内开展了调查 ,对仓储烟草中的Bt进行评价 ,现已证实了以前的研究结果 ,即Bt是自然发生的叶面微生物群落中的一部分。已从烟草上分离出几个Bt菌株并进行了特征描述 (DNA和蛋白质图谱 )。已通过胃毒的方法对所分离的菌株以及 2个商业产品对烟草甲幼虫的杀虫活性进行了测定。在长达 30个月的贮存期内 ,对已调制烟叶上的Bt孢子及其晶体蛋白的稳定性进行了分析。Bt处理过的烟叶制成卷烟样品评吸后 ,处理与对照卷烟无显著性差异。尽管在规定的时间及剂量情     

基于高通量测序对不同陈放时间大曲细菌群落特征研究

高通量测序技术是现阶段微生物测序的主要手段，采用16S r DNA探究陈放1个月、4个月、6个月的黄、黑、白大曲中微生物群落特征，结果表明：在9例大曲中，共鉴定出10个菌门和109个菌属，发现大曲中Firmicutes为第一优势菌门，Actinobacteria、Proteobacteria是大曲中的优势菌门；Kroppenstedtia,Saccharopolyspora为大曲中重要菌属；在1个月、4个月、6个月大曲中分别检出155个、103个、225个属，共有的有71个属，分别单独含有的有41个、6个、99个属，Novosphingobium是存放1个月大曲中显著富集的差异物种，Staphylococcus和Thermoactionmyces是存放4个月大曲中显著富集的差异物种，Lactococcus是存放6个月大曲中显著富集的差异物种；主成分分析（PCA）和主坐标分析（PCoA）分析发现1个月、4个月、6个月大曲微生物构成差异较大；非加权组平均法（UPGMA）聚类树分析和大曲属水平上的物种丰度聚类图分析结果再一次印证不同存放时间大曲样本均无明显相似性。探究不同陈放时间大曲的微生物...     

储烟霉变机理与防霉技术研究进展

从烟叶霉变的病原学、发病规律、霉变检测和防霉技术等方面,综述了国内外在储烟防霉学领域取得的进展,对今后储烟防霉的研究进行了展望。     

浏阳洞库陈化烟叶微生物多样性分析

[目的]为研究浏阳洞库3个不同香型陈化烟叶样品微生物多样性和群落组成差异.[方法]利用高通量测序对3个不同香型陈化烟叶样品微生物多样性、群落组成进行显著性差异分析,构建各样品微生物生态网络,并对各细菌群落进行功能预测.[结果](1)浏阳洞库3个不同香型陈化烟叶样品中细菌物种丰富,在门水平上主要由变形菌门和厚壁菌门组成,...     

雪茄烟叶工业发酵过程中细菌群落多样性和结构变化

为揭示雪茄烟叶工业发酵过程中细菌群落多样性和结构变化的规律，采集雪茄茄芯烟叶混配堆积发酵过程中的样品，采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术分析细菌群落多样性和结构。结果表明：(1)在雪茄烟叶发酵过程中，与混配发酵前相比，混配发酵完成后样品细菌群落的OTU数量和物种丰富度降低，物种多样性提高；(2)优势菌门由厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）转变为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）；优势菌属由海洋芽胞杆菌属（Oceanobacillus）、丛毛单胞菌属（Comamonas）、芽胞杆菌属（Bacillus）转变为丛毛单胞菌属（Comamonas）、鞘氨醇杆菌属（Sphingobacterium）、Georgenia、类芽胞杆菌属（Paenibacillus）；(3)10个菌属的平均相对丰度显著增加，分别为鞘氨醇杆菌属（Sphingobacterium）、Georgenia、类芽胞杆菌属（Paenibacillus）、细粒类极小单胞菌属（Parapusillimonas）、假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）、DSSF69、溶杆菌属（Lysobacter）、假黄色单胞菌属（Ps...     

岷江上游亚高山典型森林植被群落数量特征研究

本文应用Shannon-Wiener多样性指数,Simpson生态优势度指标以及群落均匀度指标,研究了岷江上游亚高山主要森林群落的组成结构特征.以原始林的数量特征为参照,比较分析了岷江上游亚高山植被自然恢复与人工恢复的群落数量特征.结果表明岷江上游亚高山主要森林群落的物种多样性指数为0.55～4.62,多数在1～3之间,多样性指数值偏低.生态优势度为0.06～0.92,多数在0.40-0.80之间.群落均匀度为0.27～1.39.原始林的群落组成及结构特征取决于人为干扰程度.在森林植被恢复过程中,人工营造的混交林的群落结构优于自然恢复的次生林的群落结构,因而具有较好的生态效应;而人工营造的纯林的群落结构则比自然恢复的次生林差.人工林的林木生长速度大于天然更新的林木.     

醇化方式对津巴布韦烟叶微生物和香味成分的影响

为了解醇化方式对烟叶微生物和烟叶香味成分的影响，采用MiSeq高通量测序技术和气相色谱-质谱法，分析了不同醇化库（保湿库、机械库和自然库）不同醇化时间（3、9、12、15和18个月）津巴布韦烟叶微生物多样性及香味成分的差异。结果表明：(1)同一醇化库内醇化时间为3、9和12个月时物种组成相似度较高，但不同醇化库之间的物种组成差异较大；(2)在门、属水平上，醇化时间和醇化库对菌落的相对丰度有一定影响，醇化18个月后，机械库中烟叶变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）的总相对丰度达最大值，假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）、泛菌属（Pantoea）、鞘氨醇单胞菌属（Sphingomonas）、节杆菌属（Arthrobacter）和甲基杆菌属（Methylobacterium）的总相对丰度达最大值；(3)功能预测表明，在一级功能层共有7类代谢通路，参与代谢的细菌占绝对优势；(4)在二级功能层共有41种代谢通路，参与膜运输、能量代谢和碳水化合物代谢等细菌的相对丰度较大。醇化18个月后，机械库中参与碳水化合物代谢、氨...     

不同发酵顶温大曲中细菌群落结构的差异性分析

该研究以优质白酒核心产区的中温大曲及高温大曲为对象，运用高通量测序技术对不同发酵顶温大曲样品细菌群落结构进行分析与比较。结果表明，相较于顶温类型，厂家来源对大曲细菌群落结构影响较小；中温大曲与高温大曲细菌群落差异主要体现在物种组成上，物种数量、群落稳定性(由α-多样性指数表征)无显著性差异；以Weissella、Lactobacillus等为主的乳酸菌以及包括Kroppenstedtia、Virgibacillus、Oceanobacillus等在内的芽孢杆菌目细菌分别构成了中温大曲与高温大曲的细菌优势类群；多种芽孢杆菌与多种乳酸菌之间多呈显著负相关，同时这两大类细菌内部种群之间多呈显著正相关，这些互斥和互促关系能够对大曲菌群网络的整体稳定性产生正面影响。该研究结果进一步证实了温度这一环境因素对成品大曲菌群的重要影响，并通过Spearman相关性分析解析主要菌群互作规律，可为中、高温大曲制作工艺的改进及品质提升提供理论基础。     

烟草甲虫为害损失调查

采用实验室和贮烟仓库投虫的方法控制烟草甲虫的不同为害程度,研究了片烟虫害损失的测定方法,同时根据片烟虫害损失的测定方法对国内部分卷烟企业的虫害损失情况进行了调研。结果表明:片烟质量损失率和尸屑率呈极显著正相关,通过尸屑率可估算出片烟质量损失率;46个片烟样品的直接虫害损失率约为0.716%,按有虫片烟占30%的比例推算,所调查卷烟企业的虫害直接损失率约为0.215%。     

How do similar community dynamics yield different population dynamics and spatial distributions of species?

The distribution of biotic and abiotic factors creates ecological niches. Despite the link between both the biotic and abiotic components of a species niche and its geographic distribution, most approaches to species-distribution modeling correlate the occurrence of a single species with broad-scale environmental variables, but do not include biotic interactions. We studied the relative effects of biotic and abiotic factors on community composition and dynamics in a man-made ecosystem (i.e., a grain-storage system). We studied the population dynamics of 10 insect species at two climatically distinct study sites: a site with a Mediterranean climate and a site with a semi-arid climate. All species were found to aggregate at both sites and similar community dynamics were observed at the two sites. However, there were differences in the relative importance of biotic and abiotic factors in the formation of communities in the two habitats. This difference yielded different population dynamics and spatial distributions. The Mediterranean site was characterized by species niche overlap and communities at that site were less dense. In contrast, in the semi-arid habitat, species tended to have distinct spatial distribution and there was a high level of community density. These results can be viewed as examples of within- and between-patch coexistence. We discuss the possibility that there may be gradual shifts in the relative importance of within- and between-patch coexistence. Small continuous changes, such as global climate change, could induce such shifts, leading to similar temporal and spatial patterns in the current Mediterranean climate.     

Diversity and community structure of insect pests developing in stored sorghum in the Northern-Sudan ecological zone of Burkina Faso

Stored insect pests often create major problems for farmers worldwide. Comprehensive data of insect pests of stored sorghum in Burkina Faso are scarce. Understanding the population structure of insect fauna infesting stored sorghum is important for development of management strategy. Sorghum panicles were collected from January to September 2011 in farmers' granaries in the Northern-Sudanian ecological zone of Burkina Faso to determine the diversity of insect pests and their importance in post-harvest losses. A total of 14 species of insect pests were recorded, including twelve coleopteran and two lepidopteran species. Species diversity peaked between May and September. The highest insect diversity was recorded in sorghum stored in straw granaries and on red coloured grains when compared with that of sorghum stored in mud granaries and on white coloured grains. Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) appears to be the primary insect pest followed by secondary pests including Oryzaephilus mercator (Fauvel), Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) and Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky). The distribution pattern of the pests in granaries corresponds to the Mandelbrot model in which colonization of species in an environment depends on the physical conditions of that environment and on the species currently present, which suggest a progressive colonization occurs in waves with stocks of grain.     

楚雄州烟草昆虫种类及危害调查研究

经４年调查研究，基本查清楚雄州烟草田间昆虫及软体动物有２个纲１０个目５６科１９７种，其中发现１２种烟草新害虫；查到害虫天敌昆虫有１个纲７个目１５科４２种；查到烟库害虫１个纲２个目８科８种。基本查清了烟草主要害虫发生及危害情况，为今后制定和实施２烟草害虫防治措施提供了科学依据。     

Susceptibility of commercial oat cultivars to Cryptolestes pusillus and Oryzaephilus surinamensis

Susceptibility to two storage insect pests [(Cryptolestes pusillus (Schönherr) and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.)] of eight commercial oat cultivars from the United States was determined in laboratory studies. Duration of insect development was shorter and number of progeny produced was greater on cracked than on whole oats. Simulations based on data from the study showed that insect populations would reach the threshold level for treatment in 2-3 months of storage at 30°C on cracked oats. Insect population development was slowest on the hulless cultivar Paul when the oat kernels were cracked. Simulations also indicated that all cultivars of whole oats tested could be stored for at least 1 yr at 30°C without reaching the threshold for treatment when infested with these two species of insects, and insect populations would decrease over time on the cultivars Don, Jerry, Milton, NewDak, Otana, and Valley. Analyses of oat grain quality characteristics, including kernel weight, groat hardness, and groat composition, provided little insight into the mechanism of observed differences in insect development among cultivars. Hardness of the kernels (as indicated by % broken groats after dehulling) may be related to near immunity to these two species of insects in whole Otana. Steaming whole oats to inactivate hydrolytic enzymes in the trichomes of the pericarp did not increase susceptibility to these two species of insects, suggesting that enzymes in the trichomes were not responsible for insect population development being slower on whole oats than on cracked oats. Although we were unable to identify the factors that determined relative susceptibility in this study, the results will be useful for selecting commercial oat cultivars for planting that will be less susceptible to insect pests in storage and suggest that the economics of cleaning oats before storage to reduce insect population growth should be investigated.     

我国烟草病虫害预测预报工作进展与展望

烟草病虫害是烟草生产中的主要限制因子之一,我国烟草病虫害综合防治水平与国际上一些烟草生产先进国家相比还存在很大差距,为提高我国烟草病虫害综合防治水平,搞好烟草病虫害预测预报工作至关重要.笔者论述了我国烟草病虫害预测预报工作的进展,并对今后工作提出了建议.     

基于FUNGuild的镰刀菌根腐病发病烟株根际真菌群落研究

为了解镰刀菌根腐病发病烟株与未发病烟株在根际真菌群落结构与功能上的差异,联合应用高通量测序和FUNGuild技术研究了镰刀菌根腐病发病烟株与未发病烟株根际土壤中的真菌群落,结果表明:（1）镰刀菌根腐病发病烟株根际真菌群落的Shannon指数为4.14,而未发病烟株则高达4.71,未发病烟株根际真菌群落多样性显著高于发病烟株,镰刀菌根腐病发病烟株与未发病烟株根际土壤中的真菌群落在组成上有显著差异;（2）镰刀菌根腐病发病烟株根际真菌以病理营养型为主,占54.64%,而未发病烟株根际真菌则以腐生营养型为主,占46.10%;（3）镰刀菌根腐病发病烟株根际的病原菌相对丰度为30.73%,显著高于未发病烟株的1.12%,镰刀菌在病原菌群落中占绝对优势地位。高通量测序与FUNGuild联用可对土传病害感病烟株的根际优势病原真菌群落进行准确鉴定,可为烟草病害的防控提供科学参考。      

湖北烟区烟草地下害虫的发生特点

湖北各烟区的烟草种类和植烟环境多样,地下害虫是烟草苗期的主要害虫。为了明确各烟区地下害虫的优势类群及其发生规律,于2011年4-8月对湖北咸丰、五峰、保康和郧西县烟田的地下害虫进行了系统调查。结果表明,湖北省4个烟区的地下害虫结构存在明显差异。恩施烟区以金针虫为优势类群,以蛴螬和蝼蛄为次优势类群;襄阳烟区以地老虎、蛴螬和金针虫发生为主;宜昌烟区以蛴螬和地老虎为主;而十堰烟区以金针虫和地老虎发生为主。烤烟、马里兰烟和香料烟地下害虫发生偏重,而白肋烟和晒烟发生偏轻。烟叶收获期的地下害虫结构与烟叶苗期不同,收获期烟田蛴螬和金针虫密度明显增加。烟草地下害虫的发生程度与烟田海拔高度相关,海拔1200 m左右的烟区,地下害虫发生程度加重。     

烟青虫和棉铃虫在烟草上的生态位及其种间竞争

通过2000~2001两年的田间调查和室内饲养,测定了烟青虫和棉铃虫在烟草上的生态位和种间竞争系数。结果表明:棉铃虫在烟草上的时间生态位宽度、生态位重叠均大于烟青虫,两者的时间生态位相似性比例为0.7342;两种害虫的空间生态位宽度、生态位重叠很相近,生态位相似性比例高达0.8559。烟青虫的竞争系数为0.3122,棉铃虫的竞争系数为1.8320,说明棉铃虫的竞争力大于烟青虫。在烟株同一部位两种害种共存率最高仅有9.30%。      

Movement and behavioral response of stored product insects under stored grain environments - A review

Understanding movement of insects and their behavioral response in stored grain bulks helps in controlling their infestation. Studies have been conducted on insect movement; however, determination of patterns of insect distribution is quite difficult because their behavioral responses vary with species and life stages as well as with external stimuli under different storage conditions. This review discussed insect movement, movement detection and tracing methods. Different experimental setups used for determining insect movement were presented along with their advantages and limitations with special emphasis on factors influencing insect mobility. Various model equations to predict insect movement and their spatial distribution were stated. Further, practical difficulties and challenges associated with studies of insect movement under multiple gradients were discussed. Based on literature analysis, directions for future research were presented with respect to the requirement and applicability of the emerging cost-effective technologies for insect movement detection.