高抗性淀粉大米对方便米饭品质及GI值的影响研究

以高RS大米和市场普通大米为原料,研究不同添加量的高RS大米对方便米饭质构特性、感官评分、GI值的影响。通过质构特征分析和差示扫描量热仪测定在不同贮存时下,不同添加量的高RS大米对方便米饭淀粉抗回生效果的影响。结果显示,高RS大米添加量的增加,提高了方便米饭硬度、粘性和咀嚼性,增加了方便米饭的直链淀粉和抗性淀粉含量,同时降低了方便米饭的感官评分和GI值。此外,随着贮存时间的增加,高RS大米的添加量越高,方便米饭的硬度、相对结晶度、回生焓也越高。为方便米饭产品开发与大米精深加工提供依据。     

低GI面条的研制及其体外淀粉消化特性研究

面条是我国的传统主食，深受人们喜爱，但其淀粉含量高、消化速度快，不适合糖尿病人食用。本研究以低升糖指数（glycemic index,GI）原料米糠粉和高直链玉米淀粉部分替代小麦粉的混合粉为主料，以谷朊粉、魔芋粉和菊粉为辅料，利用响应面试验优化面条的配方，并分析面条的体外淀粉消化特性。结果表明：低GI面条最佳配方为：米糠粉添加量17%，高直链玉米淀粉添加量10%，谷朊粉添加量6%，魔芋粉添加量6%，菊粉添加量4%。在此配方下制作的面条筋道爽滑，口感较好，感官评分较高，同时，其快消化淀粉和抗性淀粉含量显著低于小麦粉面条（P <0.05）；低GI面条GI值为49.35，与小麦粉面条GI值相比降低了32.83%，且小于55，为低GI食品，适合糖尿病人食用。     

低血糖生成指数杂粮馒头的研制

目的:针对肥胖、糖尿病等慢性疾病高发现状,制备一款具有低血糖生成指数（glycemic index,GI）的杂粮馒头。方法:从降低GI的因素考虑,以小麦全粉和荞麦粉为主要原料,结合柚子果肉、奇亚籽整粒、菊粉等辅料以及淀粉回生处理工艺制作杂粮馒头。以GI值、感官评价、质构特性、抗性淀粉（resistant starch,RS）含量等为指标,探究最优的工艺配方。结果:制作低GI馒头的最优工艺为:以小麦全粉和荞麦粉（二者质量比7:3）为馒头混合粉,在混合粉基础上,添加30%奇亚籽整粒、9%菊粉,同时用40%新鲜柚子果肉代替部分和面用水,并将馒头在4 ℃回生处理24 h。此条件下制得的馒头外形规整,光泽良好,口感筋道,抗性淀粉含量为1.61%,感官评分为85.30分;GI值为53.98,比传统馒头降低了38.9%,达到低GI食品要求。结论:该工艺处理不仅可以大幅降低馒头GI值,而且能够保证产品良好的口感,可为低GI食品开发提供参考。     

低GI挤压重组米配方优化及食用品质评价

采用双螺杆挤压法,以大米粉为基料,配比一定量的酸改性淀粉、抗性糊精、魔芋粉、聚甘油酯,探究制备低血糖生成指数(glycemic index,GI)重组米优化配方.体外消化法测定挤压重组米GI值,通过感官、质构、蒸煮品质综合评价低GI重组米的食用品质,使用扫描电镜观察微观形貌.结果显示,添加量为大米粉60％、酸改性淀粉3...     

内源性物质对不同品种大米淀粉消化性的影响

近年来培育出了低高血糖生成指数（GI）大米品种,但是其产生低GI作用机理并不明确,内源性非淀粉物质作为大米关键成分,对不同GI大米淀粉消化率的影响值得探讨。本研究以典型的两种不同GI大米作为研究对象,探究了去除内源性非淀粉物质对大米淀粉体外消化性、理化性质和微观结构的影响。结果表明,对于低GI品种,蛋白质和膳食纤维的去除显著促进了淀粉消化,使最终消化率提升了7.37%~13.28%,但高GI品种的内源性非淀粉物质对于淀粉消化性的影响并不显著。在理化性质上,蛋白质和膳食纤维的去除将淀粉的膨胀力显著提升至17.83±0.30g/g~13.44±0.27g/g,显著改变了米粉的糊化特性和热力学特性,从而使其更容易糊化和消化。在微观结构上,去除蛋白质和膳食纤维使淀粉颗粒结构减小了3~8 μm,蛋白质、膳食纤维和淀粉的相互作用提高了米粉的有序度和聚集结构。     

大米RS3型抗性淀粉的影响因素及形成机制的研究进展

大米RS3型抗性淀粉是一种天然的食品功能物质,具有许多优越的生理功能。综述了大米RS3型抗性淀粉的物理化学特性,分析了大米RS3型抗性淀粉形成的影响因素,探讨了大米RS3型抗性淀粉形成机制,有望为大米RS3型抗性淀粉的生产加工提供理论借鉴。     

低血糖生成指数马铃薯代餐粉的配方优化研究

目的 为开发一种低血糖生成指数(GI)的马铃薯代餐粉，通过测定其品质进行配方优化。方法 本实验以含高抗性淀粉的马铃薯全粉为主要原料，复配大米粉及葡萄籽提取物等为配料，通过单因素和正交实验优化配方，并以GI值、感官总分、风味和分散液稳定性等指标对其进行评价。结果 研制的马铃薯代餐粉的最佳配方为含高抗性淀粉的马铃薯全粉45%，熟大米粉25%，芝麻粉5%，大豆分离蛋白13.5%，中链甘油三酸酯10 %，魔芋粉2 %，葡萄籽提取物0.125%，三氯蔗糖0.04 %。结论 此配方条件下制备出的代餐粉感官总分为77.5，GI值为45.94，为低GI食品，对稳定餐后血糖的有促进作用，且口感适宜，具有良好的稳定性。本研究基于功能性薯类深加工思路，为开发低GI薯类产品研制提供实验基础。     

大米面包制作及其感官品质研究

以米粉和高筋小麦粉为主要原料制作大米面包。采用单因素和正交试验,探讨了米粉添加量、谷朊粉添加量和加水量对大米面包感官评分的影响。试验结果表明:生产大米面包的最佳米粉添加量为50%,谷朊粉添加量15%、加水量85%,其中米粉添加量和谷朊粉添加量是影响大米面包的主要因素。运用该配方制作的大米面包感官评分最高,其体积、组织结构、口感等感官指标都接近于普通面包,并有甜香的大米味。大米面包的开发丰富了现有面包品种,提高了碎米的利用率,降低了普通面包的生产成本,具有良好的发展前景。     

不同添加物对挤压重组米血糖生成指数和理化性质的影响

研究燕麦膳食纤维、大米蛋白、高直链玉米淀粉的添加对挤压重组米熟化后血糖生成指数(GI)及理化性质的影响。结果表明:高直链玉米淀粉挤压重组米(HMER)熟化后的GI值相比天然大米(NR)显著降低(P<0.05),原因是添加高直链玉米淀粉促使米样形成更多难酶解的V型淀粉结晶。燕麦膳食纤维挤压重组米(DFER)和大米蛋白挤压重组米(RPER)蒸煮后的GI值高于NR而略低于挤压空白米(ER)。红外光谱图和X衍射结果表明:添加燕麦膳食纤维和高直链玉米淀粉会促进挤压重组米的淀粉老化,而添加大米蛋白则会抑制挤压重组米淀粉老化。HMER在透明度和颜色上与天然大米相近,而DFER、RPER则与天然大米差别较大。HMER、DFER、RPER的蒸煮性质和蒸煮后的黏度与挤压空白米(ER)无显著差异(P>0.05)。DFER、RPER蒸煮后的硬度显著低于ER(P<0.05),而HMER和ER的硬度无显著性差别(P>0.05)。     

不同杂粮添加量对挤压重组米饭品质及体外消化特性的影响

本研究通过在原料粉中加入不同量的青稞、藜麦、燕麦杂粮制备挤压重组米饭,探讨三种杂粮对挤压重组米的蒸煮品质及体外消化特性的影响。结果显示:添加杂粮原料后,重组米色泽会发生明显改变。重组米蒸煮损失率随杂粮原料添加量的增加而增加。质构分析表明,添加杂粮原料后,重组米硬度值均有不同程度降低,添加青稞和燕麦会显著降低重组米的黏性,当藜麦添加量为40%时,重组米黏度最高。添加青稞、燕麦后,会降低重组米感官得分,当藜麦添加量为40%时,重组米感官评分最高为84.5。三种杂粮原料均对α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶有一定抑制作用。体外消化实验结果显示,当藜麦添加量大于40%或青稞添加量大于50%时,重组米GI值小于55,属于低GI食物。本研究可为低GI主食原料筛选提供一定数据支撑。     

浓缩诱导型海藻酸钠凝胶对鲜湿米粉储藏品质与餐后血糖的影响

为了提高鲜湿米粉的储藏品质并降低其餐后血糖,研究了浓缩诱导型海藻酸钠凝胶对鲜湿米粉蒸煮特性、感官品质、质构特性和餐后血糖的影响。结果表明:浓缩诱导型海藻酸钠凝胶在改善鲜湿米粉蒸煮特性(熟断条率和透射比分别减少了65.43%和11.93%)与即食感官品质(整体感官评分提高了11.76%)的情况下,不仅使储藏10 h后的鲜湿米粉的剪切力和拉伸力分别提高了29. 05%和17. 51%,而且使鲜湿米粉的餐后血糖峰值降低了1.40%并延迟15 min出现,同时使餐后2 h的血糖值降低了17.70%。因此,浓缩诱导型海藻酸钠凝胶能够提高鲜湿米粉的储藏品质,并使鲜湿米粉具有较好的高血糖人群食用适宜性。     

四川地方大米品种特性对方便米粉品质的影响

以四川省农业科学研究院试验区筛选出的7种优质杂交水稻为研究对象,米粉工业常用大米作对照,通过测定原料基本成分、米粉感官品质、蒸煮品质和质构特性等指标,研究不同品种四川地方大米原料对方便米粉品质的影响,通过相关分析建立大米原料品种指标与米粉品质间的相关性。结果表明:原料米品种对方便米粉感官品质、蒸煮品质、质构特性的均有显著影响。米粉的劲道、爽滑、风味等感官指标及其综合评分,质构特性与大米直链淀粉含量均呈显著的正相关性。米粉的断条率、复水时间与大米的直链淀粉含量、蛋白质含量呈显著的负相关性,与大米的支链淀粉含量、粗脂肪含量呈显著的正相关性(P0.05或P0.01)。当大米直链淀粉含量在21.40%～25.61%时,米粉感官品质、硬度、拉伸长度和断条率均最优。采用本实验方法制作米粉时,4#、5#、6#这3种大米加工的米粉品质较好,为进一步确定四川方便米粉原料标准化提供了参考依据。     

Physicochemical properties,resistant starch content and enzymatic digestibility of unripe banana,edible canna,taro flours and their rice noodle products

Unripe banana, edible canna and taro flours, which have been reported to contain significant amounts of fibre, were investigated for their physicochemical properties, resistant starch (RS) content and in vitro starch digestibility, and compared with commercial high‐fibre‐modified starches from corn and tapioca. Differential scanning calorimetry showed a single endothermic peak located around 70–83 °C for the samples except the modified starches, which exhibited no transition enthalpy. The samples showed different pasting behaviours in the Rapid Visco‐Analyser (RVA) ranging from full to restricted swelling. The RS content varied from 1–26 g per 100 g dry sample, and the estimated glycaemic indices (GIs) of the samples were from 67% to 99%. Generally, samples with high RS were low in GI values. The starches produced acceptable rice noodles but with reduced rate of starch digestion and GI. The effects of the unripe banana, edible canna and taro flours on starch digestibility were either comparable or better than the commercial modified starches. These flours can substitute commercial modified starches to lower GIs of noodles and identical foods.     

Mild steam treatment: Enhancing the rehydration performance of instant rice noodles by changing the physicochemical properties and gel structure of rice starch

The “instant” quality of instant rice noodles is significantly affected by slow rehydration during cooking. This happens as a result of the native rice starch's low ability to gelatinize as well as the high shear and pressure utilized in industries during the widely used extrusion molding process. In order to address this issue, the rice flour was pretreated with mild steam (MS) technology. The results revealed that the rehydration qualities of the rice noodles that were extruded from the steam-treated flour significantly improved. There was a reduction of 25.5% in the rehydration time, from 443 to 330 s. The MS-treated rice starch's peak viscosity increased to 4503 from 4044 mPa/s. Decreases in gelatinization enthalpy (ΔH) and short-range ordering also suggest a reduction in difficulty in accomplishing starch gelatinization. Scanning electron microscopy studies showed particle aggregation increased as the treatment duration lasted longer. In conclusion, our findings indicate that we successfully addressed the issue of slow rehydration in instant rice noodles while presenting a novel approach for their manufacturing in the manufacturing sector.     

Effect of fermentation metabolites on rheological and sensory properties of fermented rice noodles

BACKGROUND: Considering the effect of natural fermentation on the textural improvement of fermented rice noodles in China and South Asia, and given the lack of reports concerning the roles of fermentation metabolites (enzymes, organic acids, glucose and maltose), this study aims to determine fermentation metabolites produced during fermentation of raw milled rice grains, and investigate their effects on rheological and sensory properties of rice noodles. RESULTS: α‐Amylase activity was correlated with reducing sugar content significantly in the supernatant during fermentation process (r = 0.76, P < 0.05). Lactic acid was the dominant organic acid produced by fermentation. Protein and lipid content decreased significantly by fermentation. Treating the rice grains with trypsin, lipase or lactic acid could modify the rheological characteristics and improve the sensory properties of rice noodles. Removal of protein and lipid by physical extraction confirmed the results. The residue of glucose and maltose in rice flour weakened the noodle texture. CONCLUSIONS: Fermentation of raw milled rice decreased protein and lipid content, increased the purity of rice starch, and thus improved the texture of fermented rice noodles. The low molecule weight sugars produced during fermentation should be removed for their negative effect on texture. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

米饭添加量对大米粉性质及粉条品质的影响

以早籼米为原料制成米饭并将其干燥研磨成粉末分别以5、10、15、20、25、30、35%的比例与生大米粉末混合,通过对大米粉的糊化和凝胶等理化特性以及粉条的蒸煮损失和拉伸性能进行分析,并结合感官评分,研究米饭添加量对大米粉性质及粉条品质的影响。结果表明：不同的米饭添加量糊化特性指标存在显著差异(P<0.05),主要是大米粉的糊化温度与米饭添加量成正比,峰值黏度、衰减值与米饭添加量成反比;其中添加量为15%的大米粉凝胶硬度、弹性、咀嚼性和回弹性最大,均显著(P<0.05)高于其他样品;溶解度和膨胀力则受米饭添加量的影响不显著。在粉条品质方面,米饭添加量≦15%时,随着米饭的添加,粉条的断条率、吐浆值降低,抗拉伸阻力、延伸度增大,感官品质提升;米饭添加量>15%时,则相反。因此,当米饭添加量为15%时,粉条的综合品质最佳。     

沙米粉对大米粉及其粉条品质的影响

为提高沙米的利用价值和大米粉条的食用品质,将沙米粉（0%、5%、15%、25%、35%、45%）应用于传统大米粉条的制作,系统考察沙米粉对大米粉糊化特性、流变学特性和热特性,以及对大米粉条坚实度、蒸煮品质和消化性等的影响。结果表明,添加质量分数为25%及以上沙米粉可显著（P＜0.05）提高混合粉中蛋白质、脂肪和纤维素的含量,质量分数为35%及以上沙米粉可显著（P＜0.05）降低混合粉中碳水化合物含量;沙米粉添加量≥15%时,随着沙米粉比例的增加,混合粉糊化峰值黏度显著（P＜0.05）降低,所得粉条的蒸煮损失显著（P＜0.05）升高,抗性淀粉含量显著（P＜0.05）增大;凝胶黏弹性随着沙米粉添加量的增加不断增大;添加超过25%沙米粉降低了粉条截面紧密度和表面平整度;添加不超过15%沙米粉的粉条感官综合评分高于纯大米粉条。因此,沙米粉可以用于新型大米粉条的制作。     

Effects of potato starch on the characteristics,microstructures and quality attributes of indica rice flour and instant rice noodles

The effects of partial replacement (0%–20%, w/w) of rice flour by potato starch (PS) on the physicochemical properties, microstructures, texture and in vitro digestibility of indica rice flour (IRF) and instant rice noodles (IRN) were systematically investigated. Accordingly, the addition of PS significantly increased the peak viscosity (2876.00–3221.00 mPa·s) and tan δ values (0.14–0.22) but lowered the setback values (2169.00–1036.50 mPa) of the pastes. Rice noodles with 5%–15% PS (PS and IRF at the mixing ratios of 5:95, 10:90, 15:85 and 20:80, respectively) addition exhibited modulated appearance and textural properties. The mutually exclusive phosphate groups of PS facilitated the expansion of starch granules, contributing to the formation of more compact microstructure and higher-ordered crystalline structures (confirmed by scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction), endowing rice noodles with better cooking and digestive attributes, and visibly increased slowly digestible starches content (26.09%–31.34%). The quality attributes of rice noodles could be accurately predicted by the physicochemical properties of rice flour referring to Pearson’s correlation analysis. The study demonstrates that the blending of PS is both an effective and economical pathway in improving the nutritional and textural properties of IRN.     

玉米全粉对方便米线原料粉浆流变特性的影响

为了考察玉米全粉的添加对方便米线原料粉凝胶及流变特性的影响,以四种大米混合为原料,通过添加21%、23%、25%、27%、29%等五种不同含量的玉米全粉,研究其混合体系的流变学特性。结果表明,玉米全粉和方便米线原料大米混合粉浆凝胶体系随着玉米全粉添加量的增大,流体的假塑性不断增强,剪切稀化的现象越明显;当其添加量大于23%时,混合粉浆凝胶的黏稠度逐渐减小,流动性增强,体系开始形成的新的网络结构逐渐趋于稳定;23%和29%添加量体系的G＇明显高于其他添加量,未添加的体系G″对频率依赖性大于已添加玉米全粉的混合粉浆,而体系G＇对频率的依赖性却不受添加量的影响。