新型Lewis酸铁钾矾催化合成乳酸乙酯

研究了新型Lewis酸铁钾矾的制备,并以该Lewis酸为催化剂,通过乳酸和乙醇反应合成乳酸乙酯,考察了催化剂用量、反应时间、酸醇物质的量比对酯化率的影响.结果表明,新型Lewis酸铁钾矾酸是合成乳酸乙酯的绿色催化剂,最佳反应条件:催化剂用量为0.6 g/0.05 mol乳酸,反应时间2.0h,酸醇物质的量比为1:2.3,带水剂15 mL,此时酯化率可达96.6%.     

强酸性阳离子交换树脂催化合成棕榈酸甲酯

以强酸性阳离子交换树脂为催化剂催化合成棕榈酸甲酯,考察了树脂类型、酸醇物质的量比、反应温度、催化剂用量、脱水剂无水CaCl₂用量、反应时间和催化剂重复使用次数对棕榈酸转化率的影响。结果表明：NKC-9型树脂催化合成棕榈酸甲酯的效果较好;NKC-9型树脂催化反应的最佳条件为：酸醇物质的量比1∶2,反应温度70℃,催化剂用量50%（占棕榈酸质量）,脱水剂无水CaCl₂用量10%（占催化剂质量）,反应时间3 h;在反应的最佳条件下,棕榈酸转化率可达95.36%;催化剂重复使用6次后棕榈酸转化率仍保持在90%以上。     

法国白兰地特征风味组分癸酸乙酯的催化合成

以铁钾矾为催化剂,通过癸酸与乙醇反应合成了癸酸乙酯.研究了催化剂用量、反应时间、原料物质的量比等对酯化率的影响.结果表明,新型固体酸铁钾矾是合成癸酸乙酯的良好催化剂,在酸醇物质的量比为1:2,催化剂用量为0.6g(0.05mol癸酸),带水剂苯为15mL,反应时间为2.5 h的条件下,癸酸乙酯的酯化率可达98%.     

新型固体酸催化合成己酸丁酯

以新型固体酸Zr(SO4)2/SiO2为催化剂,己酸和正丁醇为原料,催化合成葡萄酒用香料己酸丁酯。通过正交实验设计考察影响反应的因素。结果表明,在酸醇摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间三个因素中,其影响次序为催化剂用量>反应时间>酸醇比。适宜的工艺条件为:酸醇物质的量比为1∶3,催化剂用量为4%,反应时间为2.5h,酯化率可达99.6%。     

负载型固体酸催化合成椰子油脂肪酸酯的工艺研究

以新制负载型固体酸Zr(SO_4)_2-Ti(SO_4)_2/SiO_2催化合成椰子油脂肪酸1,6-己二醇酯为探针反应,优化带水剂种类及用量、酸醇物质的量比、催化剂用量、反应时间等椰子油脂肪酸酯的合成工艺条件。然后采用其他5种不同分子结构的醇合成了相应的椰子油脂肪酸酯,并通过FTIR表征以上6种合成产物的酯基结构。实验获得的优化合成工艺条件为:带水剂(甲苯)用量8 m L (相对于0. 02 mol 1,6-己二醇),酸醇物质的量比2. 5∶1,催化剂用量6%(以反应物总质量计),反应时间4. 5 h。在最佳条件下,椰子油脂肪酸1,6-己二醇酯合成反应的酯化率高达98. 6%。该固体酸催化剂催化合成椰子油脂肪酸一元醇酯的活性较高(酯化率99. 1%),但其对四元醇酯的催化活性相对较低(酯化率80. 3%)。随着醇分子中羟基个数的逐渐增加,固体酸的酯化催化活性降低;当醇羟基数相同时,醇分子支链减少或支链碳数减小都有利于提高固体酸的催化活性。     

硝酸钇绿色催化合成乙酸苄酯的研究

以硝酸钇为催化剂,冰乙酸和苯甲醇为原料合成乙酸苄酯进行了研究。重点考察了催化剂用量、酸醇物质的量比、反应时间、带水剂种类及催化剂重复使用性对乙酸苄酯收率的影响。实验结果表明,硝酸钇对合成乙酸苄酯有着良好的催化活性,当催化剂用量为苯甲醇用量的1.5%(摩尔百分比),乙酸和苯甲醇的摩尔比为1.2∶1.0,环己烷为带水剂,反应时间为2.0h,乙酸苄酯收率可达93.2%,且催化剂重复使用多次后仍保持较高活性。与以浓硫酸为催化剂合成乙酸苄酯的传统工艺所存在设备腐蚀严重、后处理工艺复杂、污染环境等缺点相比,以硝酸钇为催化剂合成乙酸苄酯的工艺具有操作简单,产率较高,对环境友好且催化剂经简单分离可回收并多次重复使用的优点。     

食用香料丙酸甘油酯合成研究

运用沉淀—浸渍法制得稀土改性固体超强酸SO2-4/CeO2-Fe3O4-SiO2。以丙酸与甘油合成丙酸甘油酯为探针反应。探讨了酸醇物质的量比、催化剂的用量、反应时间、带水剂的种类及用量等因素对酯化率的影响,并对催化剂的重复使用情况进行了考察。得到最佳反应条件:酸醇摩尔比为3:1,催化剂的用量为反应物料用量的3%,带水剂二甲苯用量为反应物用量的50%,反应时间为3.5 h,此时的酯化率达到97.28%,催化剂重复使用第4次酯化率仍达到80.00%,产品经折光率、FTIR及GC-MS分析知确为目标产物,其纯度为96.83%。     

酵母展示脂肪酶催化合成葡萄酒香料己酸丁酯

以毕赤酵母展示的南极假丝酵母脂肪酶B为催化剂,已酸和丁醇为反应底物,合成葡萄酒用香料己酸丁酯。结果表明,酵母展示脂肪酶是合成己酸丁酯的良好催化剂,其最适催化工艺条件为：酸醇物质的量比为1：1．2,催化剂展示脂肪酶用量为2％,反应时间为4h,酯化率可达97．2％。     

活性炭基固体酸催化合成酒用脂肪酸乙酯的研究

以白酒酒糟为原料,通过浓硫酸磺化制备了活性炭基固体酸催化剂,并催化合成乙酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯、己酸乙酯和丁酸乙酯4种酒用脂肪酸乙酯。结果表明,乙酸乙酯最佳反应条件为活性炭基固体酸催化剂添加量3%,酸醇物质的量比1∶5,酯化时间4 h,酯化温度80 ℃,酯化率达86%;乳酸乙酯最佳反应条件为催化剂添加量4%,酸醇物质的量比1∶8,酯化时间10 h,酯化温度95 ℃,酯化率达76%;己酸乙酯最佳反应条件为催化剂添加量4%,酸醇物质的量比1∶10,酯化时间12 h,酯化温度98 ℃,酯化率达68%;丁酸乙酯最佳反应条件为催化剂添加量4%,酸醇物质的量比1∶9,酯化时间8 h,酯化温度90 ℃,酯化率达73%。活性炭基固体酸催化剂可以重复使用6次。     

食品抗氧化剂没食子酸正辛酯的绿色合成新工艺

以硫酸氢钠为催化剂微波辅助催化合成没食子酸正辛酯.通过熔点测定、红外光谱分析对产品进行结构表征;研究了微波功率、反应时间、酸醇物质的量比、催化剂用量以及催化剂重复使用对酯收率的影响.通过正交实验确定了最佳的反应工艺条件:没食子酸0.025 mol,微波功率360W,酸醇的物质的量比为1∶18,催化剂1.25g,反应时间15min,不加带水剂,该条件下,没食子酸正辛酯的收率可达91.2％.结果表明,硫酸氢钠作为催化剂用于合成没食子酸正辛酯具有较好的催化活性和重复使用性;与传统的加热方式相比,微波加热大大缩短反应时间,降低能耗.     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.