酸溶联用发酵技术脱除大米中镉的工艺优化

为了进一步提高大米中重金属镉的脱除率,快速缓解镉超标大米的利用问题,该文采用酸溶-发酵技术脱除大米中的重金属镉,在前期研究的基础上,固定发酵技术参数,研究酸浸条件对镉脱除率的影响。结果表明：乳酸溶液为大米粉浸泡液,浸泡时间12 h,响应面法优化得到的最佳工艺条件为浸泡温度44.2 ℃,酸液体积分数48%,液料比9∶1（mL∶g）;在最佳工艺条件下处理镉含量为0.647 9 mg/kg的大米,镉的脱除率可达98.01%,与模型预测值相近,且大米粉中镉的残留量远低于国家限量标准。因此,该方法不仅能有效提高大米中重金属镉的脱除率,还能为解决镉超标大米的利用问题提供一定的技术支持。     

以大米为原料联产大米蛋白和酒精的生产工艺研究

早籼米为原料,碱法提取大米蛋白并把提取蛋白质后的物料发酵制备酒精.研究了大米粉粒度、碱液浓度、料液比、提取时间以及提取温度等因素对大米蛋白纯度和提取率的影响,对比了提取部分蛋白质后的物料和大米粉发酵制备酒精的效果.实验确定了提取大米蛋白的较佳工艺条件为:大米粉粒度为过0.8 mm筛、碱液浓度0.05 moL/L、料液比1:4、提取时间3 h、提取温度30℃.此条件下提取得到的大米蛋白纯度为94.5%,提取率为52.0%.大米提取部分蛋白质后对发酵制备酒精的影响不大:最主要是发酵时间延长.     

酸溶技术脱除大米粉中重金属镉的工艺优化

以镉含量0.647 9 mg/kg的大米为研究对象,研究利用酸液浸泡大米粉脱除大米粉中重金属镉的技术。探讨酸的种类、浸泡温度、浸泡时间、液料比和酸液浓度等因素对大米粉中镉脱除率的影响,确定选用乳酸为浸泡液,并采用三因素三水平Box-Behnken试验设计进一步优化了酸溶技术脱除大米粉中镉的技术参数。结果表明:浸泡温度、液料比和酸液浓度对镉脱除率的影响极显著(P0.01),浸泡时间影响不显著(P0.05);影响因素的主次顺序为:液料比酸液浓度浸泡温度;优化得到的最佳工艺参数为浸泡温度44.4℃,酸液浓度40%(V/V),液料比10∶1(mL/g)。在此条件下,大米粉中镉的残留量为0.018 92 mg/kg,镉的脱除率达97.08%,与预测值之间有较好的拟合性。     

镉超标大米碱法提取淀粉的工艺条件优化

以镉超标大米(镉含量0.438 mg/kg)为原料,研究了碱法提取条件对大米淀粉的纯度和镉含量的影响。利用Box–Behnken响应面法优化了镉超标大米碱法提取淀粉的最佳工艺条件。得到的最佳工艺条件为氢氧化钠碱液质量分数0.42%、浸泡时间16h、浸泡温度46℃和液料比11.5∶1(mL/g),在最佳工艺条件下处理得到的大米淀粉纯度为94.76%,镉含量为0.053 mg/kg,镉脱除率为87.90%,与所建立的模型预测值接近。     

大米淀粉提取工艺对淀粉产品镉含量的影响

以3份含镉大米为试验原料,比较了碱法、酶法和表面活性剂法3种淀粉提取工艺对淀粉产品镉含量的影响,筛选出淀粉产品镉含量较低的提取工艺;以淀粉产品的镉含量为指标,应用二次响应面分析法优化大米淀粉提取工艺条件.结果表明,碱法提取的淀粉产品镉含量最低;最优的大米淀粉提取工艺条件为:液料比6.8∶1,碱液质量分数0.23％,反应时间16h.在该工艺条件下提取的大米淀粉产品的镉含量与原料相比下降了84.77％,淀粉纯度为97.02％,淀粉提取率为75.12％.     

响应面法优化海参蒸煮废液皂苷的提取工艺

目的 以海参蒸煮废液为原料,采用醇提法提取废液中的海参皂苷。方法 通过单因素试验,研究了乙醇体积分数、提取温度、料液比和提取时间四个因素对皂苷提取率的影响,并通过Box-Benhnken中心组合试验及响应面分析法对提取条件进行优化。结果 最优提取工艺条件为：乙醇体积分数64%,提取温度56 ℃,料液比1:2 g.mL_^-1,海参皂苷的提取率为1.68%。结论 经过对海参蒸煮废液中皂苷类化合物的提取优化研究,为海参废液的资源化利用提供依据。     

超声辅助提取黄皮果核多酚工艺的研究

天然多酚物质具有各种生物活性而受到广泛关注,从食品加工副产物中回收多酚等活性物质是研究热点。为了从黄皮果核中回收多酚,以黄皮果核为原料,利用超声波技术辅助提取多酚,并采用响应面法优化提取工艺。以多酚提取率为响应值,首先通过单因素试验考察乙醇浓度、超声时间、料液比对提取率的影响,选择因素水平,再通过Box-Behnken试验设计和响应面法优化黄皮果核多酚最佳提取参数。结果表明:乙醇浓度和料液比对提取率的影响显著,超声时间对提取率的影响不显著,料液比的影响最大,而超声时间的影响最小;乙醇浓度与超声时间的交互作用对提取率的影响显著,而乙醇浓度与料液比、超声时间与料液比对的交互作用都对提取率的影响不显著;黄皮果核多酚最佳提取工艺为乙醇浓度52%、超声时间49min、料液比1∶33g/mL,此条件下提取率为7.16mg/g,与预测值偏差0.57%,说明该模型用于提取黄皮果核多酚是可靠的。     

线叶金雀花总黄酮提取工艺优化及对大肠杆菌的抑菌作用

目的:评估线叶金雀花总黄酮对大肠杆菌的抑菌活性,开拓线叶金雀花资源在食品领域的应用。方法:采用超声辅助乙醇提取法提取线叶金雀花总黄酮,利用响应面试验优化提取工艺;利用纸片扩散法、二倍稀释法、生长曲线变化和透射电子显微镜试验分析线叶金雀花总黄酮对大肠杆菌的抑菌作用。结果:线叶金雀花总黄酮的最佳提取工艺参数为乙醇体积分数53%,料液比1∶27 (g/mL),超声温度77 ℃,超声时间68 min,该条件下线叶金雀花总黄酮提取率为2.46%。线叶金雀花总黄酮对大肠杆菌的抑菌圈直径、最小抑菌浓度和最小杀菌浓度分别为(11.40±0.21) mm、12.5 mg/mL和25 mg/mL。在线叶金雀花总黄酮的作用下,大肠杆菌的生长对数期消失,细胞形态出现明显损伤,包括细胞变形、塌陷和细胞液外泄。结论:最优提取条件下,线叶金雀花总黄酮的提取率较高,且对大肠杆菌具有良好的抑菌效果。     

预浸泡-超声法提取胡芦巴中薯蓣皂苷元工艺优化

通过响应面法优化胡芦巴中薯蓣皂苷元的预浸泡-超声提取工艺。在单因素试验基础上,以浸泡时间、液料比、原料目数、超声时间为影响因素,薯蓣皂苷元总提取率为响应值进行评价,采用响应面法优化工艺。结果表明,最佳提取工艺条件为:浸泡时间6.70 h、料液比1︰15.98 (g/mL)、原料粒度62.4目、超声时间35 min。在该条件下薯蓣皂苷元提取率86.89%。该工艺可靠稳定,薯蓣皂苷元提取率较高,可为工业化放大研究提供依据和参考。     

响应面法优化花椒籽仁蛋白质盐提工艺条件

采用盐提法提取花椒籽仁中蛋白质,探讨提取时间、料液比、NaCl浓度、提取温度、提取pH对蛋白质提取率的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,通过响应面试验优化花椒籽仁蛋白质提取最佳工艺条件。结果表明:固定提取pH为11,其他各因素对花椒籽仁蛋白质提取率的影响次序依次为提取时间提取温度料液比NaCl浓度;最佳提取工艺条件为提取pH 11、提取时间35 min、提取温度50℃、料液比1∶21、NaCl浓度1.2 mol/L;在最佳提取条件下,花椒籽仁蛋白质提取率达到88.77%,所得蛋白质含量达到93.17%。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.