大黄鱼中复合腐败菌腐败能力的分析

通过分析接种腐败菌的大黄鱼无菌鱼块在贮藏中的感官、腐败代谢产物和腐败菌的变化,以腐败菌生长动力学参数和腐败代谢产物产量因子(YTVB-N/CFU 和YTMA/CFU)为指标,探讨冷藏大黄鱼优势腐败菌(腐败希瓦氏菌、假单胞菌以及这两种菌的复合菌)的腐败能力。结果表明,接种腐败希瓦氏菌、假单胞菌和复合菌的无菌鱼块的货架期分别为168、174、168h,说明接种假单胞菌的货架期较长。腐败希瓦氏菌、假单胞菌和复合菌的YTVB-N/CFU 基本一致,腐败希瓦氏菌的YTMA/CFU 明显大于假单胞菌和复合菌,腐败希瓦氏菌的腐败能力较假单胞菌和复合菌强。假单胞菌对腐败希瓦氏菌的生长有一定的拮抗作用,但仅在较高数量时才有明显作用,腐败希瓦氏菌是有氧冷藏养殖大黄鱼的特定腐败菌。     

海水鱼优势腐败菌腐败能力分析

研究大黄鱼和大菱鲆无菌鱼块接种优势腐败菌后5℃贮藏中的感官、腐败产物和腐败菌的变化,以生长动力学参数和腐败产物的产量因子(YTVBN/CFU和YTMA/CFU)为指标,探讨两种冷藏海水鱼优势腐败菌希瓦氏菌和假单胞菌的腐败能力。结果表明,大菱鲆鱼块接种腐败希瓦氏菌和恶臭假单胞菌的货架期分别为60,72h,货架期终点时的TVBN含量分别为35.48,37.56mg/100g,腐败菌菌数分别为8.14,8.32lg(CFU/g),产量因子YTVBN/CFU分别为1.86×10-7,1.35×10-7 mg TVBN/CFU。大黄鱼鱼块接种腐败希瓦氏菌和荧光假单胞菌的货架期分别为162,174h,货架期终点时的TVBN含量分别为31.74,39.01mg/100g,腐败菌菌数分别为8.71,8.91lg(CFU/g),产量因子YTVBN/CFU分别为4.49×10-8,3.72×10-8 mg TVBN/CFU。大黄鱼鱼块的货架期比大菱鲆的明显长,接种假单胞菌的两种鱼块的货架期比接种希瓦氏菌的稍长。两种海水鱼低温有氧贮藏优势腐败菌希瓦氏菌和假单胞菌都有很强的腐败能力。     

冷藏鲤鱼和罗非鱼优势腐败菌腐败能力分析

通过分析接种腐败菌的鲤鱼和罗非鱼无菌鱼块贮藏中感官、腐败代谢产物和腐败菌的变化,以腐败菌的生长动力学参数和腐败代谢产物的产量因子(YTVBN/CFU)为指标,探讨冷藏鲤鱼和罗非鱼优势腐败菌假单胞菌和腐败希瓦氏菌的腐败能力。结果表明:接种腐败希瓦氏菌和恶臭假单胞菌的鲤鱼无菌鱼块的货架期分别为132h和162h,此时的TVBN值为27.12mg/100g和22.51mg/100g,腐败希瓦氏菌和恶臭假单胞菌菌数为8.96 lg(CFU/g)和9.07 lg(CFU/g),产量因子YTVBN/CFU为9.28×10-9mg TVBN/CFU和1.81×10-8mg TVBN/CFU。接种荧光假单胞菌和腐败希瓦氏菌的罗非鱼无菌鱼块的货架期分别为132h和144h,此时的TVBN值为23.46mg/100g和24.30mg/100g,荧光假单胞菌和腐败希瓦氏菌菌数为8.83 lg(CFU/g)和9.12 lg(CFU/g),产量因子YTVBN/CFU为1.67×10-8mg TVBN/CFU和9.10×10-9mg TVBN/CFU。结合两种养殖鱼冷藏过程中的菌相变化和腐败菌在腐败过程中的作用,初步得出冷藏罗非鱼和鲤鱼的特定腐败菌是假单胞菌,两种腐败菌都具有较强的腐败能力。     

凡纳滨对虾优势腐败菌鉴定及其致腐能力的初步研究

分析鉴定了凡纳滨对虾0℃与20℃贮藏条件下的菌相组成与优势腐败菌,并对优势腐败菌16SrDNA、生长动力学、致腐能力与菌落数的变化进行了测定。结果表明,0℃与20℃贮藏条件下,对虾优势腐败菌分别是希瓦氏菌(30%)、不动杆菌(16.7%)与希瓦氏菌(46.5%)、发光杆菌(17.7%)。7℃条件下,将一定浓度的希瓦氏菌与不动杆菌菌悬液接种到无菌对虾上,结果显示接种希瓦氏菌的样品其腐败代谢产物产量因子YTVB-N/CFU、YTMA/CFU分别为12.44×10-9、6.193×10-10,而接种不动杆菌的样品其YTVB-N/CFU、YTMA/CFU分别为8.937×10-9、5.548×10-10。结果表明,7℃条件下,希瓦氏菌的致腐能力强于不动杆菌,希瓦氏菌在对虾腐败过程中占主导作用,其分析结果与对虾菌相组成的鉴定结果相一致。     

冷藏三文鱼片特定腐败菌致腐能力测定与分析

以接种三文鱼片特定腐败菌(荧光假单胞菌)的无菌三文鱼片和灭菌三文鱼汁为研究对象,通过定期测定其在0℃冷藏过程中腐败菌数、腐败代谢产物及感官的变化情况,并以其产生腐败臭味时的TVB-N产量因子(YTVBN/CFU)作为其腐败能力的定量指标,探究三文鱼片特定腐败菌荧光假单胞菌的致腐能力。结果表明:接种荧光假单胞菌的无菌鱼片和灭菌鱼汁的货架期分别为216 h和144 h,此时假单胞菌的菌落数分别为7.54 lg cfu/g和7.03 lg cfu/m L;TVB-N的含量分别为30.82 mg/100 g和29.76 mg/100 m L;产量因子YTVB-N/CFU分别为6.36×10-9 mg TVB-N/CFU和0.22×10-9mg TVB-N/CFU。该研究可为靶向抑制三文鱼腐败优势菌的生长,提高三文鱼的品质及延长其货架期提供一定的参考。     

卷丹百合提取物对4℃有氧冷藏草鱼肉片中优势腐败菌的抑菌效果

首先采用传统的分离方法从4℃有氧冷藏草鱼去皮肉片货架期终点中分离出3株优势菌株,并对其进行鉴定。随后将这3株优势菌分别回接到4℃有氧冷藏草鱼肉片上,判断其致腐能力。最后,采用滤纸片法测定卷丹百合(Lilium lancifolium Thunb.)花叶、花蕾提取物对3株优势腐败菌的抑菌活性。结果表明,4℃有氧冷藏草鱼去皮肉片货架期终点优势腐败菌为腐败希瓦氏菌(Shewanella putrefaciens)、草莓假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fragi)和中间气单胞菌(Aeromonas media),其中腐败希瓦氏菌的致腐能力最强。抑菌实验表明,当加量为20μL时,卷丹百合花叶水提物对腐败希瓦氏菌的抑菌圈直径为32 mm,花蕾60%乙醇提取物对草莓假单胞菌和中间气单胞菌的抑菌圈直径分别达到10 mm和26 mm。因此,可以判断卷丹百合提取物对4℃有氧冷藏草鱼去皮肉片中货架期终点优势腐败菌具有抑菌效果。     

冷藏鲣鱼优势腐败产胺菌分离鉴定及其致腐产胺能力分析

为探究鲣鱼中优势腐败产胺菌的种类,从冷藏的鲣鱼中筛选出3种优势腐败产胺菌,通过16S rDNA分子鉴定技术对菌株进行鉴定为荧光假单胞菌（Pseudomonas fluorescens）、弗氏柠檬酸杆菌（Citrobacter freundii）和嗜水气单胞菌（Aeromonas hydrophila）,将鉴定出的优势腐败产胺菌接种至无菌鱼肉中4 ℃条件下贮藏,通过测定菌落总数和挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N）变化,以腐败代谢产物产量因子（Y_TVB-N/CFU）分析3种优势腐败产胺菌对鲣鱼的致腐能力,并通过样品中生物胺的含量比较3种优势腐败产胺菌的产胺能力。结果表明:在贮藏8 d后接种荧光假单胞菌、弗氏柠檬酸杆菌和嗜水气单胞菌组的菌落总数分别达到8.36、8.27和8.13 lg CFU/g,TVB-N值分别为28.21、30.30和31.29 mg/100 g,3种优势腐败产胺菌对鲣鱼的致腐能力大小为嗜水气单胞菌>弗氏柠檬酸杆菌>荧光假单胞菌。接种荧光假单胞菌组、弗式柠檬酸杆菌组和嗜水气单胞菌组的组胺含量分别为196.23、83.43和261.22 mg/kg,3组样品中总生物胺含量为嗜水气单胞菌>荧光假单胞菌>弗氏柠檬酸杆菌。综合比较得出,嗜水气单胞菌对4 ℃冷藏鲣鱼致腐产胺能力最强,本研究增加对冷藏鲣鱼中优势腐败产胺菌种类的了解并提供了部分理论基础。     

冷藏海鲈鱼优势腐败菌的筛选和鉴定

分离鉴定4 ℃冷藏条件下海鲈鱼的优势腐败菌,通过选择性培养基筛选获得单一菌株,对各菌株进行致腐能力的测定,确定冷藏海鲈鱼的优势腐败菌。对冷藏海鲈鱼的优势腐败菌进行菌落形态观察及部分生理生化实验、16S rDNA分子鉴定。结果表明,有4 株冷藏海鲈鱼优势腐败菌,其中1 株为草莓假单胞菌（Pseudomonas fragi）,1 株为腐败希瓦氏菌（Shewanella putrefaciens）,其余2 株为假单胞菌（Pseudomonas sp.）。在4 ℃冷藏条件下,草莓假单胞菌的致腐能力最强,其次是腐败希瓦氏菌和假单胞菌。     

PCR-DGGE法结合传统技术研究4℃冷链贮运条件下三文鱼菌相变化

为研究三文鱼在冷链贮运4 ℃条件下的细菌腐败机制,运用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳（polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis,PCR-DGGE）技术、传统鉴定技术以及PCR技术分析了4 ℃冷链贮运条件下的三文鱼中腐败菌菌相变化规律,并通过产量因子测得各优势菌株致腐能力,从而确定特定腐败菌。DGGE指纹图谱显示,贮藏期间微生物多样性降低,假单胞菌属和希瓦氏菌属条带亮度却逐渐提高。这表明这两个属的微生物在三文鱼冷藏期间逐渐成为优势菌。通过分离和鉴定贮藏末期腐败三文鱼的优势腐败菌,本实验得到5 株优势腐败菌,分别为麦芽糖肉食杆菌（Carnobacterium maltaromaticum LMA28）、丁香假单胞菌（Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae B728a）、荧光假单胞菌（Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25）、肉食杆菌（Carnobacterium sp. WN1359）和波罗的海希瓦氏菌（Shewanella baltica OS678）。将这5 株纯培养的腐败菌分别接种到无菌三文鱼中并冷藏一定时间后,各腐败菌的挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N）产量因子分别为1.26×10－7、1.25×10－7、1.36×10－7、1.08×10－7 mg TVB-N/CFU和1.03×10－7 mg TVB-N/CFU。这5 株腐败菌对三文鱼致腐败能力的顺序依次为荧光假单胞菌SBW25＞麦芽糖肉食杆菌LMA28＞丁香假单胞菌B728a＞肉食杆菌WN1359＞波罗的海希瓦氏菌OS678。     

大黄鱼源腐败菌的腐败能力与粘附性研究

以从大黄鱼中分离得到的腐败菌为研究对象,从菌体粘附性这一角度解释希瓦氏菌成为海水鱼的优势腐败菌的原因。以细菌总数、TVB-N、TMA和K值为腐败指标,测定分离纯化自冰鲜大黄鱼体的3株希瓦氏菌(MA1-5,MA1-7,MA1-13)和3株假单胞菌(R3-1,R3-2,R3-5)的腐败能力,测定此6株腐败菌对大黄鱼体表、鱼鳃和鱼肠黏液的粘附能力,建立腐败能力与粘附能力之间的相关性。结果表明,希瓦氏菌的致腐性强于假单胞菌:希瓦氏菌的细菌总数增速显著高于假单胞菌,产TMA能力显著强于假单胞菌,K值变化快,TVB-N含量与冷藏时间呈指数增长趋势;而假单胞菌产TVB-N含量与冷藏时间呈正比趋势。希瓦氏菌对鱼体各部位黏液的粘附能力强于假单胞菌:希瓦氏菌对鱼鳃和鱼肠的粘附性高于体表,在高盐条件下时的粘附能力随氯化钠含量的升高而增强,而假单胞菌则对体表的粘附性较高。腐败能力与粘附力相关性分析表明,腐败菌的腐败能力和粘附能力呈正相关,尤其腐败菌对肠黏液的粘附能力与腐败能力呈极显著的正相关性。结果表明,希瓦氏菌在高盐浓度下对鱼鳃和鱼肠的高粘附力是其成为海水鱼优势腐败菌的原因之一。     

大黄鱼腐败菌腐败能力的初步分析

研究了接种腐败希瓦氏菌菌株的大黄鱼无菌鱼块,在5℃贮藏中的感官、TVBN、TMA和腐败希瓦氏菌变化,把产生异臭味时的菌数和影响三甲胺产物的TMA产量因子(YTMA/cfu)作为腐败菌腐败能力的定量分析指标.研究结果表明,接种腐败希瓦氏菌的大黄鱼鱼块在5℃贮藏,157h后达到感官腐败点,此时TVBN、TMA值和腐败希瓦氏菌数分别为27.82mg/100g、18.01mg/100g和3.09×109cfu/g,腐败希瓦氏菌最大菌数超过腐败点菌数,可见大黄鱼鱼块的腐败是由该菌引起的,接种在鱼块上腐败希瓦氏菌的TMA产量因子为3.59×10-9 mg-N TMA/cfu,揭示了腐败希瓦氏菌具有很强的腐败潜力,但腐败活性低,需要较高浓度才能引起腐败.     

Understanding spoilage microbial community and spoilage mechanisms in foods of animal origin

The increasing global population has resulted in increased demand for food. Goods quality and safe food is required for healthy living. However, food spoilage has resulted in food insecurity in different regions of the world. Spoilage of food occurs when the quality of food deteriorates from its original organoleptic properties observed at the time of processing. Food spoilage results in huge economic losses to both producers (farmers) and consumers. Factors such as storage temperature, pH, water availability, presence of spoilage microorganisms including bacteria and fungi, initial microbial load (total viable count—TVC), and processing influence the rate of food spoilage. This article reviews the spoilage microbiota and spoilage mechanisms in meat and dairy products and seafood. Understanding food spoilage mechanisms will assist in the development of robust technologies for the prevention of food spoilage and waste.     

Heat resistance of juice spoilage microorganisms

The heat resistance of various yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Torulaspora delbrueckii, and Zygosaccharomyces rouxii), molds (Penicillium citrinum, Penicillium roquefortii, and Aspergillus niger), and lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus fermentum and Lactobacillus plantarum) obtained from spoiled acid or acidified food products was determined in 0.1 M citrate buffer at pH values of 3.0, 3.5, and 4.0. S. cerevisiae was the most heat resistant of the microorganisms in citrate buffer, and its heat resistance was further evaluated in apple, grapefruit, calcium-fortified apple, and tomato juices as well as in a juice base with high fructose corn syrup. Decimal reduction times (D-values) and changes in temperature required to change the D-value (z-values) for S. cerevisiae were higher in the juices than in citrate buffer at all pH values tested. The D57 degrees C(135 degrees F)-values varied from 9.4 min in the juice product with pH 2.8 to 32 min in a calcium-added apple juice with pH 3.9. The S. cerevisiae strain used in this study can be used in thermal-death-time experiments in acidic products to calculate process conditions and in challenge tests to validate the calculated temperatures and hold times during processing.     

Physiology of food spoilage organisms.

A thorough understanding of the physiological responses of microorganisms to stresses imposed during food preservation is essential if novel combination systems based on mild food processing procedures are to be developed effectively. The influences of intrinsic characteristics as well as external factors such as water activity, temperature, preservatives, composition of the gaseous atmosphere, etc. on the stress response of microorganisms are discussed. The interaction of spoilage organisms with each other as well as with food pathogens and the ultimate consequences for food safety and quality are also explored in this review.     

Fungal spoilage of bottled mineral water

The occurrence of filamentous fungi together with bacteriological parameters was assessed in 126 samples of still bottled mineral water of eight different commercial brands in Argentina. In spoiled samples with visible mycelium growth, the most frequently isolated fungal species were Penicillium citrinum, P. glabrum, other Penicillium species, Cladosporium cladosporioides and Alternaria alternata. In unspoiled samples, the genera found were Penicillium, Cladosporium, Rhizopus, Aspergillus and Phoma. Only three of the 126 samples failed to meet the required microbiological standards because they were found to contain faecal streptococci.     

Alicyclobacillus spoilage and isolation--a review

Until recently, acidic products such as fruit juice and fruit based products were generally thought to be susceptible to spoilage by yeasts, mycelia fungi and lactic acid bacteria, as the low pH of these products acts as natural control measures against spoilage by most bacteria. Alicyclobacillus seem to be prevalent in fruit based products as they survive the acidic fruit juice environment, even when they are exposed to pasteurisation temperatures during production. In this review the historical background of the discovery of these bacteria is summarised. The bacterial characteristics and the reported spoilage incidences caused by members of this genus are discussed. As the isolation methods for these bacteria are controversial, this review includes a discussion of the various media that have been reported in the literature for the use in the isolation and enumeration of members of the genus Alicyclobacillus.     

酱油变质微生物因素及乳酸菌在防腐中的应用

酱油是经微生物发酵制成的具有独特色、香、味的液体调味品。酱油中含有充足的营养物质,并且酱油发酵体系多为混菌体系,因此在酱油发酵、生产和贮藏过程中容易因污染腐败菌出现“生花”、变馊、胀袋、沉淀、浑浊等现象,导致酱油的腐败变质。该文详细阐述了酱油中存在的腐败微生物种类和由它们引起的酱油变质现象,以及通过发酵工艺优化、添加防腐剂和生物技术等手段防止酱油腐败的相应措施。最后概述了乳酸菌的抗菌代谢产物种类与抑菌特性,并讨论了乳酸菌在酱油防腐中的应用潜力,以期为开发保障酱油品质稳定和提升的方法提供经验和参考。