澳洲美利奴羊肉脂肪酸组成

选择3 只澳洲美利奴羔羊的背最长肌、臀肌及臂三头肌,利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对其脂肪酸含量进行测定及分类探讨。结果表明：澳洲美利奴羊肉中共含有脂肪酸35 种,其中C15:1、C16:0、C17:1、C18:0、C18:1 n-9c脂肪酸含量较高,3 个部位肌肉中：不饱和脂肪酸含量＞饱和脂肪酸含量＞单不饱和脂肪酸含量＞多不饱和脂肪酸含量,且每个部位肌肉中单不饱和脂肪酸含量比多不饱和脂肪酸含量均高出2～3 倍;n-3脂肪酸亚麻酸甲酯（C18:3 n-3）在臂三头肌中的含量显著高于背最长肌（P＜0.05）;与另外2 个部位相比,臂三头肌总脂肪酸、饱和脂肪酸、不饱和脂肪酸、中链脂肪酸及长链脂肪酸含量均最高;臂三头肌中多不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸含量比值最高,背最长肌中最低。     

脂肪代谢重要基因网络对呼伦贝尔羊脂肪分布和脂肪酸组成的影响

选择5 月龄圈养呼伦贝尔羊巴尔虎品系与短尾品系为实验材料（n=20）,通过测定其脂肪分布、脂肪酸组成、FTO和METTL3等基因的相对表达量,研究不同品系呼伦贝尔羊脂肪代谢重要基因网络对脂肪分布和脂肪酸组成的影响。结果表明：巴尔虎羊背最长肌和臂三头肌FTO和METTL3,臂三头肌、股二头肌及皮脂AMPK,背最长肌、皮脂及尾脂CPT1 mRNA相对表达量显著高于短尾羊（P＜0.05）,背最长肌和股二头肌饱和脂肪酸、皮脂和尾脂多不饱和脂肪酸、尾脂单不饱和脂肪酸的占比显著大于短尾羊（P＜0.05）;巴尔虎羊肌肉部位ACC,皮脂FTO、METTL3、PPARγ和ACC mRNA相对表达量显著低于短尾羊（P＜0.05）,肌内脂肪含量和质量、胴体总脂肪质量和胴体脂率、背最长肌多不饱和脂肪酸和尾脂饱和脂肪酸占比显著小于短尾羊（P＜0.05）。综上,该基因网络的差异表达在一定程度上影响了不同品系呼伦贝尔羊脂肪代谢和能量代谢,进而影响了脂肪分布和脂肪酸组成。     

不同部位苏尼特羊食用品质与脂肪酸组成

选择5月龄苏尼特羊各5只,取股二头肌、背最长肌和臂三头肌三个部位,分别测定其色泽、嫩度、pH、熟肉率以及脂肪酸含量并进行比较,确定最佳部位。结果表明背最长肌色差优于股二头肌和臂三头肌,背最长肌的蒸煮损失率显著小于肱二头肌和臂三头肌(p0.05);背最长肌的嫩度显著小于股二头肌,与臂三头肌没有显著性差异;苏尼特羊三个部位的饱和脂肪酸与多不饱和脂肪酸差异不大,背最长肌的单不饱和脂肪酸高于股二头肌和臂三头肌。因此,苏尼特羊的背最长肌肉质较好,脂肪酸分布合理,为最佳部位。     

蒙古斑点马不同部位脂肪和肌肉组织中脂肪酸组成的比较研究

通过对蒙古斑点马不同部位脂肪和肌肉组织中脂肪酸组成进行分析比较,旨在明确蒙古斑点马体脂脂肪酸组成特点。选择3 匹成年蒙古斑点马,屠宰后采集肾周、肠周和皮下脂肪以及肩肌、背最长肌和臀肌样品,利用气相色谱法测定脂肪酸组成及含量。结果表明：蒙古斑点马不同脂肪组织中均检出19 种脂肪酸,其中饱和脂肪酸（saturated fatty acid,SFA）含量34.77%～37.38%,不饱和脂肪酸（unsaturated fatty acid,UFA）含量达60%以上,UFA中单不饱和脂肪酸（monounsaturated fatty acid,MUFA）含量33.04%～36.39%,多不饱和脂肪酸（polyunsaturated fatty acid,PUFA）含量26.47%～27.51%,其中皮下脂肪C10:0、C18:0、C20:0含量显著低于肾周和肠周脂肪（P＜0.05）;MUFA在皮下脂肪的沉积程度较其他2 个部位高,但均无统计学差异;PUFA中C18:3 n-3含量最高,其在各脂肪组织间无显著差异。3 个不同部位肌肉中均检出15 种脂肪酸,其中SFA含量占总脂肪酸含量的38.32%～40.04%,MUFA含量占35.70%～40.19%,PUFA含量占15.25%～20.33%;SFA中背最长肌和臀肌C12:0含量显著高于肩肌（P＜0.05）,其余SFA在不同部位肌肉间无显著差异;MUFA中背最长肌C16:1含量显著高于肩肌和臀肌（P＜0.05）;肩肌n-6/n-3 PUFA比值显著高于背最长肌和臀肌（P＜0.05）;皮下脂肪的C18:3 n-3和总PUFA含量显著高于背最长肌（P＜0.05）。综上所述,蒙古斑点马不同部位脂肪和肌肉组织脂肪酸组成各具特点,但UFA含量均较高。     

青花鸡、茶花鸡2号和白羽肉鸡肌肉脂肪酸含量比较分析

为研究青花鸡、茶花鸡2号和白羽肉鸡3 种鸡肌肉中脂肪酸含量差异,先采用氯仿-甲醇法对鸡肉粉进行脂肪提取,并对脂肪提取物进行甲酯化处理,再应用高效气相色谱仪检测3 种鸡肌肉中的18 种脂肪酸。结果表明：3 种鸡肌肉脂肪酸均以棕榈酸（C16:0）、硬脂酸（C18:0）、油酸（C18:1 n-9c）和亚油酸（C18:2 n-6c）为主;在公鸡胸肌中,青花鸡饱和脂肪酸（saturated fatty acid,SFA）含量显著高于白羽肉鸡（P＜0.05）,茶花鸡2号必需脂肪酸（essential fatty acid,EFA）含量显著高于青花鸡和白羽肉鸡（P＜0.05）;在母鸡胸肌中,青花鸡和茶花鸡2号SFA、不饱和脂肪酸（unsaturated fatty acid,UFA）含量显著高于白羽肉鸡（P＜0.05）,茶花鸡2号EFA含量显著高于白羽肉鸡和青花鸡（P＜0.05）;在公鸡腿肌中,茶花鸡2号SFA含量显著高于其他2 种鸡（P＜0.05）,茶花鸡2号和白羽肉鸡EFA、UFA含量均显著高于青花鸡（P＜0.05）;在母鸡腿肌中,青花鸡SFA含量显著高于白羽肉鸡（P＜0.05）,但与茶花鸡2号无显著差异,单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸在3 种鸡胸肌、腿肌中也有所差异。综上,不同鸡肌肉脂肪酸含量有所差异,地方资源鸡肉风味品质更佳,脂肪酸的组成更符合人体健康需求。     

苏尼特羊不同部位肌肉挥发性风味成分和脂肪酸分析

以12月龄苏尼特羊不同部位的肌肉为实验材料,取股二头肌、背最长肌、臂三头肌3个部位肌肉进行挥发性成分和脂肪酸的测定。采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析苏尼特羊肌肉中的挥发性成分。结果表明:3个部位羊肉的挥发性风味成分共鉴定出44种,包括醛类17种、醇类11种、酮类3种、酸类3种、烃类6种、其他化合物4种,通过比较3个不同部位羊肉的挥发性风味成分,筛选影响风味的物质为醛类和醇类,主要风味化合物为己醛、壬醛、1-辛烯-3-醇和2,3-辛二酮,背最长肌中的醛类和醇类含量高于臂三头肌和股二头肌;苏尼特羊3个部位的饱和脂肪酸与多不饱和脂肪酸含量差异不大,但背最长肌单不饱和脂肪酸的含量要高于股二头肌与臂三头肌,肌肉中的不饱和脂肪酸含量丰富,能对羊肉风味的产生有重要作用。     

巴寒杂交二代羊的屠宰性能、肉品质与脂肪酸组成比较

选择5月龄巴寒杂交二代10只,与同月龄的小尾寒羊、苏尼特羊作对比,分别测定并计算其屠宰性能(屠宰率和净肉率),同时取巴寒杂交二代羊的股二头肌、背最长肌、臂三头肌三个部位,分别测定其色泽、嫩度、p H、熟肉率以及脂肪酸含量并进行比较,确定食用最佳部位。结果表明:巴寒杂交二代在屠宰性能上优于小尾寒羊、苏尼特羊;其屠宰率显著大于苏尼特羊,净肉率显著大于小尾寒羊(p0.05)。巴寒杂交二代背最长肌部位的色泽、嫩度、蒸煮损失率等食用品质指标较其他部位有一定的优势,并且背最长肌部位的不饱和脂肪酸含量均高于股二头肌、臂三头肌。其脂肪酸分布合理,以脂肪酸作为评价指标,其背最长肌部位的肉质较好。     

基于代谢组学探究乳酸菌对苏尼特羊脂肪分布和脂肪酸组成的影响

选取对照组(基础日粮)和乳酸菌组(基础日粮添加乳酸菌)苏尼特羊各12 只为实验材料(n=24),测定其脂肪分布与脂肪酸组成,并通过代谢组学探究乳酸菌对苏尼特羊脂肪分布和脂肪酸组成的影响。结果表明:乳酸菌组苏尼特羊背最长肌和股二头肌脂肪含量,背最长肌和股二头肌中豆蔻油酸和二十二碳六烯酸的含量,背最长肌中棕榈酸、γ-亚麻酸和花生四烯酸的含量,股二头肌中单不饱和脂肪酸、棕榈油酸和油酸的含量,皮下脂肪中豆蔻油酸的含量,尾部脂肪中反式油酸、反式亚油酸和α-亚麻酸的含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),腹部皮下脂肪含量和尾部脂肪占比,背最长肌和股二头肌反式亚油酸的含量,股二头肌月桂酸的含量,皮下脂肪中月桂酸和棕榈酸的含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),通过代谢组学研究发现了背最长肌和尾部胆碱和脂肪酸代谢通路的显著变化,具体来说,乳酸菌组苏尼特羊背最长肌中磷酸胆碱和胞苷二磷酸胆碱水平显著高于对照组,尾部脂肪反之(P<0.05),背最长肌中油酸、α-亚麻酸和尾部脂肪中棕榈油酸、γ-亚麻酸水平显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。综上,乳酸菌在一定程度上影响苏尼特羊胆碱和脂肪酸代谢通路,进而改善其脂肪分布和脂肪酸组成。     

荣昌猪和杜洛克猪肉质及营养价值的比较分析

以脂肪型的荣昌猪和瘦肉型的杜洛克猪为研究对象,比较分析2 个品种之间背最长肌的肉质、氨基酸、脂肪酸和微量元素含量差异。结果显示：荣昌猪的肌内脂肪含量、肉色和大理石纹显著高于杜洛克猪（P＜0.05）,剪切力显著低于杜洛克猪（P＜0.05）;荣昌猪背最长肌中丝氨酸、丙氨酸、精氨酸、异亮氨酸、酪氨酸、总氨基酸含量和呈味氨基酸总量显著高于杜洛克猪（P＜0.05）;荣昌猪背最长肌的饱和脂肪酸含量显著低于杜洛克猪（P＜0.05）;单不饱和脂肪酸含量显著高于杜洛克猪（P＜0.05）;荣昌猪背最长肌中微量元素Co、Mn、Cr、Se和Zn含量均显著高于杜洛克猪（P＜0.05）,微量元素As和Mo含量显著低于杜洛克猪（P＜0.05）。结果表明,脂肪型的荣昌猪在肉质及营养价值方面总体优于瘦肉型的杜洛克猪,为中国地方猪种遗传资源的保护及开发利用提供了理论依据。     

不同部位小尾寒羊肉食用品质与脂肪酸组成的对比分析

研究不同部位小尾寒羊的食用品质和脂肪酸组成的差异,以小尾寒羊的股二头肌、背最长肌和臂三头肌为原料,对比分析3个部位的色差、p H、蒸煮损失率、嫩度、脂肪含量以及脂肪酸组成。结果表明,3个部位的色差、嫩度、p H等食用指标差异显著(p0.05),而蒸煮损失率、脂肪含量差异不显著(p0.05)。大部分的脂肪酸在部位间的差异不显著(p0.05),而臂三头肌的U∶S值显著高于股二头肌和背最长肌(p0.05),以其作为评价指标,其臂三头肌部位的肉质较好。     

草原戈壁短尾羊肉营养成分分析

为探究内蒙古包头市草原戈壁短尾羊肉的营养品质,选取12 只6 月龄草原戈壁短尾羊,宰后分别取股二头肌、肱三头肌和背最长肌,进行理化指标、脂肪酸、氨基酸、矿物质元素等营养成分测定。结果表明：草原戈壁短尾羊肉pH24 h为5.66左右,水分含量达70.47%,粗脂肪含量为7.37%,粗蛋白含量达21.43%,矿物质含量为3.00%;骨骼肌脂肪酸中含量较高的脂肪酸有C6:0、C10:0、C16:1、C22:0;在测定的氨基酸中,谷氨酸含量最高,其次为天冬氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸、精氨酸等,必需氨基酸中背最长肌苏氨酸含量显著高于股二头肌（P＜0.05）,肱三头肌中的含量介于二者之间,其他必需氨基酸含量在3 个部位中差异不显著;共检测了钾、钙、钠、镁、铜、锌、铁、锰8 种矿物质元素,其中除钾元素以外,其他元素在3 个部位中含量均有显著性差异（P＜0.05）。     

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids in muscle lipids of lambs from the Patagonian area of Argentina

The concentrations of fatty acids were measured in total lipids, triacyglycerol and phospholipid fractions of intramuscular fat (IMF) from the Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle of 10 lambs reared to approximately 30kg live weight on natural pasture with their dams. Fatty acid composition was also measured in 25 (five of each) Semitendinosus (ST), Semimembranosus (SM), Rectus femoris (RF), Gluteus (GLU) and Tensor fascia latea (TFL) muscles. Intramuscular fat percentages were similar for all muscles. Aspects of the fatty-acid patterns of relevance to human nutrition tended to favor the leg muscles with lower saturated fatty acids (SFA %), n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratios (p<0.01) and higher concentrations of the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) (p<0.05). The estimated fatty acid concentrations (mg/100g of meat) showed higher contribution of arachidonic (C20:4 n-6), eicosapentanoic (C20:5 n-3), docosapentanoic (C22:5 n-3) and docosahexanoic (C22:6 n-3) acids in leg compared to LD lipids.     

Effect of a linseed diet on lipid oxidation, fatty acid composition of muscle, perirenal fat, and raw and cooked rabbit meat

Forty Californian×New Zealand rabbits (1kg initial body weight) were fed a control or a linseed isoenergetic diet containing 30g of extruded linseed/kg. Twenty rabbits for each dietary treatment were slaughtered at 11 weeks of age, at 35 days after the start of the experiment. Feeding the linseed diet increased (P<0.005) the content of 18:2n-3 in muscles, perirenal fat, and raw and cooked meat. The long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents were also increased (P<0.01) in the meat. The linseed diet produced a robust decrease in the n-6/n-3 ratio. Cooking did not alter n-3 PUFA more than saturated fatty acids (SFA) or monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). However, n-6 PUFA were altered by cooking. The oxidative stability of Longissimus dorsi was not affected by the linseed diet, even after 300min of forced-oxidation. Inclusion of linseed in rabbit diets is a valid method of improving the nutritional value of rabbit meat.     

Effect of processing and storage on neutral lipids of buffalo meat

Three muscles viz. Triceps brachii (TB), Longissimus dorsi (LD) and Biceps femoris (BF) from different anatomical locations of adult male buffaloes were stored after broiling and pressure cooking under refrigerated (4°C) condition for 3, 6, 9 days and 30, 60, 90 days under frozen (-10°C) storage. At the end of each storage interval they were analysed for total lipids, cholesterol contents and glyceride fractions i.e. monoglycerides (MG), diglycerides (DG), and triglycerides (TG). Muscles differed significantly in total lipids as well as contents of all glyceride fractions. Muscle LD had significantly higher total lipid content than TB and BF. Muscles differed significantly in their esterfied cholesterol (EC) contents. Heat processing increased total lipids, cholesterol, MG, DG and TG contents of all the buffalo muscles studied. Total cholesterol contents remained unchanged during refrigerated and frozen storage. However, EC, MG, DG and TG contents declined during storage. The influence of anatomical locations on fatty acid composition of neutral lipids was observed. The ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids increased due to cooking. A gradual decrease in mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids was recorded during refrigerated and frozen storage.     

玉山黑猪肉营养特性分析

研究在优质肉生产中科学利用玉山黑猪这一优良地方猪种资源.对9头玉山黑猪的背最长肌中肌内脂肪、氨基酸、肌苷酸以及脂肪酸和背脂中的脂肪酸,从营养学角度进行分析评价.结果表明:玉山黑猪背最长肌中17种氨基酸总含量为19.16％,其中鲜味氨基酸和必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的比例分别为38.96％和44.78％,具有较浓的鲜味和较高的蛋白质“生物效价”,而且氨基酸评分结果表明玉山黑猪的必需氨基酸比例适宜,有利于人体吸收;玉山黑猪肉中肌内脂肪、肌苷酸含量分别为6.62％、2.99％,是其肉质鲜嫩多汁的物质基础;此外,玉山黑猪背最长肌和背脂的不饱和脂肪酸的比例都较高,其背最长肌亚油酸和亚麻酸的含量分别为12.73％和0.86％,表明玉山黑猪脂肪酸的营养价值比较高.     

Effect of crossbreeding and gender on meat quality and fatty acid composition in pork

This study considers the effect of crossbreeding and gender (barrows; gilts) on meat quality and intramuscular and subcutaneous fatty acid composition in pork. The sire lines included Large White (LW), Duroc (D) and Pietrain (P) and the dam line was Landrace (LR)×LW, producing LW×(LR×LW), D×(LR×LW) and P×(LR×LW). Pork samples were removed from Longissimus dorsi (LD) and Semimembranosus (SM) muscles and subcutaneous fat (SCF). There were no important differences in meat quality parameters but D×(LR×LW) had the highest percentage of intramuscular fat. Castrated males had more intramuscular fat and more intense meat colour than female pigs. The Large White and Duroc sire line had saturated fatty acids (SFA) in SM, whereas the Pietrain sire line was significantly higher than Duroc sire line in the concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), PUFA/SFA (P/S) and the n-6/n-3 ratio. The concentrations of SFA and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in SCF were significantly higher in LW×(LR×LW) and P×(LR×LW), respectively. No differences were found in the percentage of PUFA, P/S and n-6/n-3 ratio between D×(LR×LW) and P×(LR×LW). Female pigs had the most polyunsaturated intramuscular and subcutaneous fat. The results demonstrate small differences in fatty acid compositions among sires.     

Changes in phospholipids of buffalo meat during processing and storage

Effect of broiling and pressure cooking as well as alterations during refrigerated (4°C) and frozen (-10°C) storage on the phospholipids of adult male buffalo muscles viz. Triceps brachii (TB), Longissimus dorsi (LD) and Biceps femoris (BF), i.e. from three different locations were studied. Muscles differed significatly in their total lipid and phospholipid content. Cooking methods significantly altered the total phospholipid content and its fractions. Storage period did not show any significant effect on total phospholipids during refrigerated and frozen storage, whereas certain phospholipid classes viz. lysophosphatidyl choline and lysophosphatidyl ethanolamine + sphingomyelin increased significantly and major phospholipid classes viz. phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine decreased significantly. The changes in phospholipid classes were similar both in refrigerated and frozen samples but relatively more pronounced in the former. Palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids were the four predominant fatty acids in the phospholipids of buffalo meat. The effects associated with the location of muscles were evident. Differences in fatty acid composition of individual muscles in response to heat processing were observed. Heat processing significantly increased the total saturates in TB and LD muscles while it decreased in BF. The total monounsaturated and total polyunsaturated fatty acids of phospholipids decreased during refrigerated and frozen storage indicated by a significant decreass in oleic, linoleic and arachidonic acids.