高效液相色谱-荧光检测法测定红肉及其加工肉中唾液酸含量

采用高效液相色谱-荧光检测法对红肉及其加工肉中两种唾液酸N-乙酰神经氨酸（N-acetylneuraminic acid,Neu5Ac）和N-羟乙酰神经氨酸（N-glycolylneuraminic acid,Neu5Gc）进行定性和定量分析。利用单因素试验对衍生化与样品酸解条件进行优化,并借助超声缩短酸解时间。结果表明,以盐酸作为酸解试剂,超声辅助酸解30 min,4,5-亚甲二氧基-1,2-邻苯二胺盐作为衍生化试剂,衍生化试剂浓度为13 mmol/L,样品与衍生化试剂比值为1∶1,衍生化时间120 min时,检测效果最佳。Neu5Ac和Neu5Gc在0.1～10 μg/mL范围内线性良好,回收率为91.2%～119.7%,检出限分别为0.003 mg/kg和0.01 mg/kg,重复性的相对标准偏差（relative standard deviation,RSD）为0.7%～1.8%,精密度RSD分别为1.4%和1.2%。本方法具有灵敏度高、分析时间短、重复性及准确性好等特点。     

N-乙酰-D-葡萄糖胺-2-差向异构酶基因的克隆及表达

N-乙酰-D-葡萄糖胺-2-差向异构酶(AGE)是合成N-乙酰-D-神经氨酸(Neu5Ac)的关键酶。该酶的高效表达是提高全细胞细胞催化法合成Neu5Ac的有效途径。根据集胞藻(Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803)AGE编码基因slr1975序列信息和大肠杆菌密码子偏好性,优化密码子并人工合成目的基因序列slr975-co。将该基因克隆到表达载体pET28a中,构建了重组大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)/pET28-slr并实现了目的基因的诱导表达。SDS-PAGE分析表明,重组蛋白质的相对分子质量在43 000左右,与预期大小一致,纯化产物蛋白质质量浓度约为1.7 g/L。重组AGE的最适反应温度为42℃,最适反应pH为6.0。AGE对GlcNAc、ManNAc的Km值分别为39.0、46.5 mmol/L。以分别表达AGE和N-乙酰神经氨酸裂合酶(NanA)的重组大肠杆菌作为催化剂,以N-乙酰-D-葡萄糖胺为底物,实现了N-乙酰-D-神经氨酸的全细胞催化合成。结果表明,对AGE密码子进行优化实现了该基因在大肠杆菌中的高效表达,为全细胞催化法高效合成N-乙酰-D-神经氨酸奠定了坚实的基础。     

不同处理方式对红肉中N-羟乙酰神经氨酸解离的影响

应用不同方法处理红肉(猪肉与牛肉),研究能够有效解离红肉中N-羟乙酰神经氨酸(N-glycolylneuraminic acid,Neu5Gc)的预处理方式。将红肉通过水煮、微波加热和有机酸腌制等不同方式进行处理,利用酸水解法释放红肉中的两种唾液酸成分Neu5Gc和N-乙酰神经氨酸(N-acetylneuraminic acid,Neu5Ac),经1,2-二氨基-4,5-亚甲基二氧苯(1,2-diamino-4,5-methylenedioxybenzene,DMB)衍生化后用高效液相色谱检测其含量;另外还采用β-半乳糖苷酶水解红肉,再测定水解液中的Neu5Gc和Neu5Ac。结果表明:沸水浴处理红肉后其Neu5Gc和Neu5Ac都有一定程度的解离,水煮时间越长,红肉中Neu5Gc和Neu5Ac解离效果越好,且猪肉中的Neu5Gc相比牛肉的更容易水煮解离。采用微波炉高温处理红肉也能够解离Neu5Gc,但是解离率不超过70.0%,且处理时间影响较小;而Neu5Ac的解离率都低于Neu5Gc。红肉通过不同的弱有机酸腌制处理后Neu5Gc和Neu5Ac解离率差别不大,且醋酸腌制处理后Neu5Gc解离效果较好。另外,β-半乳糖苷酶能有效解离猪肉中Neu5Gc,水解时间越长,解离率越高。对于牛肉,Neu5Gc解离率最高为84.0%,解离效果不如猪肉。     

生物转化合成N-乙酰神经氨酸的关键因素

在前期工作中已构建了一株能以外源N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖(GlcNAc)和胞内磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸(PEP)为底物,生物转化合成N-乙酰神经氨酸(Neu5Ac)的重组大肠杆菌,但其合成Neu5Ac的效率有待进一步提高。通过调整生物转化阶段培养基中氮源和碳源的组成,探寻Neu5Ac合成过程中的关键限制性因素。结果表明,增加唾液酸合成酶NeuB活性的措施没有提高Neu5Ac的产率,而底物之一胞内PEP的供给不足是限制Neu5Ac合成的关键性因素。通过限制转化培养基中的氮源,抑制重组大肠杆菌的生长,避免了PEP被用于细胞自身生长而更多地流向Neu5Ac合成方向;通过改用不依赖PTS跨膜转运系统的甘油作为碳源,在甘油/无氮转化培养基中Neu5Ac合成量最终达到(4.42±0.08) g/L,比初始合成条件高出10.3倍。     

N-丙酰-唾液酸衍生物的化学酶法合成及在测定禽蛋中唾液酸含量的应用

为实现禽类蛋黄和蛋清中N-乙酰神经氨酸（N-acetylneuraminic acid,Neu5Ac）的准确定量,消除禽蛋样品中分析物以外的物质产生的基质效应对分析结果造成的影响,本研究以甘露糖胺为底物采用化学酶法合成了非天然唾液酸衍生物5-溴-4-氯-3-吲哚-β-D-半乳糖苷-N-丙酰-唾液酸（5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactopyranoside-N-propionyl-sialic acid,X-Gal-α-2,6-Neu5Prop）,对该衍生物在酸性条件下的水解特性以及稳定性进行研究,并以该衍生物为内标测定了鹌鹑、鹅、珍珠鸡、鸵鸟、鸭、鸽子、火鸡等9种禽类蛋黄和蛋清中Neu5Ac的含量。禽蛋样品和内标物在酸性条件下处理,唾液酸糖缀合物被解离为游离的唾液酸后经荧光标记物邻苯二胺衍生,采用高效液相色谱-荧光检测器对样品进行分析。结果表明,相同浓度的X-Gal-α-2,6-Neu5Ac和X-Gal-α-2,6-Neu5Prop在2 mol/L的醋酸溶液80℃的水解条件下水解程度相当,90 min后能够完全转化为游离的唾液酸。Neu5Ac和Neu5Prop在10 h内仍保持相似的稳定性。蛋清中Neu5Ac的含量在不同物种之间表现出很大的差异。鹌鹑蛋清中Neu5Ac的含量最低（0.13 mg/g）,而鸵鸟蛋清中的最高（2.20 mg/g）,比鹌鹑蛋清Neu5Ac含量高出近17倍。该方法能够消除生物样品中的基质效应,实现对Neu5Ac的准确定量,且样品前处理简单。因此,适合常规食品中Neu5Ac的检测与分析。     

肉制品中唾液酸含量和形态分析及在加工中的变化

本文主要运用了高效液相色谱法测量了我国牛肉、猪肉等常见肉类及常见熟食制品如火腿、香肠、卤牛肉、风干羊肉、香辣鸭脖中的两种唾液酸N-羟乙酰神经氨酸（N-Glycolylneuraminic acid,Neu5Gc）、N-乙酰神经氨酸（N-Acetylneuraminic acid,Neu5Ac）的含量、存在形式以及不同加工方式对其含量及存在形式的影响。结果表明红肉中Neu5Gc含量：牛肉46.57±2.53 μg/g>猪肉28.69±1.03 μg/g>羊肉29.09±2.32 μg/g,红肉中同时含有结合态Neu5Gc和游离态Neu5Gc,结合态Neu5Gc含量普遍高于游离态Neu5Gc。红肉中Neu5Ac含量：羊肉200.15±24.96 μg/g>猪肉110.89±5.71 μg/g>牛肉80.97±5.60 μg/g。白肉中不含Neu5Gc,鸭肉的Neu5Ac含量最高,为185.73±23.11 μg/g。熟食肉制品中,牛肉制品的Neu5Gc含量仍高于其他红肉熟食制品,并在白肉熟食制品中检测出了Neu5Gc的存在。对红肉进行蒸煮、油炸及腌制处理后Neu5Gc和Neu5Ac含量都有所下降,其中经过油炸处理的样品Neu5Gc和Neu5Ac含量下降最为明显,其次是腌制、蒸煮。本文还研究了蒸煮时间对猪肉中唾液酸含量的影响,即随着蒸煮时间的增加,Neu5Gc、Neu5Ac含量变化的总体趋势减少,蒸煮45 min后结合态唾液酸明显减少,游离态增多。即红肉中特异性含有Neu5Gc,白肉类熟食制品中也可能含有Neu5Gc,通过加工可改变肉制品中唾液酸的含量和形式,但是每种加工方式对于唾液酸含量及形式的改变不同。     

奶粉中N-乙酰神经氨酸的检测

建立一种高效液相色谱荧光测定奶粉中N-乙酰神经氨酸(N-acetylneuraminic acid,Neu5Ac)含量的分析方法。该方法利用酸水解释放出奶粉中的Neu5Ac,用邻苯二胺盐(OPD)作为衍生化试剂,80℃避光衍生100 min,采用高效液相色谱荧光检测。色谱条件为:用Thermo Hypersil GOLD柱(250mm×4.6mm, 5μm)分离;流动相选择超纯水-乙腈作为梯度洗脱,柱温为30℃,流速为1.0mL/min;进样体积为10μL;荧光检测器激发波长为337 nm,发射波长为448 nm。结果表明:N-乙酰神经氨酸在0.5～200μg/g范围内线性关系良好(R~2=0.9994),回收率为98%～119%,检出限为0.5μg/g。该方法具有灵敏度高,重复性好等特点,可准确测定市售奶粉中N-乙酰神经氨酸的含量。     

高效液相色谱法测定母乳中唾液酸含量

建立荧光高效液相色谱(fluorescence detector-high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC-FLD)测定母乳中唾液酸N-乙酰神经氨酸(N-acetylneuraminic acid,Neu5Ac)和N-羟乙酰神经氨酸(N-glycolyl neuraminic acid,Neu5Gc)含量的分析方法。利用酸水解法释放出母乳中的唾液酸,以4,5-亚甲二氧基-1,2-邻苯二胺盐(4,5-methylenedioxy-1,2-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride,DMB)为衍生化试剂,50℃避光衍生150min,采用荧光高效液相色谱仪检测。色谱条件：LiChrosorb RP-18柱(250mm×4mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-乙腈-超纯水(7:8:85),流速0.9mL/min,进样体积10μL,柱温30℃,荧光检测器激发波长373nm,发射波长448nm。结果表明：唾液酸在50～400μmol/L范围内与唾液酸峰面积的线性关系良好,平均回收率为94.0%,精密度的相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation,RSD)为0.4%,稳定性RSD为1.0%,重复性RSD为0.8%,Neu5Ac的最低检出限为0.02μmol/L,Neu5Gc的最低检出限位0.03μmol/L。该方法简单、重复性好、灵敏度高,可广泛用于奶粉、牛奶及母乳中唾液酸含量测定。     

N-乙酰神经氨酸醛缩酶基因在大肠杆菌中的高效表达

以大肠杆菌TG1的染色体总DNA为模板,通过引物设计和PCR扩增,克隆获得编码Neu5Ac醛缩酶基因(nanA)的片段;以p ET28(b)构建的nanA基因重组质粒p ET28(b)-nanA转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),达到高产N-乙酰神经氨酸醛缩酶的目的。在得到的转化子大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)/pNA1中,nanA基因受lac启动子控制,为IPTG或乳糖所诱导表达。此工程菌产酶量在浓缩后达到6.13mg/m L。     

不同加工处理方式对牛肉中Neu5Gc解离的影响

研究不同红肉及加工肉制品的N-羟乙酰神经氨酸（N-glycolylneuraminic acid,Neu5Gc）含量,不同油炸温度对牛肉中Neu5Gc含量的影响,不同蒸煮时间对牛肉汤中Neu5Gc含量的影响以及不同酶制剂对Neu5Gc的解离效果并从中筛选出能够解离Neu5Gc的酶进行进一步探究。结果表明,牛肉中的Neu5Gc含量最高为（58.45±0.98）μg/g。当油炸温度达到150?℃时,牛肉中Neu5Gc的损失随着温度的升高而增大。随着蒸煮时间的延长,牛肉汤中Neu5Gc的含量逐渐增加。此外,研究结果表明菊粉酶对Neu5Gc有解离作用,且通过正交试验获得菊粉酶作用于Neu5Gc标准品的最适条件为水浴时间30?min、水浴温度50?℃、菊粉酶添加量为质量分数0.8%,对Neu5Gc标准品的解离率可达到（50.52±0.88）%。但是,由于牛肉基质成分复杂,筛选出的菊粉酶最适作用条件作用于牛肉时,解离率仅为（7.29±2.67）%。本实验旨在为人们的日常饮食提供科学指导,并为后续开展红肉中Neu5Gc安全、稳妥的解离方法提供实验依据。     

Comparison of spectrophotometric and HPLC methods for determining sialic acid in infant formulas

Two methods for determining sialic acid in infant formulas – spectrophotometry and HPLC with fluorescence detection – have been optimised and validated, the first one allows to determine total sialic acid while the second allows to differentiate the two main forms of sialic acid (N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc)). A common sample preparation procedure (hydrolysis and purification) for both methods has been proposed. The linearity (from 6 to 150 μg of total sialic acid in the assay for spectrophotometry, and from 12.5 to 250 ng and 1 to 5 ng of Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc, respectively, for HPLC) is adequate. The detection and quantification limits (0.29 and 0.97 mg of total sialic acid/L of reconstituted sample, respectively, for spectrophotometry, and 0.03 and 0.08 mg Neu5Ac/L; 0.003 and 0.009 mg Neu5Gc/L of reconstituted sample, respectively, for HPLC) are low enough for the determination of sialic acid in infant formulas. The precision of both methods, expressed as relative standard deviation, is less than 6%, and the accuracy evaluated by recovery assays show 104% recovery for spectrophotometry; 95% for Neu5Ac and 109% for Neu5Gc for HPLC. Samples analysed show no significant differences (α < 0.05) attributable to the method used; consequently, both of them could be applied after common sample preparation, the choice of technique depending on the facilities available in the laboratory.     

Determination of sialic acids in infant formula by chromatographic methods: a comparison of high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography methods

Sialic acid determination in an infant formula presents many challenges, including efficient sialic acid release from glycoconjugates, effective sample preparation, and rugged chromatography. This work compares 2 chromatographic assays developed for determination of sialic acids in infant formula. Prior to chromatography, both assays release sialic acids by acid hydrolysis and treat the hydrolysate with a subsequent anion-exchange sample preparation. Both high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) and fluorescence ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) sample analysis methods were evaluated to compare assay performance and convenience. Calibration ranges were chosen to encompass the expected amounts of 2 sialic acids in infant formula: N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). Response was linear by either method with coefficients of determination of 1.00 by HPAEC-PAD between 5.0 and 100pmol of Neu5Ac and between 0.34 and 6.8 pmol of Neu5Gc and >0.99 by UHPLC between 5.0 and 260 pmol of Neu5Ac and between 0.20 and 9.8 pmol of Neu5Gc. Both methods had sufficient sensitivity to determine these sialic acids in infant formula. Three infant formulas were analyzed to evaluate accuracy and precision of the assays. The HPAEC-PAD assay was found to be faster overall and the UHPLC assay was more sensitive. Reaction efficiency, and therefore sensitivity, was dependent on the sample matrix. This work illustrates sample-specific complexity that must be considered in choosing an assay.     

传统中式火腿加工过程中N-羟乙酰神经氨酸的动态变化

为探究传统中式火腿加工过程中不同形态N-羟乙酰神经氨酸（N-glycolylneuraminic acid，Neu5Gc）之间的关系，采用高效液相色谱-荧光检测（high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detector，HPLC-FLD）法测定样品中总Neu5Gc、游离态Neu5Gc、结合态Neu5Gc的含量。结果表明：上述3 种形态的Neu5Gc含量随着加工时间的延长均呈前期上升后期降低的趋势；浅层肌肉半膜肌和深层肌肉股二头肌中总Neu5Gc和结合态Neu5Gc的含量变化规律相似，因水分含量降低程度的不同而使股二头肌的变化规律滞后。发酵后期水分损失幅度变缓，股二头肌中Neu5Gc解离速率高于半膜肌；新鲜猪后腿原料中游离态Neu5Gc含量极少，甚至低于检测限，结合态Neu5Gc含量与总Neu5Gc含量（15.00～30.62 μg/g）接近。发酵半年、1 年和2 年的火腿中总Neu5Gc含量分别为（15.09±0.39）、（14.52±0.38）、（28.30±0.43）μg/g，均与猪后腿原料中的Neu5Gc含量相近。为进一步探究Neu5Gc的变化，对样品进行冷冻干燥处理以避免水分含量变化对Neu5Gc含量的影响，结果表明，随着加工时间的延长，总Neu5Gc、结合态Neu5Gc的含量逐渐降低，且发酵期降低明显，具有显著差异性（P＜0.05）；游离态Neu5G变化无明显规律，但与空白样品相比，其含量呈增加趋势。     

Determining Neu5Ac in infant formula with ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

The aim of this work was to measure N‐acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) in milk‐based infant formulas. The analysis was performed by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐MS/MS). The total Neu5Ac were released using trichloroacetic acid and hydrochloric acid and purified using a HLB column. The linearity from 0.05 to 5.0 μg/mg Neu5Ac was adequate. Sialic acid recoveries ranged from 91.8% to 112.4%. The detection and quantification limits (limit of detection, 0.01 μg Neu5Ac/mg; limit of quantitation, 1.08 μg Neu5Ac/mg) were low enough to determine the sialic acid in infant formulas. The validated method is highly reproducible and sensitive, and it is easy to perform.     

Rapid and simple method for the determination in sialic acid of yak milk fat globule membrane

A rapid and simple method for the determination of sialic acid (Neu5Ac) of yak milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) by HPLC with a diode array detector was developed and validated. Samples were cleaned up just by hydrolysis and derivatization before HPLC analysis. Separation was achieved with an Agilent TC-C18 column. The method showed a good linearity (r=0.997), the sensitivity results showed that the limits of detection and limits of quantification for sialic acid were 10.0 and 21.0 μg/mL, respectively. The recovery of Neu5Ac was 95–97%. The method proved very simple and rapid for Neu5Ac analysis since separation was completely achieved at 12 min.     

基于核壳型荧光纳米颗粒检测的人免疫球蛋白G免疫分析方法研究

生物分子标记的荧光检测技术已广泛应用于生物学检测和疾病诊断。实验利用反向微乳液技术,制备出Ru(bpy)3Cl2掺杂SiO2荧光纳米粒子。IgG的检测是基于IgG和荧光纳米颗粒标记的羊抗人IgG的特异性结合。实验中,IgG检测的线性范围为1~100 ng/mL,检出限达到0.3ng/mL,对30 ng/mL人IgG进行11次检测,相对标准偏差为2.2%。实验结果表明,该检测新方法具有检测灵敏度高、操作简单和重复性好。