脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的毒性及生物脱毒研究进展

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇是镰刀菌产生的次级代谢产物,广泛存在于受污染的农作物和饲料中,不仅给农业经济造成重大损失,也给人类和动物健康带来潜在威胁。传统控制脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的方法主要有物理法和化学法,但上述两种方法都具有局限性。近年来,利用微生物生物转化方法进行脱毒展现出良好的应用前景。本文概述了脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的化学性质、毒性作用以及生物脱毒方面的研究进展,为研究生物学方法控制粮食与饲料中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇含量提供参考。     

关于脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(呕吐毒素)的科学解读

近期在食品药品监管总局组织的食品安全监督抽检中,发现个别粮食及粮食制品脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON,也称呕吐毒素）超过食品安全国家标准限量值。小麦粉中DON超标可能是原料小麦受到该毒素污染,企业对原料把关不严导致。1、谷物中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇污染在世界范围内广泛存在脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（Deoxynivalenol,DON）是由产毒真菌产生的一种次级代谢产物,     

酿酒过程中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的研究

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇是大麦、麦芽和啤酒中主要的真菌毒素,不仅影响大麦的发芽率、影响啤酒的风味,还会导致啤酒喷涌。本文参照国内外研究资料,阐述了酿酒过程中脱氧雪腐镰刀茵烯醇的变化情况。     

小麦中呕吐毒素降解的研究进展

呕吐毒素,又名脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON),是镰刀菌产生的一种真菌毒素,广泛存在于世界各地的谷物,特别是小麦中。不但给全球粮食产业造成巨大经济损失,也给人类健康带来潜在威胁,因此对小麦中的DON进行降解显得非常重要和迫切。本文对清除小麦中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的物理、化学和生物方法进行了综述,为有效控制其水平提供了思路。     

粮食中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇检测研究进展综述

本文在对粮食中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇检测研究,首先了解脱氧雪腐镰刀烯醇制毒原理及研究现状,进而分析研究毒素最新研究成果及所存在的问题,最后提出针对性意见,希望可以加强对脱氧雪腐镰刀烯醇检测质量。     

关于脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(呕吐毒素)的科学解读

近期在食品药品监管总局组织的食品安全监督抽检中,发现个别粮食及粮食制品脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON。也称呕吐毒素）超过食品安全国家标准限量值。小麦粉中DON超标可能是原料小麦受到该毒素污染,企业对原料把关不严导致。1、谷物中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇污染在世界范围内广泛存在。     

流动注射化学发光法在线检测饮用水中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇

为应对突发性脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇污染饮用水事件的发生,基于脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇对鲁米诺—过氧化氢体系的促进作用,建立流动注射化学发光在线检测脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的新方法。在优化的试验条件下,该方法测定脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的线性范围为0.001~4.000 mg/L;检出限(S/N=3)为0.001 mg/L;相对标准偏差(RSD,n=11)为1.89%;不同加标水平下的加标回收率为67.33%~94.50%;相对标准偏差(n=3)小于2.34%。该方法具有灵敏度高、分析速度快及操作简便等优点,可应用于突发性脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇污染的在线快速检测和应急预警。     

河南省粮食及其制品中真菌毒素污染情况调查

目的了解河南省市售粮食及其制品中真菌毒素污染的种类和程度。方法 2018—2019年采集河南省市售粮食及其制品,采用同位素稀释超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)法测定16种真菌毒素含量,检测结果按照GB 2761—2017《食品安全国家标准食品中真菌毒素限量》进行评价分析。结果 100份玉米面、玉米渣及玉米粒中伏马菌素、玉米赤霉烯酮、黄曲霉毒素、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇是主要污染真菌毒素,检出率范围为0.0%～95.7%;220份小麦粉、面条和馒头中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇检出率分别为78.0%(124/159)、64.3%(18/28)和87.9%(29/33);其他真菌毒素含量较低或未检出。结论河南省粮食及其制品中存在不同程度的真菌毒素污染问题,尤其是玉米及其制品中伏马菌素有较高的检出率,应及时开展溯源调查,尽快采取相应控制措施。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定啤酒中的真菌毒素

建立啤酒样品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、3-乙酰基脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、15-乙酰基脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、玉米赤霉烯酮、去环氧脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇-3-葡萄糖苷、雪腐镰刀菌烯醇等7种真菌毒素的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定方法。啤酒样品经过Mycosep226多功能净化柱净化后,取净化液吹干浓缩后,经Acquity UPLC BEH C18色谱柱（100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7μm）分离,在负离子模式下,用电喷雾电离串联质谱以多反应监测模式（MRM）进行检测分析,同位素内标法进行定量。结果表明,7种真菌毒素在2～1000μg/L浓度范围内线性关系良好（r＞0.999）,最低检出浓度为0.03μg/L,在20μg/L、200μg/L、500μg/L 3个加标水平下进行了验证试验,平均回收率为82.7%～115%,相对标准偏差为1.94%～9.87%。该方法简便、快速、准确,满足实验要求,可用于啤酒样品中真菌毒素的多残留的检测分析。     

安徽省玉米、面粉中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的污染调查

安徽省玉米、面粉中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的污染调查陆刚，李李，薛英安徽医科大学（２３００３２）脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇１３、１５、１７三羟基１２、１３环氧单端孢霉─９烯─８酮，简称ＤＯＮ是引起人、畜赤霉病麦中毒的主要真菌毒素。〔１、２、３〕广泛存在于小麦、大麦...     

Occurrence of total aflatoxins,ochratoxin A and deoxynivalenol in foodstuffs available on the Lebanese market and their impact on dietary exposure of children and teenagers in Beirut

Mycotoxins are fungal metabolites commonly present in food and constituting a potential threat to food safety. Total aflatoxins (AFT), ochratoxin A (OTA) and deoxynivalenol (DON) are among the most widespread mycotoxins. We assessed the occurrence of AFT, OTA and DON in some foodstuffs available on the Lebanese market and evaluated the potential risk to the health of children and teenagers in Beirut from dietary exposure to these mycotoxins. Analytical data on the contamination of raw and processed cereals and cereal-based products, pulses and nuts were collected. The mean levels of AFT, OTA and DON were calculated for each food items. Levels of dietary exposure were obtained by combining food consumption data with the mean mycotoxin levels, adopting a deterministic approach. Intakes were calculated for average and high consumers (75th and 95th percentile) among children and teenagers, and compared with the provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI) or provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) of the respective mycotoxin. The results showed that mycotoxin levels in the food samples were generally below national/European maximum limits. However, high levels of AFT, OTA and DON were found in some samples of nuts, biscuits and bread. The calculated intake for AFT exceeded its respective PTDI in all groups by a factor ranging from 3 to 7. The intakes of OTA and DON were found to be below the threshold of toxicological concern established for these mycotoxins by international expert groups, although the intake of DON in children at the highest percentile (P95) was close to its PTDI. Our study highlights the need to reconsider the maximum permissible levels of total aflatoxins in some foodstuffs and to establish regulatory guidelines regarding OTA and DON. The results also emphasise the need for routine monitoring of the levels of mycotoxin contamination in foodstuffs that are highly consumed by Lebanese children and teenagers, i.e. cereals and cereal-based products.     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇脱毒方法研究进展

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（deoxynivalenol,DON）是粮食和饲料中污染广泛的真菌毒素之一,其化学性质稳定,毒性强,严重威胁人类和动物的健康。目前DON脱毒方法主要有物理脱毒法、化学脱毒法和生物脱毒法,其中生物脱毒法具有安全环保、特异性强、解毒效果显著等优点而备受推崇。生物脱毒法主要包括微生物的吸附作用和酶降解方式等。微生物的酶降解作用是通过破坏DON的毒性基团,例如C12,13位脱环氧、C3-OH氧化和C3-OH异构化等,将DON代谢转化为毒性较小甚至无毒的物质。某些种类的乳酸菌、芽孢杆菌、德沃斯氏菌和酵母菌等细菌和真菌都具备降解DON的能力,乳酸菌作为食品级的益生菌,在降解DON和防控食品真菌毒素污染具有广阔的应用前景。本文综述了DON脱毒方法的研究进展,将其优缺点进行分析总结,旨在为防控食品和饲料中DON污染,尤其是微生物对DON脱毒作用的进一步拓展和深入研究提供参考。     

Decontamination and detoxification strategies for the Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in animal feed and the effectiveness of microbial biodegradation

Trichothecenes are a group of mycotoxins mainly produced by fungi of the Fusarium genus. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most abundant and important trichothecenes in food and feed, and is a significant contaminants due to its frequent occurrence in toxicologically relevant concentrations worldwide. Since toxin production depends strongly on environmental conditions, such as temperature and humidity, Fusarium toxin contamination can not be avoided completely. Therefore, exposure to this toxin is a permanent health risk for both humans and farm animals. As cereal crops are commonly contaminated with DON and animal diets consist mainly of cereals, it can be assumed that animals are frequently exposed to DON-contaminated feeds. Many strategies can be undertaken to reduce the toxic effect of DON. In addition to the general necessity for minimizing all risk factors that might influence the contamination of cereals with DON, such as the so-called field toxins before harvest, several post-harvest strategies can be applied to counteract possible deleterious effects of this mycotoxin in farm animals. Another approach for decontamination in feedstuffs is the use of adsorbent materials. Adsorbent materials may bind mycotoxins in the gastrointestinal tract and reduce absorption and systemic toxicity. It has been shown that some adsorbents are suitable to alleviate the toxic effects of specific mycotoxins, but its efficacy against trichothecenes is practically zero. Therefore, alternative strategies to reduce animal and human health risk are needed. The use of microbial additives is a method which uses microorganisms having the capability to detoxify mycotoxins by metabolism or degradation prior to their resorption in the gastrointestinal tract. DON has been reported to be completely transformed to de-epoxy-DON by ruminal and intestinal microflora. Eubacterium BBSH 797 was capable of DON degradation and counteracted the toxic effects of DON in animals. This review focuses on the efficacy of microbial feed additives in ameliorating the toxic effects of DON. According to the results of experiments to date, it appears that microorganisms are the main living organisms suitable for this mycotoxin biodegradation. However, the use of this approach depends on its effectiveness from both a practical and economic perspective.     

粮食真菌群落组成及多样性研究进展

真菌生长会导致粮食品质下降甚至真菌毒素污染,是造成粮食损失,引起食品卫生安全隐患的重要因素之一。当前,世界各国都十分重视粮食上真菌及真菌毒素污染的问题,明确粮食上真菌群落组成是真菌及毒素污染防控的关键。本文对粮食真菌的分类、危害以及我国粮食真菌群落组成及多样性研究进展进行了综述,介绍了真菌群落组成与真菌毒素污染的关系并探讨了真菌群落组成及多样性研究的应用前景,旨在为全面系统研究粮食真菌提供方法,从而为粮食真菌毒素精准防控的深入研究提供参考。     

Limiting mycotoxins in stored wheat

The quality of harvested wheat grain can deteriorate markedly during the post-harvest management stages. Biotic factors, such as grain type and ripeness, coupled with the prevailing abiotic factors, such as water content and temperature, and also preservative concentration will influence the safe storage life and the level of contamination with mycotoxins. These mycotoxins include deoxynivalenol (DON) produced pre-harvest and zearalenone (ZEA) produced post-harvest by Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium poae, respectively, ochratoxin (OTA) produced by Penicillium verrucosum post-harvest in cool damp northern European climates, and perhaps T-2 and HT-2 toxins produced by Fusarium langsethiae. This review presents recent data on the relationship between dry matter losses caused by F. graminearum under different environmental regimes (water activities, temperatures) and the level of contamination with DON. This is important as poor post-harvest drying and storage management may exacerbate DON contamination already present pre-harvest. It is thus critical to relate the environmental factors in stored wheat grain during storage, especially of intergranular relative humidity (RH) and temperature, to safe storage periods without spoilage or risk from increased DON contamination. The growth/no growth and DON/no DON (F. graminearum) and OTA/no toxin production (P. verrucosum) have been used to build a model with a simple interface to link temperature and RH values to the potential risk level which may allow growth or toxin production. This paper also considers the use of modified atmospheres, preservatives and biocontrol to minimise DON and OTA in moist wheat grain. These approaches together with clear monitoring criteria and hygiene could contribute to better post-harvest management of stored temperate cereals and ensure that mycotoxin contamination is minimised during this key phase in the food/feed chain.     

欧盟RASFF系统对重金属的风险预警及对我国的启示

对欧盟食品与饲料快速预警系统近十年重金属污染食品的通报数据及变化趋势进行了分析,对2008年～2010年欧盟关于汞、镉、铅、砷四种常见的重金属污染的食品类别和欧盟风险预警的措施进行了研究.由于重金属污染一直是我国食品污染的主要原因之一,因此,借鉴欧盟对重金属的风险预警理念和预警策略,有利于我国开展对食品中重金属的风险预...     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇解毒酶研究进展

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（Deoxynivalenol, DON）是镰刀菌属（Fusariums spp.）产生的剧毒次级代谢产物,主要污染小麦、玉米等粮食及其制品,导致了严重的食品安全风险。目前生物酶法去除DON的技术研究,展现出良好的应用前景。综述了国内外关于DON生物转化的生物酶类型、降解机制、产物结构特征、解毒酶挖掘策略,以及解毒酶分子改造等研究现状,并对人工智能应用于真菌毒素解毒酶的相关研究进行了展望,以期为食品和饲料中DON的生物脱毒技术的研发提供参考。     

贝叶斯网络及其在白酒安全预警中的应用

近年来,白酒安全问题日益凸现,影响人们身体健康和白酒行业发展,白酒安全预警日益重要。本文以食药监局的监测数据为样本,研究基于贝叶斯网络的白酒安全预警方法。从可能影响白酒质量安全的金属污染物、农药残留、食品添加剂、品质指标、微生物污染和非食用物质6个方面的因素进行分析,划分食品安全状况等级与预警指标,运用最大似然估计算法和贝叶斯网络建立白酒食品安全预警模型,使用MATLAB软件进行仿真实验,对白酒危害因子的风险值和白酒食品安全的风险程度分类预测。结果表明,贝叶斯网络在白酒食品安全风险预警中具有较高的准确率,是一种能准确、稳定实现白酒食品安全风险预警的算法,有助于为政府监管提供决策支持,丰富食品安全预警技术方法。     

Occurrence of the mycotoxins ochratoxin A, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol in feed components.

The mycotoxin contamination of feed components used by the Dutch cooperative feed industry was surveyed to estimate the risk for animal production losses. Of 89 randomly and 6 selectively taken samples of raw materials harvested in 1988 and 1989 27% were contaminated with ochratoxin A (OCHRA), 31% with zearalenone (ZEA) and 20% with deoxynivalenol (DON). The mean content (microgram/kg) of all positive randomly taken samples was 18 (OCHRA), 62 (ZEA) and 630 (DON). The highest level (microgram/kg) for all samples was 120 (OCHRA) in barley, 3100 (ZEA) in corn cob mix and 1900 (DON) in maizegluten feed. The results of this survey show that feed components are often contaminated with mycotoxins. However, the contamination level could only sporadically cause production losses in animal husbandry.