基于非线性化学指纹图谱的羊乳广谱掺假检测研究

目前羊乳中发现的掺假物质种类繁多,而检测方法多为针对单一掺假物质的检测。本研究基于非线性指纹图谱技术构建非特异性的广谱掺假物质判定方法。本研究在测定32个纯山羊乳样品及添加5%、1%和0.1%不同浓度氯化钠、大豆蛋白胨、尿素和蔗糖羊乳样品的非线性指纹图谱基础上,对纯山羊乳与掺假羊乳的指纹图谱进行直观的比较和相似度比较。添加0.5%以上氯化钠或尿素的掺假样品和5%以上大豆蛋白胨或蔗糖的掺假样品与纯生鲜羊乳的指纹图谱明显不同,可判定为掺假羊乳。以纯羊乳样品最低相似度值为临界值,则含0.5%和1%蔗糖的掺假样品相似度值在临界值上下,其余掺假样品的相似度值均小于临界值83.4%。故对生鲜乳中添加以上四种掺假物质浓度大于5%的掺假行为通过指纹图谱的直观比较和相似度值比较均可判定为掺假,该方法可用于生鲜羊乳的掺假检测,一次检测即可排除多种掺假物质的存在。     

天津地区生鲜牛乳掺假的鉴别

乳与乳制品出现的质量问题，对乳品的生产和消费产生很大的负面影响，非常不利于乳品业的发展。乳制品质量安全状况在很大程度上取决于生鲜牛乳（原料乳）质量安全状况，针对这一问题，研究了一种利用乳品快速分析仪可以快速检测掺假生鲜牛乳的方法。该方法是利用红外光谱技术鉴别掺假乳，具有快速、准确的特点。     

指纹图谱技术在乳制品质量控制中的应用

指纹图谱技术是一种分析复杂组分或成品的有效、全面的分析方法。简要地介绍了指纹图谱技术的特点、研究方法以及指纹图谱的构建。重点概述了指纹图谱技术在乳制品领域中的应用,包括特征鉴定、掺假识别、质量过程控制以及微生物监测四个方面。指纹图谱技术将成为乳制品质量控制新的发展方向。     

生乳中豆浆、米汤掺假鉴别及其定量测定

为鉴别生乳掺假,采用非线性化学指纹图谱技术,建立基于"溴酸钠+硫酸锰+硫酸+丙酮"稳态体系的不同奶源地的纯生乳及掺入不同量豆浆、米汤的生乳的非线性化学指纹图谱,利用指纹图谱的直观特征信息能很好地将掺豆浆、米汤的生乳鉴别出来,并能对掺假物的种类进行判断。根据掺假生乳指纹图谱参数信息与掺假量的关系,可对生乳中掺入豆浆、米汤的相对含量进行评估。非线性化学指纹图谱技术为原料乳中豆浆、米汤的掺假鉴别及掺入物质的相对含量的评价提供了一种新的方法。     

朴素贝叶斯分类模型在中红外光谱测原料奶掺假中的应用研究

现有常规乳与乳制品掺假检测方法主要是利用鲜乳以及所掺入物质的物理化学性质进行测定,每种方法只能检测一种掺假成分,所以比较费时、烦琐。中红外光谱具有分析快速、操作方便、成本低、对样品不造成损伤、无需前处理、再现性好、不污染环境等优点。通过朴素贝叶斯分类模型建立生鲜牛奶和掺假原料奶的判别模型,判断未知样是否属于掺假原料奶。     

高效毛细管电泳检测植物蛋白食品中的特征蛋白质

植物蛋白广泛应用于食品加工中,相关食品标准迫切需要建立蛋白质定性、定量的检测方法保证食品质量和安全。采用高效毛细管电泳法,对4 种样品中的蛋白质进行检测,并利用指纹图谱软件对样品中所含蛋白种类进行比对,找出同类样品中共有特征峰,以及对不同植物蛋白互相掺假谱图进行比对,通过特征峰及保留时间对掺假物质进行鉴别,为植物蛋白掺假鉴别实验提供科学依据。     

我国乳品质量安全问题频发的原因及对策

<正>乳制品安全严重影响着消费者健康,近年来,我国乳品安全问题频繁出现,严重打击了国内消费者对乳制品安全的信心,同时也使得乳品行业受到打击。保证乳品安全的前提是保证原奶的质量安全,需建立严格的监督管理体系,严格把控乳制品的质量,政府要加强对乳制品监管的力度,加大对向牛奶中掺假等违法行为的查处和惩罚力度。以生鲜牛羊乳及其制品为主原料,     

乳与乳制品中L-羟脯氨酸检测技术的研究进展

近几年来由于一些企业为降低生产成本,常常会在乳与乳制品中掺假,这种行为严重影响了乳品加工企业的产品质量,同时也对消费者的身体健康造成了严重损害。在各种乳与乳制品掺假方法中,添加蛋白类掺假物如水解蛋白是比较常见的方法。L-羟脯氨酸是水解蛋白特有的氨基酸,而乳蛋白质中是不含L-羟脯氨酸的,因此检测乳与乳制品中是否含有L-羟脯氨酸是判断乳与乳制品是否掺假的一个重要手段之一。目前,针对L-羟脯氨酸的检测方法主要有分光光度法、液相色谱法、氨基酸分析仪法、液相色谱质谱法等。本文综述了近几年来国内外乳与乳制品中L-羟脯氨酸的检测技术及其研究进展,对上述几种检测方法各自的优缺点进行了详细的分析,同时对未来的L-羟脯氨酸检测技术发展进行了展望。     

解析乳及乳制品中添加皮革水解蛋白问题

我国食品安全问题日益突出,其中乳制品掺假问题也倍受关注.乳及乳制品中添加皮革水解蛋白,对乳品的生产和消费产生很大负面影响,严重阻碍行业的发展.本文对乳及乳制品掺假的原因,皮革水解蛋白的提取工艺、特性、应用、对人体健康的损害、相关禁用限用法规、检测分析方法等方面进行了系统解析.     

一种适用于乳制品基因组DNA快速提取方法的研究

目的对比NaOH裂解法、PBS裂解法以及直接煮沸法3种方法提取乳制品中核酸的提取效果,优化提取条件,确定一种更适用于现场检测、简便快速的的乳制品DNA快速提取技术。方法以牛奶、水牛奶、牦牛奶、羊奶、骆驼奶、以及驴奶6种常见的乳制品为材料,分别用NaOH裂解法、PBS裂解法以及直接煮沸法3种提取方法提取乳制品中的DNA,并根据裂解液用量和裂解时间进行优化,通过PCR扩增和琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析,检测DNA提取的质量和灵敏度。结果 NaOH裂解法能够提取所有物种的乳制品DNA,而且可以在最佳裂解条件下提取模拟掺假混合乳的DNA进行检测,发现其检测限能达到1%的牛奶含量。结论该方法取样量小,成本低,在15 min内即可完成快速提取,为实验室乳制品DNA定性或定量鉴别,以及乳制品的现场掺假鉴别提供了一种快速灵敏低成本的样品前处理技术。     

Traceability in the Indian dairy industry: Concept and practice

The rise in milk adulteration and contamination, fraud incidents and improper handling necessitates effective traceability systems in the Indian dairy industry. Thus, this review investigates current trends, associated challenges, traceability and its fundamental applications to address food safety and quality issues. The paper covers the evolution of milk adulteration and contamination detection techniques from conventional to emerging. Such information and analytical technologies can improve transparency and safety in the dairy industry by implementing effective traceability systems. This review will explore the challenges and future opportunities associated with the current situation in the Indian dairy industry.     

掺假羊乳及其制品中牛乳的检测技术研究进展

羊乳具有营养价值高、蛋白质组成更接近人乳、脂肪球直径小及致敏性低等优点, 更利于人体消化吸收, 受到消费者和乳品企业的青睐。近年来我国羊乳产业发展迅速且潜力巨大, 但由于受羊乳产量和养殖规模的限制, 羊乳价格昂贵, 市场中存在羊乳及其制品掺假牛乳的现象, 且掺假手段多样, 难以辨别。为了保证消费者的健康和权益, 保障羊乳市场良性发展, 羊乳及其制品的纯正性、真实性检测已经成为热点研究方向。本文通过分析基于乳中蛋白质、脂肪和核酸差异的羊乳中牛乳掺假检测技术的研究现状, 介绍和探讨了各检测技术的基本原理及其在应用中的优缺点, 同时展望羊乳掺假检测技术的发展方向, 旨在为牛羊乳混合掺假检测技术的进一步发展提供资料参考和思路。     

计算机信息技术在乳制品质量安全追溯 体系中的应用

随着科学技术的迅速发展,计算机信息技术的应用越来越广泛,计算机在食品质量安全管理方面的应用也日趋迫切。本文主要对乳制品质量安全追溯体系、计算机信息技术在奶源品质管理及乳制品生产过程中的应用进行了概述。将计算机信息技术应用于乳品质量安全追溯体系可以发挥其优点,实现从研究开发、原料获取、生产加工、流通消费、监督管理到信息服务等各个环节的高效管理,将计算机信息技术与乳制品质量安全追溯体系相结合,能够在源头上遏制问题产品的扩散,确保乳制品质量安全。     

原料乳中药物残留和掺假物质检测方法的研究进展

原料乳中药物残留或掺假物质的存在造成的安全事件屡屡发生,这使我国乳品行业面临着巨大的挑战。本文主要综述了常规检测法、免疫分析法、仪器检测分析法、生物传感器和蛋白质芯片技术等对原料乳中常见聚醚类抗生素、类固醇激素、苯二氮卓类药物、苯基脲类除草剂、四环素类抗生素和青霉素类抗生素等药物残留、物理性质与原料乳相近的物质、常见电解质、非电解质、防腐剂等掺假物质的检测方法,以及对单一成分掺假物和多种成分掺假物的检测方法,并比较了不同检测方法的准确度、灵敏度、成本等优缺点,以期为相关检测部门进行质量监测或生产厂家牛乳收购提供技术参考。     

蛋白质组学技术在不同物种乳掺假检测中的应用

乳品是人类重要的营养源，然而乳品掺假现象时常发生，近年来尤以向乳品中掺假动、植物蛋白，向特色畜乳中掺假牛乳等方式为主，这不仅损害了消费者的利益，甚至会危害消费者的健康。该研究总结了目前常见的掺假行为及相关检测方法，并介绍了蛋白质组学技术——一种通过确立特定生物标记物来区别不同物种乳的技术。作者查询了国内外近十年来牛乳和特色乳掺假方面的研究报道，关键词设置为“蛋白质组学”、“乳品”、“真实性”、“生物标记物”等，按照奶畜乳类别将所得文献进行分类。分别对奶牛乳、羊乳、驼乳、水牛乳、牦牛乳、驴乳的掺假物、潜在标记物和检出限等方面进行了总结和分析，以期为乳品真实性鉴定和保障乳品质量安全提供有效的工作思路。     

肉类掺假检测技术的研究进展

肉类品质的好坏直接影响着人们的生活质量和健康安全,同时也影响着整个肉品行业的发展。在高额利益驱动下,市场上肉类品质不容乐观,肉类生产加工过程中掺假现象层出不穷。本文介绍了市场上肉类掺假的主要方法,综述了目前采用的实时荧光PCR定量检测方法、电子鼻结合统计学分析、酶联免疫分析、近红外特征光谱技术、高光谱技术和核磁共振技术来检测肉类掺假情况,并探讨不同检测技术的原理、优缺点以及对肉类掺假检测技术的未来发展。     

A 100-Year Review: Microbiology and safety of milk handling

Microbes that may be present in milk can include pathogens, spoilage organisms, organisms that may be conditionally beneficial (e.g., lactic acid bacteria), and those that have not been linked to either beneficial or detrimental effects on product quality or human health. Although milk can contain a full range of organisms classified as microbes (i.e., bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoans), with few exceptions (e.g., phages that affect fermentations, fungal spoilage organisms, and, to a lesser extent, the protozoan pathogens Cryptosporidium and Giardia) dairy microbiology to date has focused predominantly on bacteria. Between 1917 and 2017, our understanding of the microbes present in milk and the tools available for studying those microbes have changed dramatically. Improved microbiological tools have enabled enhanced detection of known microbes in milk and dairy products and have facilitated better identification of pathogens and spoilage organisms that were not known or well recognized in the early 20th century. Starting before 1917, gradual introduction and refinement of pasteurization methods throughout the United States and many other parts of the world have improved the safety and quality of milk and dairy products. In parallel to pasteurization, others strategies for reducing microbial contamination throughout the dairy chain (e.g., improved dairy herd health, raw milk tests, clean-in-place technologies) also played an important role in improving microbial milk quality and safety. Despite tremendous advances in reducing microbial food safety hazards and spoilage issues, the dairy industry still faces important challenges, including but not limited to the need for improved science-based strategies for safety of raw milk cheeses, control of postprocessing contamination, and control of sporeforming pathogens and spoilage organisms.     

Detection of adulteration in milk: A review

Milk is a wholesome nutritious dairy product and is consumed by a majority of the population worldwide for drinking as such, as well as via dairy products. However, the practice of adulteration of milk invariably reduces its quality and may introduce hazardous substances into the dairy supply chain jeopardising consumers’ health. Various instances of adulteration of milk have been reported globally, wherein substances such as extraneous water, foreign proteins, whey proteins, melamine and urea, vegetable or animal fats, plus many minor constituents of milk fat have been added as potential adulterants in milk and milk products. This review focusses on the different methods of detection of these adulterants in milk using techniques such as DSC, RP‐HPLC, LC‐GC, HPTLC, immunoassays: CE, ELISA, FAMPST, FTIR, NIR spectroscopy, PAGE, IEF, DNA‐based methods and MALDI‐MS that have been developed and employed for the last 25 years. The combination of advanced IR spectroscopy and chemometrics provides a powerful tool for quality and authenticity analysis of milk. An electronic tongue is an easy and economic tool for the detection of caprine milk adulterations with bovine milk. Biosensors having the ability to furnish real‐time signals have been developed for the detection of urea in milk. An attempt has been made to give a clear understanding of the most suitable methods for the determination of various sources of adulteration.     

原料牛奶中微生物的污染问题与检测分析

原料牛奶在整个生产环节中,如牛乳房微生物、挤奶环节、储存过程等都有可能发生微生物污染事件,在初始阶段乳烃素的作用下存在一段抑菌周期,经过抑菌期后原料牛奶就会出现变质现象.原料牛奶是整个乳制品供应链中的最上游,其质量安全直接影响下游的终端乳制品,是整个乳品行业能保持健康发展的基石.近年来,原料牛奶的质量安全问题已成为社会...     

ADSA Foundation Scholar Award: Trends in culture-independent methods for assessing dairy food quality and safety: Emerging metagenomic tools

Enhancing the quality and safety of dairy food is critical to maintaining the competitiveness of dairy products in the food and beverage market and in reinforcing consumer confidence in the dairy industry. Raw milk quality has a significant effect on finished product quality. Several microbial groups found in raw milk have been shown to adversely affect the shelf life of pasteurized milk. Current microbiological criteria used to define milk quality are based primarily on culture-dependent methods, some of which are perceived to lack the desired sensitivity and specificity. To supplement traditional methods, culture-independent methods are increasingly being used to identify specific species or microbial groups, and to detect indicator genes or proteins in raw milk or dairy products. Some molecular subtyping techniques have been developed to track the transmission of microbes in dairy environments. The burgeoning “-omics” technologies offer new and exciting opportunities to enhance our understanding of food quality and safety in relation to microbes. Metagenomics has the potential to characterize microbial diversity, detect nonculturable microbes, and identify unique sequences or other factors associated with dairy product quality and safety. In this review, fluid milk will be used as the primary example to examine the adequacy and validity of conventional methods, the current trend of culture-independent methods, and the potential applications of metagenomics in dairy food research.