低引燃倾向卷烟纸对卷烟主流烟气及全长燃烧比例的影响

为研究低引燃倾向卷烟纸对卷烟主流烟气及全长燃烧比例的影响,采用两种定量的基纸制成了两个扩散率梯度的低引燃倾向卷烟纸,在不改变卷烟原有配方结构的基础上,仅替换卷烟纸(普通卷烟纸和低引燃倾向卷烟纸)制备了相应的卷烟样品,并对样品进行了主流烟气释放物、自由燃烧全长燃烧比例和标准测试全长燃烧比例的分析测试。结果表明:1低引燃倾向卷烟较对应的普通卷烟,主流烟气中焦油释放量增加,烟碱释放量增加不明显,CO释放量显著增加。低引燃倾向卷烟纸定量升高焦油和CO释放量有增大的趋势,烟碱释放量变化不明显。低引燃倾向卷烟纸扩散率升高焦油和烟碱释放量变化不明显,CO释放量有下降的趋势。2低引燃倾向卷烟纸扩散率升高自由燃烧全长燃烧比例增大,定量升高自由燃烧全长燃烧比例增大。3低引燃倾向卷烟纸扩散率升高标准测试全长燃烧比例增大,定量升高标准测试全长燃烧比例增大。     

卷烟纸助燃剂对卷烟燃烧特性及主流烟气中CO释放量的影响

为了考察卷烟纸助燃剂对卷烟燃烧特性及主流烟气中CO释放量的影响,探讨了卷烟纸助燃剂的类型、用量、含钾比例与卷烟燃烧主流烟气中CO的释放量、卷烟燃烧特性之间的相关性。结果表明,卷烟纸助燃剂用量与卷烟的阴燃温度、烟碱量、焦油量具有相关性,提高助燃剂用量能提高卷烟燃烧时的阴燃温度、加快烟支的燃烧速度,且烟碱量和焦油量随之减少;保持卷烟纸助燃剂用量不变,助燃剂中的含钾比例与烟气常规成分和卷烟燃烧温度无明显相关性;卷烟纸助燃剂的类型、用量、含钾比例与CO释放量无明显相关性,CO释放量与卷烟燃烧时低温区域面积和高温区域面积的比值R具有强烈的正相关。     

LIP卷烟纸的优化设计及在烤烟型卷烟中的应用

低引燃倾向(LIP)卷烟能减少卷烟引发火灾的风险,为了将LIP卷烟纸应用到烤烟型卷烟上,对LIP卷烟纸的原纸透气度、助燃剂含量和阻燃带扩散率进行优化,并将LIP卷烟纸初步应用到烤烟型卷烟上;测定了LIP卷烟的引燃性能、自由燃烧熄灭率及CO、焦油、烟碱含量,并进行感官质量评吸。结果表明,经过优化后,LIP卷烟纸的原纸透气度为95 CU,助燃剂含量为1.0%,阻燃带扩散率为0.115 cm/s;制备的LIP卷烟符合ASTM E2187-04的要求,能有效减少火灾的发生,CO、烟碱、焦油含量变化不大,抽吸品质也没有明显差别。     

低引燃倾向卷烟纸对卷烟主流烟气有害成分释放量的影响

为研究低引燃倾向卷烟(LIP卷烟)主流烟气有害成分的释放情况,在不改变卷烟原有配方结构的基础上,利用不同的卷烟纸(普通卷烟纸和低引燃卷烟纸)制备相应的卷烟样品;对样品全长燃烧比例、自由燃烧速率及主流烟气有害成分进行分析测试。结果表明:①采用两种不同低引燃卷烟纸的卷烟,其样品的全长燃烧比例存在较大差异。LIP1卷烟完全符合相关低引燃法规要求,LIP2卷烟则只有60%符合法规要求。②采用两种不同低引燃卷烟纸后,卷烟自由燃烧速率相对于普通卷烟均有明显降低,但两种低引燃卷烟之间不存在明显差异。③采用低引燃卷烟纸后,卷烟主流烟气中部分有害成分(焦油、烟碱、一氧化碳、氢氰酸、苯并[a]芘、苯酚和苯等)存在释放量增加的风险,卷烟危害性指数也相应升高,但两种低引燃卷烟之间并没有明显差异。     

卷烟纸参数对细支卷烟烟气常规成分释放量的影响

为研究细支卷烟卷烟纸参数(定量、透气度、助燃剂中钾钠比,以及麻浆、灰分和助燃剂的质量分数)对烟气常规成分释放量的影响,根据国内外细支烟用卷烟纸的设计特点进行了样品设计和制作,分析了细支烟卷烟纸参数对烟气常规成分释放量的影响,并与常规卷烟进行了对比。结果表明:(1)透气度、助燃剂质量分数、钾钠比与细支烟主流烟气焦油、烟碱和CO的释放量呈现强的负相关关系。相同的助燃剂质量分数和钾钠比增加幅度,细支烟焦油、烟碱和CO释放量的降低率比常规卷烟大;相同的透气度增加幅度,常规卷烟焦油、烟碱和CO释放量的降低率比细支烟大。(2)卷烟纸定量与细支烟焦油和烟碱的释放量具有一定的负相关关系,与CO释放量具有一定的正相关关系。相同的定量增加幅度,细支烟焦油和烟碱释放量降低率比常规卷烟大,细支烟CO释放量降低率与常规卷烟基本一致。(3)麻浆和灰分的质量分数与细支烟焦油释放量均具有一定负相关关系,与烟碱和CO的释放量不相关;常规卷烟卷烟纸麻浆和灰分质量分数对烟气常规成分释放量影响不明显。     

卷烟纸的透气度等设计参数对卷烟主流烟气中氨释放量及焦油含量的影响

研究了卷烟纸诸设计参数分别对卷烟主流烟气中氨释放量和焦油含量的影响.调整同一卷烟的卷烟纸设计参数,比较其粒相物氨释放量、气相物氨释放量和焦油含量,结果表明:卷烟焦油含量与主流烟气氨释放量显著正相关;卷烟纸参数调整可以实现降低卷烟主流烟气中的氨释放量和焦油含量;提高卷烟纸透气度、助燃剂含量和钾盐含量比例,可以在一定程度上选择性降低卷烟主流烟气中的粒相物氨释放量.     

卷烟纸参数对短支卷烟主流烟气常规成分释放量及感官质量的影响

为考察卷烟纸参数对短支卷烟主流烟气常规指标及感官质量的影响,制备了不同卷烟纸透气度、定量、助燃剂用量、助燃剂钾/钠比及碳酸钙含量的短支卷烟,并进行了主流烟气常规成分释放量测定及感官质量评价。结果表明:①随着卷烟纸透气度的增加,常规成分释放量均呈降低趋势,感官质量呈下降趋势。②随着卷烟纸定量的增加,焦油和烟碱释放量降低,CO释放量升高,感官质量下降。③随卷烟纸助燃剂用量增加,常规成分释放量均降低,感官质量下降;随卷烟纸助燃剂钾/钠比增加,常规成分释放量均降低,感官质量提升。④随着卷烟纸碳酸钙含量的增加,焦油和CO释放量降低,烟碱释放量无明显变化,感官质量下降。通过优化设计相应的卷烟纸设计参数,有助于提升短支卷烟感官质量,降低焦油和CO释放量。     

卷烟纸对降低卷烟主流烟气有害成分的影响研究

通过正交实验设计,研究卷烟纸透气度、定量、助燃剂含量和亚麻浆配比对卷烟主流烟气指标中焦油、烟碱、CO和水分的影响。实验研究表明,卷烟纸助燃剂含量对主流烟气指标影响最大,其次是卷烟纸透气度,再次是卷烟纸定量,而亚麻浆配比影响程度最低。通过试验研究,分别得出控制卷烟主流烟气指标焦油、烟碱、CO和水分的最佳卷烟纸设计组合。     

新型阻燃剂在低引燃倾向卷烟纸生产中的应用

为了探索新型阻燃剂(LD及APP)对低引燃倾向(LIP)卷烟纸阻燃性能的影响。分别将阻燃剂LD、阻燃剂APP以及二者复配制备成相应的阻燃剂涂料,利用涂布的方法在卷烟纸上涂布阻燃带生产LIP卷烟纸,并对用该卷烟纸卷制的LIP卷烟样进行全长燃烧比例及阻燃带扩散率的测定。结果表明,当单独使用阻燃剂LD或APP时,两者都具有阻燃性,LD的阻燃性能优于APP;但单独使用LD进行涂布时,阻燃带存在边界扩散渗透现象;且随着LD含量的增大,阻燃带上的LD容易出现脱落(掉粉)现象。LD与APP进行复配可解决上述问题。当LD与APP复配阻燃剂(LD与APP质量比7∶3)含量达到16%左右时,卷烟的全长燃烧比例为20%,卷烟纸阻燃带扩散率为1. 000cm/s,可满足LIP卷烟纸的性能要求。     

碳酸钾对卷烟纸燃烧热解及卷烟主流烟气成分的影响

为了解卷烟纸助燃剂对卷烟燃烧热解的作用,选择以碳酸钾为助燃剂,考察不同碳酸钾添加量对卷烟纸的阴燃速率、热重分析、热解反应动力学的影响,同时观察主流烟气常规成分释放量的变化。结果表明,随着碳酸钾添加量的增加,卷烟纸的阴燃速率、热失重温度和热解活化能都呈下降趋势,相应地卷烟的总粒相物、焦油、烟气烟碱量和CO量也同样都出现降低趋势。这说明碳酸钾对卷烟纸的燃烧热解起到催化作用,也对主流烟气成分的释放量产生显著影响。     

低引燃倾向卷烟纸对卷烟感官特性的影响

为研究低引燃倾向(Low ignition propensity,简称LIP)卷烟纸对卷烟感官特性的影响,采用对比评吸的方法研究了LIP卷烟样品感官特性的变化趋势。结果表明:①LIP卷烟纸对卷烟样品感官特性的各项评价指标均有影响,尤其是香气风格影响较大;②LIP卷烟纸对烤烟型卷烟样品感官特性的影响大于混合型卷烟样品;随着卷烟价类的提高,LIP卷烟纸对卷烟样品感官特性指标影响的幅度增大;随着卷烟样品焦油量的提高,LIP卷烟纸对卷烟样品香气风格和香气质影响增大;③木浆LIP卷烟纸对卷烟样品感官特性指标的影响小于麻浆LIP卷烟纸。     

卷烟引燃倾向测试方法的研究与改进

ASTM E2187是国际上广泛使用的评估卷烟引燃倾向的标准测试方法,该方法将达到全长燃烧的卷烟比例作为卷烟引燃倾向的唯一判定指标。研究表明,仅使用全长燃烧百分比这一指标来评估卷烟的引燃倾向,区分度较差。文中通过3组实验观察记录实验结果并进行数据统计,验证了LIP卷烟的阴燃长度比例与全长燃烧百分比具有相关性,阴燃长度比例可以作为评估卷烟引燃倾向的一个辅助参数,以达到方便快捷的区分卷烟引燃倾向的目的。     

低引燃倾向卷烟纸在混合型和烤烟型卷烟中热分解产物研究

采用热重-红外-气相色谱-质谱联用技术研究了3种低引燃倾向(LIP)卷烟纸、两种成品烟丝(混合型、烤烟型)、以及LIP卷烟纸与烟丝混合样品的热分解性质。采用电镜观察LIP卷烟纸的表面物理状态。结果表明,经LIP材料涂覆过的卷烟纸表面透气孔明显减少,热分解温度也稍低于未涂覆部分。各样品的热分解产物经红外谱图判断,生成的主要物质种类变化不大。气相色谱-质谱分析表明,当3种LIP卷烟纸用于卷烟时,混合型卷烟的热分解产物没有变化,烤烟型卷烟生成的双戊烯的相对含量会减少,但其主要成分并未发生明显变化。     

Hand rolling cigarette papers as the reference point for regulating cigarette fire safety

Aim: To compare the burning characteristics of the tobacco and paper of manufactured and hand rolled cigarettes, and set a fire safety standard of manufacture to largely reduce the fire risk from discarded cigarettes.

Methods: (1) Cigarette extinction test of ignition strength: 40 cigarettes per brand, lit and placed on 15 layers of filter paper, in accordance with ASTM test standard E2187-02. (2) Citrate extracted by 0.1N hydrochloric acid from cigarette papers and from tobacco in manufactured cigarettes, the supernatant analysed by high performance liquid chromatography using ultraviolet visual light spectrophotometer. (3) Survey of 750 nationally representative adults age 18 years and over, by telephone, including 184 smokers.

Materials: (a) New Zealand made Holiday, and Horizon, and US made Marlboro manufactured cigarettes; (b) US manufactured Merit with banded paper; (c) Holiday, Horizon and Marlboro hand rolling tobaccos, hand rolled in Rizla cigarette papers; (d) manufactured cigarettes as in (a), reconstructed using Rizla hand rolling cigarette papers.

Results: 1. (a) For each brand of manufactured cigarettes, 40/40 burnt full length; (b) for Merit banded paper cigarettes 29/40 (73%) burnt full length; (c) for each brand of hand rolled cigarettes 0/40 burnt full length; (d) 0/40 manufactured cigarettes reconstructed with Rizla hand rolling paper burnt full length. 2. Citrate content: (a) In manufactured cigarette papers: 0.3–0.8 mg; in tobacco of manufactured cigarettes: Holiday 0, Horizon 0, Marlboro 8.8 mg; (b) Merit: in banded paper 0.418 mg; in tobacco 10.23 mg; (c) In hand rolled cigarettes: in the papers < 0.08 mg; in hand rolled tobacco 13.3–15.0 mg; (d) In hand rolling papers of reconstructed cigarettes: < 0.018 mg. 3. Requiring manufactured cigarettes to compulsorily self-extinguish when left unattended was supported by 67% of smokers, 61% of manufactured cigarette smokers, 82% of hand rolled smokers, and by 68% of non-smokers.

Conclusion: The wrapping paper is a key determinant of whether or not unpuffed cigarettes burn their full length. Using international test methods, popular brands of manufactured cigarettes all burnt full length, but none did so when re-wrapped in hand rolling cigarette paper. This provides a ready-to-hand smoker acceptable standard for reducing ignition potential from manufactured cigarettes, as a basis for regulation or litigation.

     

辅助材料设计参数对烤烟型卷烟烟气焦油、烟碱和CO释放量的影响

为探索辅助材料与卷烟烟气化学成分之间的关系,研究了卷烟纸定量、卷烟纸透气度、成形纸透气度、接装纸透气度和滤棒吸阻对卷烟主流烟气焦油、烟碱和CO释放量的影响,并通过辅材设计参数的组合设计,建立了辅材设计参数预测焦油、烟碱和CO释放量的数学模型.结果表明:①卷烟纸定量增加CO释放量增加;②卷烟纸透气度增加,焦油、烟碱和CO释放量降低;③滤棒吸阻增加,焦油和烟碱释放量降低;④接装纸透气度增加,焦油、烟碱和CO释放量显著降低;⑤成形纸透气度增加,焦油、烟碱和CO释放量降低,降低程度与配合使用的接装纸透气度有关;⑥焦油、烟碱和CO释放量预测模型的预测值与实测值基本吻合.     

Determination of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide yields in the mainstream smoke of selected international cigarettes

Objective: Survey of nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide (CO) smoke deliveries from 77 cigarette brands purchased in 35 countries was conducted using a standardised machine smoking method. The goal of this study was to determine regional variations and differences in the tar, nicotine, and CO smoke yields of a cigarette brand manufactured by a leading transnational corporation and of non-US locally popular cigarette brands.

Design: The majority of the cigarettes were purchased in each of the participating countries by delegate members of the World Health Organization and forwarded to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for analysis. Smoke deliveries were determined using a standardised smoking machine method and subsequent gravimetric and gas chromatography analysis.

Results: The smoke deliveries varied widely. Mainstream smoke deliveries varied from 6.8 to 21.6 mg tar/cigarette, 0.5 to 1.6 mg nicotine/cigarette, and 5.9 to 17.4 mg CO/cigarette. In addition to the smoke deliveries, the cigarettes were examined to determine physical parameters such as filter composition, length, and ventilation levels.

Conclusion: Analysis of the smoke deliveries suggested that cigarettes from the Eastern Mediterranean, Southeast Asia, and Western Pacific WHO regions tended to have higher tar, nicotine, and CO smoke deliveries than did brands from the European, American, or African WHO regions surveyed.

     

卷烟纸特性对卷烟主流烟气7种有害成分释放量的影响

为掌握卷烟纸特性对卷烟主流烟气7种有害成分(CO,HCN,NNK,NH3,苯并[a]芘,苯酚,巴豆醛)释放量的影响,采用不同特性的卷烟纸卷制卷烟,通过相关的标准方法测定其主流烟气中7种有害成分的含量.结果发现:卷烟纸助燃剂含量变化对卷烟主流7种有害成分释放量的影响最大;卷烟纸透气度、定量和助燃剂类型的影响次之;亚麻配比对卷烟主流烟气7种有害成分释放量也有一定影响.     

卷烟纸的性能及其改性

卷烟纸是一种重要的卷烟辅助材料,在烟草工业中占有较重要地位。从最初仅起包裹烟丝的作用,到如今卷烟纸须满足多种功能,如吸味品质、提供精美外观、降低烟气有害成分和降低燃烧烟支引燃性等。本文综述了近几年国内外卷烟纸的性能及改性应用,系统地介绍了卷烟纸在降低侧流烟气、降低烟支引燃性等方面的应用。     

抽吸条件对卷烟主流烟气中氨释放量的影响

为考察不同抽吸条件对主流烟气中氨释放量的影响,在吸烟机上改变抽吸参数,分别抽吸了4种卷烟,并采用离子色谱法对4种卷烟样品主流烟气中氨的释放量进行了测试。结果表明:抽吸条件的变化对主流烟气中氨的释放量影响较大。在吸烟支数相同的情况下,采用减少抽吸容量、增加抽吸持续时间及抽吸间隔时间、提高滤嘴通风孔通风率以及增加烟蒂长度等方法均能降低主流烟气中氨的释放量,减少吸烟者对氨的摄入量,提高吸烟安全性。