乳酸菌β-葡萄糖苷酶的分离纯化及特性研究

本文采用硫酸铵分级沉淀、DEAE-52离子交换层析、Sephadex G-100凝胶过滤方法分离纯化乳酸菌中β-葡萄糖苷酶.经SDS-PAGE测定其相对分子量约为60kD.该酶以对硝基苯酚-β-D-葡萄糖苷为底物时,最适pH值和最适温度分别为6.0和40℃.在45℃以下,pH值在4.5～7.0之间酶活力相对稳定.Hg^2＋和Ag^＋对该酶活力有明显的抑制作用.     

里氏木霉固体发酵生产纤维素酶的研究

里氏木霉突变株RM—27是一株高产纤维素酶生产菌,采用固体发酵,发酵144h(培养温度29℃),其滤纸酶活和β—葡萄糖苷酶活分别为600和115mg葡萄糖/gDMh。本试验系统研究了各种营养成份和培养条件对RM-27菌株产纤维素酶的影响。最适发酵培养基:稻草杆或小麦杆70g、麸皮30g、硫酸铵3.0g、玉米浆2.0g,加水200ml,自然pH。酶反应最适温度和pH分别为60—65℃与pH5.0。酶pH稳定性较好,在pH3.0—7.0范围内处理3h,残余酶活力在89％以上,该酶经50℃处理30min,剩余酶活力为85.6％。     

大豆蛋白水解酶产生菌A2发酵条件及其酶学性质

大豆蛋白水解酶产生菌A2的最适产酶条件:装液量20mL/250mL,转速150r/min,接种量9%,发酵温度35℃,发酵时间16h,酶的最适作用pH和温度分别为7、45℃。在最适条件下酶活力为371.2U/mL。55℃保温150min残余酶活53.8%。pH在7稳定性较好。     

戊二醛交联几丁质固定化青霉素G酰化酶及其性质研究

目的 以几丁质为载体,戊二醛为交联剂固定化粪产碱杆菌青霉素G酰化酶.方法 单因素优化固定化条件,以交联度、pH、温度、酶量4因素3水平正交试验,确定最佳固定化条件,并研究固定化酶的最适反应温度、pH及批次稳定性.结果 最佳固定化条件为几丁质0.3 g,酶量6.0 mL,交联度1.5%,温度37℃,pH 8.0,时间48 h,固定化酶最高比活性为62.3 U/g湿载体,最适反应温度为65℃,最适pH 9.0,重复使用8批活性基本稳定.结论 戊二醛交联几丁质固定化青霉素G酰化酶稳定性较好,具有一定的丁业应用前景.     

戊二醛交联几丁质固定化青霉素G酰化酶及其性质研究

目的以几丁质为载体,戊二醛为交联剂固定化粪产碱杆菌青霉素G酰化酶。方法单因素优化固定化条件,以交联度、pH、温度、酶量4因素3水平正交试验,确定最佳固定化条件,并研究固定化酶的最适反应温度、pH及批次稳定性。结果最佳固定化条件为几丁质0.3 g,酶量6.0 mL,交联度1.5%,温度37℃,pH 8.0,时间48 h,固定化酶最高比活性为62.3 U/g湿载体,最适反应温度为65℃,最适pH 9.0,重复使用8批活性基本稳定。结论戊二醛交联几丁质固定化青霉素G酰化酶稳定性较好,具有一定的工业应用前景。     

曲霉型豆豉酿造中米曲霉产蛋白酶作用条件研究

研究曲霉型豆豉酿造用米曲霉沪酿3.042产蛋白酶在其酿造过程中的最适作用条件。利用大豆豆汁培养基对米曲霉沪酿3.042菌株进行培养,并用(NH4)2SO4溶液对所产蛋白酶进行沉淀,脱盐处理后,研究该酶的最适作用pH及pH稳定性、最适作用温度及热稳定性以及Na Cl浓度对酶活力的影响。结果显示:该蛋白酶最适作用pH为6.0,酶活最高为1941U/m L,在pH为6.0~8.0时稳定性较高;最适作用温度为50℃,酶活为2658U/m L,在40℃以下其酶活力较稳定;Na Cl对淀粉酶酶促反应有明显的抑制作用,随着Na Cl浓度的升高,其抑制效果越明显。     

吸附交联法固定化黑曲霉β-葡萄糖苷酶

以壳聚糖为载体,戊二醛为交联剂,采用吸附交联法对黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)β-葡萄糖苷酶进行了固定化。考察了固定化pH、戊二醛含量、吸附时间、交联时间和壳聚糖微球加入量等对固定化酶活力回收率的影响,在单因素试验的基础上,采用正交试验设计确定最佳固定化条件为固定化pH 5.0、戊二醛含量3.0%、吸附时间12 h、交联时间2 h、壳聚糖微球加入量0.91 g/IU,此时固定化酶活力回收率达到87.0%。固定化和游离β-葡萄糖苷酶的最适p H值均为4.2,最适温度分别为65℃和60℃,固定化酶具有更高的耐酸碱性和热稳定性。     

氨基化Fe3O4-SiO2固定化磷脂酶A1

以磁性Fe3O4-SiO2纳米颗粒为载体,研究固定化条件对磷脂酶活力的影响,通过响应面试验得到最优固定化条件为：固定化pH 6.7、固定化温度30 ℃、固定化时间7.9 h、戊二醛质量分数8.3%、加酶量8.2 mL/50 mg,在此条件下酶活力回收率能达到63.6%,蛋白固载率68%。并对制备的固定化磷脂酶的化学组分、形态结构和粒径进行分析,结果表明磷脂酶固定化效果较好,粒径均一,载体平均粒径为200 nm左右。固定化酶热稳定性、pH值稳定性和贮藏稳定性增强,最适反应温度为50 ℃,最适pH 6.0,重复操作10 次后保留60%以上的初始酶活力。     

α-半乳糖苷酶的液体发酵条件和酶学性质研究

研究了臭曲霉ZU-G1液体发酵产α-半乳糖苷酶的最佳生产条件及其酶学性质.试验结果表明,最适发酵条件为温度28℃.转速200 r/min,装液量30 mL(250 mL三角瓶),接种量6.6%,种子培养18 h后接种,发酵144 h后α-乳糖苷酶酶活达到最大值.在此发酵条件下α-半乳糖苷酶最适pH 5.0,于28℃放王7 h,在pH 3.5～6.0内稳定性较好;该酶的最适温度为60℃,在50℃以下存放稳定性较好.Ag 可强烈抑制该酶的活性,Ca2 、Mg2 、Mn2 和Zn2 的激活效果随浓度而变.1mmol/L甘露醇、抗坏血酸和2mmol/L蜜二糖对酶的热稳定性保护效果好.     

产亚油酸异构酶菌株的诱变选育及其酶学性质研究

以保加利亚乳杆菌为出发菌株,经紫外诱变选育,获得2株高产酶突变株A1及A2,其酶活分别为30.1U/mL、32.1U/mL,酶活较出发菌株分别提高45%和54%.酶学性质研究表明,A2菌株产亚油酸异构酶的最适反应温度分别为40℃,最适pH 6.5,酶在低于40%时具有良好的热稳定性,pH 6.0～7.0时较稳定.以Lineweaver-Burk双倒数作图法求得亚油酸异构酶的Km为0.039 mmol/L,Vmax为0.24mmol/(h·mg).     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.