木质素基水凝胶的应用研究进展

木质素是世界上含量仅次于纤维素的生物聚合物，也是地球上可供人类利用的最丰富的芳烃资源。木质素丰富的官能团也为其高值利用提供了可能。本文从木质素基水凝胶最新的发展动态展开，综述当前木质素基水凝胶的制备方法、应用领域及发展状况，具体介绍了木质素基水凝胶在生物医药、传感应变及吸附等较为热门领域的最新研究成果。     

木质素基水凝胶材料的设计策略及应用进展

木质素是自然界中含量第二丰富的天然高分子聚合物，也是芳香族化合物中少有的可再生资源之一，作为制浆造纸行业的主要副产物，工业木质素价廉易得。鉴于木质素自身的三维网状结构及丰富的醇羟基、酚羟基、双键等活性官能团，其具备了抗菌、抗炎、吸附等诸多优势，是制备水凝胶的理想选材。但遗憾的是由于木质素结构复杂、空间阻力大、反应活性不足，其提纯处理较为困难、高值化和产业化利用水平较低。利用木质素及其衍生物制备水凝胶既拓宽了其应用范围，又能较好解决现阶段合成高分子水凝胶存在的生物相容性差等问题。基于此，本文从木质素的结构和性质出发、归纳了木质素基水凝胶材料的主要制备方法及优缺点，总结了其在生物医学、污水处理、农业、电子器件等方面的应用现状，并进一步提出了木质素基水凝胶材料现阶段研究中存在的局限性和今后可能的研究前景。     

环境响应性的木质素基水凝胶材料研究进展

本文综述了近年来木质素基响应性水凝胶材料的研究进展,主要介绍了以物理信号、化学信号或多重复杂信号为响应刺激源的木质素基水凝胶,论述其在柔性传感器、精细化学品分级纯化、高选择性吸附剂等方面的相关应用,并进一步展望了其未来发展。     

生物质基水凝胶功能材料的研究进展

生物质基功能材料具有可持续、可生物降解和无毒性等优点,将生物质组分用于水凝胶功能材料的制备成为材料领域研究的热点。本文对几种生物质组分（纤维素、木质素、淀粉和单宁酸）及其衍生物用于制备水凝胶功能材料的最新研究进展进行了综述,对生物质基组分及其衍生物在水凝胶功能材料中的应用进行总结与展望,以期对新型功能材料的绿色发展提供参考。     

双醛改性纤维素纳米纤丝增强木质素水凝胶及其耐温耐盐性能研究

将双醛纤维素纳米纤丝（DA-CNF）应用到木质素水凝胶的制备中,利用DA-CNF在水凝胶中的互穿网络作用以及醛基与碱木质素酚羟基发生缩合反应,从而达到增强木质素水凝胶强度的目的。傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）分析结果表明,聚乙二醇二缩水甘油醚（PEGDGE-500）以及DA-CNF与木质素发生了反应;扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析结果表明,添加DA-CNF后,木质素水凝胶的结构呈多孔性;添加DA-CNF能够显著改善木质素水凝胶的物理强度、热稳定性和耐温耐盐性能,当DA-CNF添加量为2.0%时,木质素水凝胶拉伸应力由69 kPa提高至175 kPa,压缩应力由0.18 MPa提高至1.5 MPa,初始降解温度由209℃提高到248℃。DA-CNF增强的木质素水凝胶具有较高的耐温耐盐特性,在150℃、pH值=9的20万矿化度的盐水中老化20天后,其质量保留率仍可达86.4%,且具有较好的pH适应性。综上所述,DA-CNF增强的木质素水凝胶具有潜在的油田封堵应用潜力。     

水凝胶基纳米复合材料在食品有害物电化学检测中的应用研究进展

水凝胶基纳米复合材料具有比表面积大、结构易于功能化、生物相容性好、易被集成到信号转导系统中等优点，是一种良好的电极修饰材料。总结了水凝胶基纳米复合材料几种常用的合成策略，讨论了水凝胶基纳米复合材料修饰电极的制备及其用于电化学检测的传感机制，对水凝胶基纳米复合材料的制备及其在电化学传感器中的应用进行了展望，对推动电化学传感检测技术的发展具有参考意义。     

铜盐辅助木质素基碳气凝胶的快速制备及其电化学性能研究

本研究提出了一种铜盐辅助纳米木质素基气凝胶的快速合成方法，实现了具有显著微孔特征和三维（3D）互联结构的碳气凝胶制备。以绿色低共熔溶剂（DES）为反应溶剂，原位添加铜盐催化剂，快速合成了纳米木质素基碳气凝胶前驱体（LRF），经过高温一步热解处理得到木质素基碳气凝胶（LRFC）。研究结果表明，铜盐的原位掺杂加快了胶体形成的反应速率，缩短了LRF的成胶时间。其中，Cu（NO₃）₂的原位催化效果最好，可使得LRF凝胶点缩短至2.5 h；同时，其相应的碳气凝胶（N-LRFC）的微孔率高达94.44%，孔径集中分布在1 nm；在电流密度为0.5 A/g时，N-LRFC的比电容最高可达347.6 F/g，表现出优异的电化学性能，且在电化学过程中其扩散控制占主导地位。     

木质素基吸附剂的研究进展

木质素是具有三维无定型结构的天然高分子聚合物,以木质素为原料制备的木质素基吸附剂是木质素增值利用的重要途径之一。通过改性、复合等手段制备的生物炭、微球、凝胶等类型木素基吸附剂在工业废水处理方面有着广泛的应用。本文综述了木质素纤维化处理、制备活性炭、磁化处理等未改性木质素基吸附剂,胺化、磺化、酯化、接枝、共聚等手段处理的改性木质素基吸附剂以及与壳聚糖、甲壳素、TiO2、SiO2等物质复合制备的木质素基复合材料吸附剂的研究进展,并对木素基吸附剂的应用前景进行了展望。     

半纤维素功能材料——水凝胶

与各种高分子合成的水凝胶相比,半纤维素基水凝胶具有难以比拟的优势,如环境友好性、生物兼容性、无毒及可降解性等.文中从制备方法角度归纳和总结了木质纤维半纤维素基水凝胶材料近年来的研究进展以及潜在的商业应用前景,并指出了半纤维素基水凝胶在研究中存在的问题及发展方向.     

超级电容器中纳米纤维素基水凝胶电极的研究进展

纳米纤维素表面含有大量羟基且长径比高，具有较好的润湿性和分散电活性材料的能力，是一种较好的电极材料基底，可作为超级电容器电极材料的优先选择。但是其缺点在于导电性不高，需要加入导电材料进行提升。本文归纳了纳米纤维素基水凝胶电极的分类，探讨了纳米纤维素基水凝胶电极的合成方法，对比分析了不同导电材料的纳米纤维素基水凝胶电极的电化学性能，并对其在未来应用领域的发展前景进行了展望。     

Review of Carbon Dots from Lignin: Preparing, Tuning, and Applying

Carbon dots (CDs), emerging carbon materials with unique physical and chemical properties, have drawn extensive attention from researchers. In recent years, many carbon sources have been used as precursors for preparing CDs. In contrast to other types of precursors, lignin, as a renewable and available source of natural aromatic biopolymers, is believed to be a low-cost precursor for the large-scale preparation of CDs. However, the preparation of CDs with excellent optical properties from lignin has some drawbacks because of the complex structure of lignin. Hence, the methods for preparing the CDs from lignin are summarized in this paper, and the mechanism and physical and chemical properties of lignin-based CDs are discussed. Moreover, some approaches to tuning the optical properties of lignin-based CDs have been proposed. Additionally, the use of lignin-based CDs in the fields of sensing, supercapacitor, bioimaging, anti-counterfeiting, and information encryption is reviewed.     

Advances Toward Sustainable Lignin-based Gel for Energy Storage and Smart Sensing

Polymers obtained from biomass are promising alternatives to petro-based polymers owing to their low cost, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Lignin, a complex aromatic polymer containing several functional hydrophilic and active groups including hydroxyls, carbonyls, and methoxyls, is the second most abundant biopolymer in plants. In particular, sustainable lignin-based gels are emerging as an appealing material platform for developing energy- and sensing-related applications owing to their attractive and tailorable physiochemical properties. This study describes the preparation strategies of lignin-based gels according to previously reported methods, with significant attention on the diverse performance of lignin-derived gel materials. Additionally, a detailed review of lignin-based gels utilized as an important resource in diverse fields is provided. Finally, a future vision on challenges and their possible solutions is presented.     

Computed microtomography and mechanical property analysis of soy protein porous hydrogel prepared by homogenizing and microbial transglutaminase cross-linking

A novel, safe and rapid method for preparing soy protein-based porous hydrogel was described in this work. The porous hydrogel was synthesized by high speed homogenizing in the presence of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) that catalyzed the cross-linking of the proteins. Computed microtomography (μCT) was used to characterize the porous structure of the formed gels. The extent of cross-linking and mechanical properties of the hydrogel were also evaluated. The influence of MTGase addition, homogenizing speed and soy protein isolates (SPI) dispersion pre-heating temperature on the porosity and mechanical properties of the hydrogel was investigated. The amount of MTGase, which determined the degree of cross-linking, gelation time and gel strength, played a critical role in preparation. With this method, soy protein porous hydrogel with controllable porous architecture was able to be prepared in a fast and simple way. This porous structure provided a special texture and some potential applications such as nutrients and flavors carrier for the hydrogel.     

木质素基吸附材料的研究进展

木质素结构中含有芳环、脂肪族侧链和许多活性官能团,具有一定的离子交换与吸附性能.工业木质素主要源于制浆造纸业的副产物,通过改性可以制备各种功能不一的木质素基吸附材料.本文综述了木质素的吸附性能和国内外木质素基吸附材料的研究进展,分析存在的问题和难点,探索今后的研究方向.     

木质素生物质阻燃剂及其应用研究进展

针对木质素作为生物质阻燃材料化学结构复杂、阻燃效率较低等问题,对国内外木质素在阻燃材料中的研究现状进行了综述,主要介绍了常见的4类木质素阻燃剂:单组分木质素阻燃剂、复配型木质素阻燃剂、化学改性木质素阻燃剂和纳米木质素阻燃剂,分析了木质素在阻燃体系中发挥的作用以及存在的问题;对各类阻燃剂的特点和阻燃机制进行阐述,以及木质素作为生物质阻燃材料的发展方向进行总结和展望;最后指出在4类阻燃剂中,复配型木质素阻燃剂和化学改性木质素阻燃剂阻燃性能比较优异,将木质素与其他物质复配以及对木质素进行结构改性将成为未来研究的重点。     

复合型改性木质素絮凝剂处理抗生素类化学制药废水的研究

利用有机/无机复合型改性木质素絮凝剂MLF,处理抗生素类化学制药废水,并进行了絮凝条件的优选实验。结果表明,当抗生素制药废水的pH值为6.0,絮凝剂的用量为120 mg/L时,废水中CODCr、SS和色度的去除率分别达到61.2%、96.7%和91.6%。不同类型絮凝剂的对比实验结果表明,MLF处理抗生素类化学制药废水的用量少,絮凝性能明显优于聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)、聚合硫酸铁(PFS)、硫酸铝钾(PAS)和硫酸亚铁(FS)等絮凝剂。     

Synthesis of Reprocessable Lignin-based Non-isocyanate Poly(imine-hydroxyurethane)s Networks

In this study,an environmentally friendly and non-toxic route to synthesize lignin-based non-isocyanate poly(imine-hydroxyurethane)s networks was explored.Specifically,the NH₂-terminated polyhydroxyurethanes(NPHUs)prepolymer was first synthesized from bis(6-membered cyclic carbonate)(BCC)and diamine via the ring-opening reaction.Subsequently,the corresponding ligninbased non-isocyanate polyurethanes(NIPUs)with tunable properties were synthesized from NPHUs and levulinate lignin derivatives containing ketone groups via the Schiff base reaction.The structural,mechanical,and thermal properties of NIPUs with different stoichiometric feed ratios of BCC and levulinate lignin were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR),differential scanning calorimetry(DSC),dynamic mechanical analysis(DMA),and thermogravimetric analysis(TGA).The results indicated that the tensile strength,Young's modulus,toughness,storage modulus,glass transition temperature,and thermal stability of lignin-based NIPUs gradually increased with increasing lignin content,and the highest Young's modulus of 41.1 MPa was obtained when lignin content reached 45.53%.With good reprocessing properties,this synthetic framework of ligninbased NIPUs also provides sustainable non-isocyanate-based substitutions to traditional polyurethane networks.     

木素基环氧树脂的合成

简要介绍了以木素为原料合成环氧树脂的过程,研究了环氧氯丙烷的量与反应时间对环氧当量、木素含量等的影响.     

Antibacterial PET-Silk fabric containing Salvia officinalis extract

In this study, novel PET-Silk fabric is introduced via finishing PET fabric with silk hydrogel and Salvia officinalis extract. The silk hydrogel was prepared from waste silk; morphology and chemical structure were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy methods. The results indicated the 3D porous network and crystalline structure of hydrogel. The polyester fabric was finished with prepared hydrogel. Contact angle and water uptake of modified fabric were assessed. S. officinalis extract was used as an antibacterial agent. Results of antibacterial tests confirmed a remarkable antibacterial effect of finished fabrics with the extract.