麦胚蛋白水解度与麦胚抗氧化肽活性关系

用固定化碱性蛋白酶水解冻干麦胚蛋白粉制备麦胚抗氧化肽,研究麦胚蛋白的水解度与抗氧化肽活性的关系。在单因素实验基础上,利用Box‐Behnken实验设计对影响因素进行优化试验和统计分析。结果显示,酶解麦胚蛋白的水解度和麦胚抗氧化肽的活性密切相关;响应面分析试验得到麦胚抗氧化肽对自由基清除率的回归方程,方程达到极显著水平,拟和度较高。固定化蛋白酶水解麦胚蛋白获取抗氧化肽优化工艺参数：pH值为9．0、酶解温度56℃和酶解时间230 min。在此条件下,麦胚蛋白的水解度为17．85％,抗氧化肽对自由基的清除率达到57．42％。     

美拉德反应优化藜麦多肽抗氧化活性的研究

通过美拉德反应修饰藜麦多肽，以期获得抗氧化活性更高的藜麦多肽美拉德产物(QP-MRPs)。通过单因素试验，考察了QP-MRPs对DPPH自由基(DPPH·)和羟基自由基(·OH)的清除能力。运用电子顺磁共振(electron paramagnetic resonance, EPR)波谱技术，更加直接、准确地研究QP-MRPs的抗氧化活性。结果表明，4种糖(核糖、木糖、葡萄糖、果糖)的美拉德产物均有抗氧化活性，核糖、木糖生成的QP-MRPs的DPPH·和·OH清除率较高，选择木糖进行工艺优化。运用均匀试验设计法对条件进行优化，得到最佳工艺条件：肽糖比为1.5∶1,反应pH为10,反应温度为140℃,反应时间为240 min。以优化所得到的最佳条件进行验证试验，QP-MRPs的DPPH·清除率和·OH清除率分别为76.11%和71.57%。使用木糖在最优条件下修饰藜麦多肽，可生产抗氧化活性高的QP-MRPs。     

固定化碱性蛋白酶制备麦胚抗氧化肽条件优化

利用冻干麦胚蛋白粉为原料,筛选影响固定化碱性蛋白酶制备麦胚抗氧化肽工艺条件的因素,并利用影响因素优化麦胚抗氧化肽制备工艺。采用Plackett-Burman试验设计,筛选出显著影响因素。利用Box-Behnkeny试验设计,显著影响因素进行响应曲面优化试验。结果显示,显著影响因素从大到小依次为麦胚蛋白悬浊液pH值、酶水解温度、底物浓度;响应面分析试验得到麦胚抗氧化肽对自由基清除率的回归方程,方程达到极显著水平(F=35.62,P=0.000 5),拟和很好(R~2_(Pred)=0.964 5,R~2_(Adj)=0.957)。固定化蛋白酶制备麦胚抗氧化肽优化工艺参数:底物质量浓度为4.92 g/100 mL、麦胚蛋白悬浊液的pH为9.2和酶水解温度为58.5℃;在此条件下,抗氧化肽对自由基的清除率达到55.62%。固定化蛋白酶重复使用,第18次时抗氧化肽的相对产率达到91.47%。     

酶法制备豆清液多肽工艺优化及其抗氧化活性研究

为提高大豆蛋白资源的利用率,考察了不同蛋白酶(木瓜蛋白酶、菠萝蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶、风味蛋白酶)水解豆清液制备多肽,并选择风味蛋白酶进行工艺优化。以多肽得率为评价指标,探讨酶用量、酶解温度、初始pH和酶解时间对多肽产率的影响,并通过响应面优化提取工艺参数,确定了豆清液水解的最佳工艺条件为:酶用量0.09 g、温度54℃、pH 4.4、时间4 h,在此条件下多肽产率为71.10%;最后进行DPPH自由基清除率的测定。抗氧化实验结果表明,通过风味蛋白酶酶解制得的豆清多肽具有较好的抗氧化性,是优质抗氧化肽的良好来源。     

响应面法优化坛紫菜抗氧化肽酶法制备工艺

以坛紫菜为原料,通过酸性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶和纤维素酶酶解制备活性肽,以DPPH自由基清除率和多肽得率为评价指标,研究坛紫菜水解肽的抗氧化能力。结果表明:5种酶的酶解产物都具有抗氧化能力,中性蛋白酶酶解产物DPPH自由基清除率最高,选择它为最佳工具酶。通过单因素和响应面试验优化酶解工艺,得到最佳酶解工艺:酶解时间3.6 h、酶解温度47℃、酶用量16362 U/g、底物浓度3.0%、pH7.0。此条件下制备得到的水解肽具有较强抗氧化能力,DPPH自由基清除率可达(91.83±0.81)%。     

Box-Benhnken响应面优化巴旦杏抗氧化肽的制备工艺

本文研究了以巴旦杏粕蛋白为实验原料,通过Box-Benhnken响应面优化巴旦杏粕蛋白抗氧化肽的酶法制备工艺。以酶解产物的水解度及DPPH?清除率为评价标准从碱性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶、复合蛋白酶中挑选最优水解酶,考察酶的添加量、pH值、酶解时间及酶解温度对酶解产物DPPH?清除率的影响。在单因素试验基础上,采用四因素三水平响应面法确定巴旦杏抗氧化肽酶法制备工艺。结果表明：碱性蛋白酶较适合制备巴旦杏抗氧化肽,其最佳酶解工艺条件为：酶解时pH为9.1,酶添加量为10000 U/g,酶解温度为58 ℃,酶解时间为4 h,此时酶解物的DPPH?清除率为74.45%。该条件适于制备的巴旦杏抗氧化肽,通过对巴旦杏抗氧化肽制备工艺的优化可为抗氧化肽的开发与应用提供理论借鉴。     

河套小麦胚芽源多肽的抗氧化活性研究

利用中性蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶等酶解河套小麦胚芽蛋白获得多肽,测定其体外抗氧化能力,利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）确定其多肽分布。结果表明,胚芽蛋白及多肽浓度与抗氧化能力呈正相关。不同浓度的中性蛋白酶酶解获得的多肽的抗氧化能力显著高于胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶酶解获得的多肽（P<0.05）,其还原能力、2,2-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐（ABTS+）和1,1-二苯基-2-苦基苯肼（DPPH）清除率最高达（1.17±0.004）1.0 mg/mL、（84.82%±0.87%）1.5 mg/mL和（55.01%±0.01%）1.0 mg/mL,且其ABTS+和DPPH自由基清除率均显著高于胚芽蛋白（P<0.05）。另外,不同蛋白酶水解能力不同,其中胃蛋白酶的水解能力最大,中性蛋白酶水解能力最小;胚芽蛋白多肽的抗氧化能力与其分子量大小相关,但不一定蛋白多肽的分子量越小,其抗氧化效果越好。上述结果为进一步研究河套小麦胚芽抗氧化肽提供了一定的参考依据。     

甲鱼酶解产物抗氧化功能的研究

目的甲鱼具有很高的营养价值和药用价值.本文研究了甲鱼酶解产物的功能性质,从而科学认识甲鱼的营养保健功能.方法分别采用木瓜蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、枯草杆菌蛋白酶对甲鱼蛋白进行酶解,研究3种蛋白酶酶解产物在不同酶解时间的抗氧化功能特性和部分水解特性.结果甲鱼木瓜蛋白酶酶解7h时,OH·清除率达到最高值72.39%,O2-·清除率80.16%,总还原能力0.542,DPPH·清除率在酶解6 h时达到最大值116.50%.甲鱼胰蛋白酶酶解产物的OH·清除率在解酶4 h时达到最高值60.07%,O2-·清除率在酶解6 h时达到最大值68.80%,总还原能力为0.569,DPPH·清除率在酶解5h时达到最大值102.52%.甲鱼枯草杆菌蛋白酶酶解产物的OH.清除率在酶解5 h时达到最高值70.72%,在酶解6 h时O2-·清除率达到最高值50.92%,总还原能力为0.532,DPPH·清除率在酶解4 h时达到最大值75.43%.结论随着酶解时间的延长,甲鱼酶解液的氨基态氮量、水解度、多肽含量、溶解度都呈增大的趋势,肽分子平均链长均不断地减小.甲鱼木瓜蛋白酶酶解产物的抗氧化性最好.     

藜麦啤酒工艺优化及其理化品质与抗氧化活性分析

该研究以大麦和藜麦为试验材料,通过单因素试验和响应面分析优化藜麦啤酒酿造工艺;同时,通过测定藜麦啤酒的酒精度、总糖、总酸、总酚、总黄酮的含量及抗氧化活性,分析藜麦啤酒的理化品质。结果表明,藜麦啤酒的最佳酿造工艺为糖化温度70℃,发酵时间16 d,藜麦添加量55%,在此条件下,藜麦啤酒总糖含量为0.65 mg/mL,总酸含量为 11.52 g/L,酒精度为 1.64%vol,总酚含量为 5.44 μg/mL,总黄酮含量为 79.00 μg/mL,DPPH·清除率为 76.60%,DPPH·清除能力的IC50值为39.65 mg/mL。对最优工艺条件下酿造的藜麦啤酒进行感官评价,藜麦啤酒外观呈淡黄色,口味淡爽,酒体柔和,符合大众口感。     

鸡蛋壳膜多肽酶解工艺及抗氧化活性研究

试验以鸡蛋壳膜为原料,通过酶解法制备小分子肽,并对其生物活性进行研究。以水解度为评价指标,通过单因素试验确定蛋白酶种类、酶解时间、料液比以及酶添加量等因素对壳膜多肽水解度的影响,并通过响应面设计（Box-Behnken design,BBD）对酶解条件进行三因素三水平优化;通过高效凝胶过滤色谱测定酶解后壳膜多肽分子量的分布情况,并测定壳膜多肽对DPPH·、ABTS+·、·OH、O2-·的清除能力。结果表明,最佳酶解工艺条件为碱性蛋白酶（AP-200a）,酶添加量2.4%,料液比1∶9.5（g/mL）,酶解时间5 h;在此条件下,壳膜多肽水解度为27.15%,水解后相对分子质量小于1 000 Da的小分子肽所占比例为90.9%;且壳膜多肽对DPPH·、ABTS+·的清除率分别为（93.03±0.51）%、（94.53±0.92）%,与 VC的效果相当;但对·OH 和 O2-·的清除率分别为（43.33±1.10）%和（53.40±0.70）%。因此,通过该法酶解得到的壳膜多肽中小分子肽占比较高,易被人体消化吸收,且具有一定抗氧化活性。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.