响应面法优化小麦胚芽油磷酸辅助水化脱胶工艺

以小麦胚芽油为原料,在单因素实验基础上,确定磷酸为脱胶剂,利用中心组合实验设计(CCD)及响应面分析法优化小麦胚芽油磷酸辅助水化脱胶工艺,建立了磷酸添加量、加水量、脱胶温度、脱胶时间与脱胶油中磷脂含量之间的数学模型,确定小麦胚芽油磷酸辅助水化脱胶的最佳工艺条件,即磷酸添加量0.51%、脱胶温度60℃、脱胶时间31 min、加水量为初始磷脂含量的3.53倍。在最佳工艺条件下对小麦胚芽油脱胶,脱胶油中磷脂含量为9.31 mg/kg,与模型预测值9.10mg/kg相近,说明该模型预测不同条件下小麦胚芽油脱胶是有效的。     

分子蒸馏脱酸对小麦胚芽油的影响

采用分子蒸馏技术对小麦胚芽油进行脱酸处理,并对小麦胚芽油中的热敏性天然微量生物活性物质进行了跟踪定量分析,研究了分子蒸馏脱酸对小麦胚芽油的影响。结果表明:随着分子蒸馏温度的升高,小麦胚芽油中的热敏性天然微量生物活性物质遭到不同程度的破坏,150℃时小麦胚芽油的酸值(KOH)由4.35 mg/g降到2.01 mg/g,氧化稳定性指数(OSI)为1.27 h;分子蒸馏温度超过150℃后,总VE含量急剧下降,210℃仅为383.5 mg/kg,β-胡萝卜素、多酚和甾醇的损失不显著,脂肪酸组成及含量无显著变化。综合脱酸效果与天然微量生物活性物质的变化规律,选择150℃为分子蒸馏脱酸的最适温度。     

萃取方式对小麦胚芽油品质的影响研究

以稳定化小麦胚芽为原料,分别采用亚临界丁烷、超临界CO2和有机溶剂萃取小麦胚芽油,通过对比分析小麦胚芽油得率、水分含量、酸值、过氧化值、茴香胺值、脂肪酸组成、VE以及氧化稳定性指数(OSI),研究萃取方式对小麦胚芽油品质的影响。结果表明:在3种萃取方式中,超临界CO2萃取的小麦胚芽油水分含量最高,为4.32%;亚临界丁烷萃取的小麦胚芽油的得率(9.24%)、OSI(2.55 h)、VE含量(3 749.79 mg/kg)最高,而有机溶剂萃取的小麦胚芽油的酸值、过氧化值和茴香胺值最高;萃取方式对小麦胚芽油的脂肪酸组成无显著性差异。由此可见,小麦胚芽油的品质受萃取方式的影响,亚临界丁烷萃取的小麦胚芽油品质较高。     

化学和物理精炼方法对小麦胚芽油品质劣变的影响

为提高精炼的小麦胚芽油品质质量,该文研究了化学和物理精炼过程中小麦胚芽油的品质劣变程度。结果表明:化学精炼的小麦胚芽油,酸价降至0.18 KOH/(mg/g),反式脂肪酸含量由毛油的未检出增加到0.07%,生育酚含量损失了37.14%。物理精炼的小麦胚芽油,在真空残压≤60 Pa,在温度为200℃~240℃,时间为2 h~8 h条件下脱酸,酸价降为5.49 KOH/(mg/g)~0.19 KOH/(mg/g),反式脂肪酸含量为0.10%~3.13%;过氧化值为1.61 mmol/kg~4.33 mmol/kg,茴香胺值13.76~59.3;生育酚含量减少26.68%~85.90%。由其试验结果对比知,化学精炼对小麦胚芽油品质劣变的影响明显小于物理精炼,尤其是防止反式脂肪酸含量增加、维生素E含量损失等方面显著,是一种适合富含高不饱和脂肪酸、维生素E等功能性营养成分类型的油脂的精炼方法。     

冷榨法制取全脂小麦胚芽油的工艺研究

通过对原有冷榨机进行改造用于榨取小麦胚芽油,通过在轴内通冷却水等措施,控制榨油机榨膛温度,通过单因素及二次正交旋转设计试验,确定榨膛温度75℃、小麦胚芽含水量7%、榨油机的榨膛压力3.6MPa,制得小麦胚芽油中VE 含量为268.7mg/100g,磷脂含量为925mg/100g,小麦胚芽出油效率为32%。     

酶解冷榨法制取全脂小麦胚芽油胶囊的研究

用酶法有机溶剂萃取小麦胚芽油,以出油率为标准确定酶解过程的最佳工艺参数,然后按其参数进行冷榨生产实验研究,确定最佳温度为70℃,水分含量为7%,压力为3.5MPa,转速为36r/min,此时出油率41.6%。酶解冷榨法保护了油中的全部营养成分,其VE含量312.5mg/100g,磷脂含量为1470mg/100g,得到的油脂是全脂小麦胚芽油,制成的小麦胚芽油胶囊保质期一年,是很好的保健品。     

小麦胚芽油精炼工艺优化及对其品质的影响

为提高小麦胚芽油品质,以溶剂浸提小麦胚芽毛油为原料,分析了不同精炼工序小麦胚芽油的理化性质、脂肪酸和V_E组成及含量的变化,确定了最优精炼工艺和对小麦胚芽油品质影响较大的工序。结果表明,最优精炼工艺参数为:碱炼脱酸时超碱量0.25%,碱炼温度55℃,碱液质量分数6.5%,碱炼时间35 min;添加5%吸附剂(白土与活性炭质量比18∶1),在80℃下真空吸附脱色30 min;220℃下脱臭10 min可脱除臭味并最有利于保存V_E。精炼工艺中的碱炼脱酸工序能够有效降低小麦胚芽油酸值(KOH)和磷脂含量分别至0.38 mg/g和160 mg/kg,脱色能够明显降低油脂色泽;精炼对脂肪酸组成及含量影响很小,而V_E损失率达到51.75%,其中在脱酸和脱臭工序损失率分别为16.10%和22.58%。精炼过程中的脱酸和脱臭工序对小麦胚芽油品质影响较大,应根据对产品的营养要求进行适度精炼加工。     

高酸值小麦胚芽油的精炼工艺

采用传统脱胶、中和、脱色和连续喷射脱臭精炼小麦胚芽油，并测定加工条件对油脂的影响。毛小麦胚芽油含磷1428mg／kg，游离脂肪酸(FFA)15．7％，生育酚总量2682mg／kg，过氧化值(PV)：10mmol／kg。脱胶不能明显降低磷含量。在脱胶、中和、脱色过程中，生育酚总量无明显变化。采用三个脱臭温度和三个保留时间的因素实验设计，测定脱臭过程中油脂变化。高温长时脱臭油脂的FFA．PV．色泽较低。在250℃脱臭9min不能明显降低生育酚含量，但在290℃脱臭30min，生育酚明显降低。改变传统的油脂精炼方法可生产优质的小麦胚芽油。     

微波处理降低小麦胚芽油中非水化磷脂含量的工艺优化

目的:获得最低非水化磷脂(nonhydratable phospholipids,NHP)含量的小麦胚芽油。方法:采用微波法处理小麦胚芽,以初始水分含量、微波时间、微波功率为影响因素,以小麦胚芽油中NHP含量为考察指标,通过L_9(3~4)正交试验优化获得最佳微波处理工艺。结果:最佳微波处理工艺为小麦胚芽初始水分含量26.0%、微波时间3 min、微波功率480 W。在此工艺条件下,微波处理小麦胚芽的小麦胚芽油提取率为9.22%,较对照和传统烘烤处理分别提高6.21%、1.09%,微波处理、对照、传统烘焙处理NHP含量分别为0.087、15.22、8.04 mg/g。结论:微波处理小麦胚芽能显著降低小麦胚芽油中的NHP含量并提高小麦胚芽油提取率。     

太瑞斯梭孢壳霉磷脂酶C在玉米胚芽油脱胶中的应用研究（网络首发、推荐阅读）

研究太瑞斯梭孢壳霉（Thielavia terrestris）磷脂酶C为核心的玉米胚芽油酶法脱胶工艺。以玉米油磷含量为评价指标,分别研究磷脂酶C添加量、氢氧化钠（NaOH）和柠檬酸体积比、反应温度、反应时间等4个因素对玉米胚芽油酶法脱胶效果的影响。结果表明：玉米胚芽油酶法脱胶最佳工艺条件为磷脂酶C加酶量5 000 U/kg,NaOH和柠檬酸的体积比为4,反应温度为35 ℃,酶解时间为1 h。在该最优条件下,玉米胚芽油磷含量由最初102.7 mg/kg降低至24.0 mg/kg,水解率为76.6%。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis on Economic Indicators from 62 Enterprises in Printing Machinery Industry in Q1 2014

Operation of printing machine industry was still unsatisfactory in the first quarter of 2014.Analysis on operation of printing machine industry.a.Market demand was not strong;sales of product undulated and declined.According to the statistics,the total industrial output value fell by 19.28% in the first quarter of 2014 than the average quarter value in 2013; industrial added value decreased by 4.16%; sales revenue dropped by 22.83%. h. Business operation of enterprises was in poor condition. c. R＆D of new products is an important transformation guarantee for enterprises. d. To take self explore new ways upgrading advantages,and explore new ways.