混料设计优化牦牛“曲拉”凝乳酶干酪素的工艺及产品的性质分析

为提高牦牛产业的附加值,以牦牛乳提取酥油后进行凝固沉淀,再经自然发酵、风干而成的蛋白质含量丰富的产品“曲拉”为原料,采用胃蛋白酶、木瓜凝乳酶和酵母凝乳酶复配成混合凝乳酶,通过单因素实验和混料设计对凝乳干酪素的制备工艺进行研究,并对干酪素的理化性质、红外光谱特性、热力学性质进行分析。结果表明,混合酶质量分数1%(其中胃蛋白酶∶木瓜凝乳酶∶酵母凝乳酶的质量比为0.60∶0.18∶0.22),在pH 6.3、45℃、添加质量分数CaCl 21%条件下,凝乳30 min,出品率为80.35%。混合酶法制备干酪素的理化性质、红外光谱特性和热力学性质与小牛皱胃酶干酪素差异不显著,而且符合GB31638—2016要求。     

曲拉凝乳酶干酪素工业化生产的关键技术

针对凝乳酶干酪素生产过程中出现的不凝乳或凝乳不完全及凝乳前出现白色沉淀的问题,采用酶活力测定及CaCl2促凝的关键技术,进行HCl浓度、流量和CaCl2浓度、流量的单因素实验,确定消除白色沉淀的最佳条件。通过CaCl2添加量、凝乳温度、凝乳pH值、凝乳后升温速率4个因素,设计正交实验,确定凝乳工艺条件。消除白色沉淀的最佳条件为:HCl浓度为0.3 moL/L,添加速率45 mL/min,CaCl2浓度为25%,添加速率为45mL/min;凝乳的最佳条件为:CaCl2添加量2%,凝乳温度40℃,凝乳pH值6.5,凝乳后升温速率为2℃/min,在此条件下,产品收率平均达到70.93%,蛋白质平均含量达到91.78%,灰分降低到5.30%,感官品质良好。     

米黑毛霉酶凝干酪素生产工艺参数的优化研究

以新鲜牛乳为原料,采用米黑毛霉凝乳酶为凝乳剂,先通过单因素实验研究凝乳酶添加量、Ca Cl2添加量、凝乳p H、凝乳温度对酶凝干酪素得率的影响,然后通过响应面设计进一步优化了米黑毛霉酶凝干酪素生产工艺参数。优化得到的最佳工艺参数为:凝乳酶添加量0.49%、Ca Cl2添加量0.37 mg/m L、凝乳p H6.08、凝乳温度35℃,在此条件下酶凝干酪素的得率可达3.39%。研究结果可为米黑毛霉凝乳酶在干酪素生产中的应用提供参考。     

米黑毛霉凝乳酶制备切达干酪的工艺参数优化

为确定米黑毛霉凝乳酶制作切达干酪的最佳工艺条件,以感官评分和出品率为响应值,在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面法对主要工艺参数进行了优化。试验得到的米黑毛霉凝乳酶制作切达干酪的最佳工艺参数为:酶添加量为2900.38SU/L、凝乳pH为6.2、CaCl_2添加量为0.04%、凝乳温度为34℃、发酵剂添加量为0.14%;在此条件下,干酪感官评分为(95.2±0.34),试验结果与预测值接近,证明模型拟合程度较好。     

响应曲面法优化羊乳牛乳混合干酪出品率

采用响应曲面法建立了半硬质羊乳牛乳混合干酪出品率的二次多项数学模型,验证了模型的有效性,并考察凝乳酶添加量、酸化值和CaCl2添加量对混合干酪出品率的影响,优化出混合干酪出品率的工艺参数为凝乳酶添加量3747.25SU,酸化值5.99,CaCl2添加量0.04%,并且干酪的品质较好。     

牦牛奶软质鲜奶酪生产技术研究

以牦牛鲜乳为原料,以凝乳时间、奶酪产率和感官评价为主要指标,采用单因素实验和正交实验,研究氯化钙和凝乳酶的添加量,凝乳温度对牦牛奶软质奶酪成品感官质量及出品率的影响,确定了牦牛奶软质鲜奶酪生产最佳生产工艺参数为:凝乳温度为35℃,凝乳酶添加量为0.003 g/100 mL,CaCl2的添加量为0.03 g/100 mL。     

半硬质干酪加工工艺条件的研究

通过单因素试验和正交优化试验,研究发酵剂添加量、CaCl2添加量、凝乳酶添加量、凝乳温度和盐水浓度对半硬质干酪感官品质的影响,从而得出加工半硬质干酪的最佳工艺条件。结果表明,其最佳工艺参数为发酵剂添加量5%、CaCl2添加量0.02%、凝乳酶添加量3.0 g/100 L、凝乳温度36 ℃、盐水质量分数18%。此最佳工艺条件下得到干酪的感官评分最高为93.25分,干酪产率为10.37%,含盐量为0.74%,含水量为43.58%。香味浓郁、组织细腻、软硬适度、呈现乳白色且有光泽。     

豆乳-牛乳混合型新鲜干酪加工工艺优化

将豆奶与牛奶按一定比例混合生产干酪,不仅能保留牛奶干酪的传统风味,还可实现大豆与牛奶所含蛋白质和氨基酸的互补,为人体生长发育、各种生理活动及组织修复提供所需的营养成分,适合中国消费者食用。本实验以豆乳添加量、CaCl2添加量、凝乳酶添加量、预酸化pH值为因素先进行单因素实验,并在此基础上进行L9(34)正交试验,根据凝乳效果(感官评价)进行分析,确定豆乳-牛乳混合型新鲜干酪最佳工艺参数为:豆乳添加量为15%,CaCl2添加量为0.05%,凝乳酶添加量为0.01%,预酸化pH值为5.6。     

酶凝干酪素生产过程中酶凝工艺的优化

研究了凝乳酶添加量、凝乳温度和凝乳时间对酶凝干酪素酶凝工艺的影响,通过对凝乳过程的感官评价,最终确定了酶凝干酪素的最佳酶凝工艺参数。结果表明:凝乳温度和凝乳时间对酶凝干酪素酶凝状态有显著影响,确定最优工艺条件为:凝乳酶添加量的体积分数为0.078%,凝乳温度为32℃,凝乳时间28 min。此条件下生产的酶凝干酪素与市售酶凝干酪素理化指标接近。     

钙试剂和温度对农家干酪品质及乳清OD值的影响

研究了直接加入钙试剂凝乳的方法来生产干酪,从而替代了凝乳酶的使用,根据单因素及L4(23)正交试验设计,筛选出了农家干酪的最佳工艺参数,其最佳的工艺条件:CaCl2添加量为1.6%,凝乳温度为75℃时农家干酪的品质最佳。结果表明,用CaCl2直接凝乳生产农家干酪的工艺所得的制品可以用于实际生产。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

Focus on China's Paper Industry

In the English section of this issue, 〈China Paper Newsletters〉 will introduce ＂National Development and Reform Commission Issued Announcement for Selection of Major Preliminary Research Projects for the ＇13th Five-Year Plan＇＂, ＂2013 Annual Report of China＇s Paper Industry＂, and news of projects and other policies.     

Listen to downstream & search for innovation

正Nowadays,textile enterprises are all taking efforts in transformation and upgrading,like improving producing capacity and optimizing production structure to face market downturn.It claimed a higher request to the standard of textile equipments.In the upcoming of ITMA ASIA+CITME 2014exhibition,this magazine have interviewed several branch associations and a series of relative enterprises,to summarize industrial developing status